Jackson expedition

{{Short description|Military campaign during the American Civil War}} {{Distinguish|Battle of Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson's Valley campaign}} {{Use American English|date=May 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Jackson expedition | partof = the [[American Civil War]] | image = Jacksonsiege.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = Siege of Jackson, Mississippi, July 10–16, 1863 | coordinates = {{Coord|32|18|37|N|90|12|13|W|display=inline,title}} | date = July 5&ndash;25, 1863<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=05|year1=1863|month2=07|day2=25|year2=1863}}) | place = Near [[Jackson, Mississippi]] | result = [[Union Army|Union]] victory | combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1863}} ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]) | combatant2 = {{flag|Confederate States|1863}} | commander1 = {{flagicon|United States|1863}} [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|CSA|army}} [[Joseph E. Johnston]] | strength1 = 40,000<ref name=Korn156>Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. ''War on the Mississippi: Grant's Vicksburg Campaign''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8094-4744-4}}. p. 156.</ref> | strength2 = 30,000<ref name=Korn156/> | casualties1 = 129 killed<br>762 wounded<br>231 missing<ref name=Dyer782>Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' Des Moines, IA: The Dyer Publishing Company, 1908. p. 782.</ref><ref name=Woodrick103>Woodrick, Jim. ''The Civil War Siege of Jackson, Mississippi''. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-62619-729-9}}. p. 103.</ref><ref name="Ballard171">Ballard, Michael B. ''The Civil War in Mississippi: Major Campaigns and Battles''. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-62846-170-1}}. p. 171.</ref> | casualties2 = 71 killed<br>504 wounded<br>25 missing<ref name=Dyer782/><ref name=Woodrick103/><ref name="Ballard171"/> | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Vicksburg Campaign}} }}

The '''Jackson expedition''', preceding and related to the '''siege of Jackson''',<ref>The engagement is occasionally also referred to as the Second Battle of Jackson, Mississippi. Ballard, 2004, p. 396.</ref> immediately followed the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[Siege of Vicksburg|surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi]] on July 4, 1863, to [[Union Army]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] commanding the Union [[Army of the Tennessee]]. The Confederate [[Army of Mississippi]] at [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]], under the command of [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lieutenant General]] [[John C. Pemberton]], had been isolated in the Vicksburg defenses by Grant's forces since May 18, 1863. The Confederates were under constant artillery bombardment, had to fight off a series of Union Army attacks and could not receive supplies of food and ammunition during the siege.<ref>[[Craig Symonds|Symonds, Craig L.]] ''Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography''. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-393-31130-3}}. p. 211.</ref>

On May 14, in line with Grant's plan to eliminate other Confederate forces in the area before marching on Vicksburg, a Union force of two corps under Major General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William T. Sherman]] and Major General [[James B. McPherson]] drove the Confederates out of [[Jackson, Mississippi]] northward toward [[Canton, Mississippi]],<ref name="Symonds, 1992, p. 208">Symonds, 1992, p. 208.</ref> about 25 miles away. After this brief [[Battle of Jackson, Mississippi]], McPherson's corps left immediately to rejoin Grant's force while Sherman's corps remained for another day to damage or destroy fortifications, railroad facilities and buildings and supplies of military value.

Johnston returned to Jackson on May 20. Although reinforcements were already arriving, he thought he needed time to receive more reinforcements before attempting to relieve Vicksburg. He tried unsuccessfully to convince Pemberton to abandon Vicksburg and to combine with his force to confront the Union Army while they had similar numbers of men. Johnston's delayed and cautious effort to relieve Pemberton's forces at Vicksburg in the final days of the siege was too late to attempt to lift the siege. Johnston already had concluded that his force was too small to try to relieve Pemberton's army without also being trapped by the Union Army.

