The City of Light (book)

{{infobox book | name = The City Of Light | image = File:The_City_Of_Light_(book).jpg | caption = | author = "Jacob d'Ancona" (purported) | translator = David Selbourne | country = United Kingdom | title_working = | language = English | publisher = Little, Brown | set_in = | release_date = 1997 | media_type = Print | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | genre = }} '''''The City of Light''''' or '''''The City Of Light: The Hidden Journal of the Man Who Entered China Four Years Before Marco Polo''''' is a book purportedly made by a scholarly Jewish merchant called "Jacob d'Ancona" who wrote in vernacular Italian, an account of a trading venture he made, in which he reached China in 1271, four years before Marco Polo. The narrative contains political debates about the future of the city in which he engaged with the aid of a translator of mixed Italian and Chinese ancestry. Due to many red-flag elements both in the book's content and its origin, it is widely considered to be a forgery written by David Selbourne, its alleged translator to English. Critics indicated that ''The City of Light'' is rather a retrojected allegory mapping suspiciously well onto late-20th-century Western political concerns than an authentic medieval Jewish travelogue.

==Missing manuscript== The Italian manuscript from which Selbourne professed to have made his translation has not come to light, even in photocopies; its possessor still remains anonymous. Selbourne asserts that "provenance and rights of ownership over it are unclear," motivating its owner's desire for anonymity.

==Doubts of authenticity== The text is considered to be a forgery but there has been continued support for the authenticity of the book.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Haw |first=Stephen G. |date=2018 |title=Islam in Champa and the Making of Factitious History |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1356186317000219/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=717–747 |doi=10.1017/S1356186317000219 |issn=1356-1863 |quote=Indeed, although it appears now to be generally accepted that Jacob’s account is a forgery, doubts have occasionally continued to be expressed in its favour.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1997, Little, Brown and Company was prepared to publish the diary, under the title ''The City of Light'' in the United States. The house had just published the book in the UK when word spread that China scholar Jonathan Spence, the Sterling Professor of History at Yale, had written a book review for ''The New York Times''<ref>It was published as "A leaky boat to China," 19 October 1997; Spence's review detailed several doubtful aspects of Selbourne's alleged translation: "the reader is thrown back on the English of the translated text as it is presented here. Such a reading does not do much to increase our confidence." Among unlikely aspects Spence noted: the author's two female servants, suggesting "a convenient device for enriching the action with unwanted pregnancy, forced abortion and shrill complaint, "the prominence of sexual themes, the extended philosophical debates which bear "traces of all sorts of narrative genres and traditions".</ref> that questioned the book's authenticity. Despite growing pressure, David Selbourne has continued to refuse to make the original manuscript available for public scrutiny. At the last minute, in September 1997, Little, Brown and Co. pulled the diary from US publication, scheduled for 3 November.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E6D7173CF93AA35751C1A961958260 Doreen Carvajal, " Marco Polo: Is a Rivalry Just Fiction?", ''The New York Times'', 9 December 1997] Accessed 16 July 2008.</ref>

T. H. Barrett, School of Oriental and African Studies, in ''The London Review of Books'', 30 October 1997, described the text as a forgery; he noted that the garbled name ''Baiciu'' for a famous rebel "was only known to the narrator of the account in a form which derived from an 18th-century misreading of an Arabic manuscript— as good a proof as any that something is badly amiss."<ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n24/letters.html Barrett, "Sino-Jewish Relations", letter to LRB '''20'''.24, 10 December 1998]</ref> Roz Kaveny, reviewing the book in ''New Statesman''<ref>Kaveny's review in ''New Statesman'' '''126''' (24 October 1997) p 45.</ref> noted that "By coincidence, much of what Jacob d'Ancona dislikes in 13th-century China is what David Selbourne dislikes in late-20th century Britain" and thought that she recognized in the dialectical principles with which d'Ancona controverts his ideological opponents close parallels with Selbourne's own rhetorical techniques. She concluded that one might prefer "to suppose that the dilemma, and the document, are mirages, that his book is a postmodernist literary device."

In December 2007 a University of London professor read a public lecture "The Faking of 'The City of Light'". Bernard Wasserstein, president of the Oxford Center for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, and his brother, David, professor of Islamic history at Tel Aviv University publicly called attention to an anachronism, Jacob's arrival at a ''mellah'' in the Persian Gulf, a descriptive for a ghetto based on the root for "salt", that was not used until the 15th century, in Morocco.<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/>

In 2018, Stephen G. Haw, writing in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, considered the book to be a modern forgery and cited many issues with the accuracy of the text. Such issues included sailing eastward during the wrong time of the year and the timeframe it took to travel to China, several Chinese words purportedly used by Jacob based on the Wade-Giles romanization system and the influence of popular but outdated information on Champa based on 20th century scholarship. Haw concludes "My own final judgment of Jacob d’Ancona’s ''The City of Light'' is that it is an obvious forgery, fabricated by someone with only a very superficial knowledge of Chinese history, culture, and language. Anyone with reasonably good knowledge of thirteenth-century China could not possibly believe that it is genuine."<ref name=":0" />

The first writer to come forward to support the text's authenticity in public was journalist Melanie Phillips, who took issue with Barrett in the ''Sunday Times'', 8 October 1998, and who responded, as did Selbourne, to Barrett's letter to ''LRB''''.''<ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v21/n01/letters.html Melanie Phillips, David Selbourne, letters, ''LRB'' '''21'''.1, 7 January 1999.]</ref>

==Published versions== *''The City of Light'' Translated & Edited By David Selbourne (Little, Brown, 1997){{ISBN|9780316639682}} *''The City Of Light: The Hidden Journal of the Man Who Entered China Four Years Before Marco Polo'' - Jacob D'Ancona Translated by David Selbourne (Citadel, 2000) {{ISBN|9781559725231}}

==Notes== {{reflist}}

==References== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070308230403/http://dir.salon.com/story/books/feature/2003/01/07/menzies/print.html?pn=2 Natalie Danford, "The Chinese discovered America!"] Assessing ''1421''. *[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v21/n01/letters.html ''London Review of Books'' '''21'''.1, 7 January 1999: Correspondence]

==Further reading== *Halkin, Hillel, "The Strange Adventures of Jacob d'Ancona: Is a memoir of China purportedly written by a 13th-century Jewish merchant authentic? And if not, what then?" in ''Commentary Magazine'', '''111'''.4 (April 2001)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob Of Ancona (Sic)}} Category:1997 books