When the siege of Vicksburg ended, Johnston's relief force, called by him the “Army of Relief”,<ref>Shea, William L. and Terrence J. Winschel. ''Vicksburg is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River''. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9344-1}}. p. 167.</ref> was at the [[Big Black River (Mississippi)|Big Black River]] near Vicksburg. Grant was concerned about a possible attack by Johnston's force against his army and a Confederate attempt to retake Vicksburg. Before Johnston brought his army close to Vicksburg, at Grant's order, Sherman had already deployed the recently arrived [[IX Corps (Union Army)|IX Corps]] under Major General [[John Parke|John G. Parke]] and other assigned divisions in an exterior line to defend against attack from outside Vicksburg by another Confederate force. On July 4, the date of the Vicksburg surrender, Grant ordered Sherman to lead an expedition to clear Johnston's forces from the Vicksburg area and to recapture the state capital and railroad center at Jackson. Sherman's corps combined with all or part of three other corps pushed Johnston's force back to Jackson by July 10 under grueling summer conditions. After a few engagements during a brief siege of Jackson, on July 16, Johnston's concern about being trapped and having to surrender his army, caused him to abandon the city. Jackson's military and commercial facilities then were further destroyed by the Union forces. This Union victory helped ensure that Vicksburg, the Mississippi River and Jackson, would remain in the Union's possession for the rest of the war.

== Background == In late 1862, the Confederate stronghold at Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last major fortress on the last section of the Mississippi controlled by the Confederacy.<ref name="Greene28">[[Francis Vinton Greene|Greene, Francis Vinton]]. ''The Mississippi''. [https://archive.org/details/mississippi00gree/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater] Campaigns of the Civil War - VIII. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1882. Reprinted by Digital Scanning Inc. (August 16, 2004) {{ISBN|978-1-58218-534-7}}. p. 28.</ref> After the [[Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)]] on January 11, 1863, the Confederates controlled only a 240-mile (386.2-km) stretch of the river from Vicksburg to Port Hudson, Louisiana.<ref name="Carter1980">Carter III, Samuel. ''The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg 1862&ndash;1863''. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1980. {{ISBN|978-0-312-83926-0}}. p. 122.</ref> The Confederates remained able to block Union shipping over that section of the river and to allow communications and supply between Confederate states east and west of the river, especially at the main transfer point at Vicksburg.<ref name="Bearss2006203">[[Ed Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]] ''Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War''. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7922-7568-8}}. p. 203.</ref><ref>Shea & Winschel, 2003, p. 16.</ref>

Several attempts to capture Vicksburg overland from Tennessee in December 1862 and by attacking the city from the impassable bayous across the river in Louisiana in early 1863 failed.<ref name="Hearn226">Hearn, Chester G. ''The Civil War State by State''. Devon: BlueRed Press, 2011. Maps by Mike Marino. {{ISBN|978-1-908247-04-9}}. p. 226.</ref><ref name="McGowen2021">McGowen, Stanley S. ''Vicksburg Campaign (May–July 1863)'' In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-393-04758-5}}. p. 2021.</ref> Grant then devised a plan for a second campaign<ref>Symonds, 1992, p. 205, calls it his "third campaign."</ref> to capture the city by crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg and approaching the city from the south.<ref name="Hearn226"/><ref>Greene, 1882, pp. 108-109.</ref><ref>Bearss, 2006, pp. 203-204</ref><ref>Ballard, 2011, p. 138.</ref>

== Vicksburg Campaign ==

{| class="wikitable floatright" ! style="background:#b0c4de;"|Army commanders (Vicksburg campaign) |- |<gallery mode=packed> Image:GenUSGrant.jpg|{{center|Major General<br />[[Ulysses S. Grant]], USA}} Image:John C. Pemberton.jpg|{{center|Lieutenant General<br />[[John C. Pemberton]], CSA}} </gallery> |}

===Start of the campaign=== On April 15 and April 22, 1863, Union gunboats, transports and supply vessels ran past the Confederate artillery batteries at Vicksburg from north to south with the loss of one gunboat, one transport with hospital stores and six barges with coal.<ref name="Hearn226"/><ref>Greene, 1882, p. 115.</ref><ref>Bearss, 2006, p. 207.</ref><ref name="Huston231">Huston, James A. ''The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953'' Washington, D.C. Center of Military History, United States Army, 1997.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150401215348/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-4/index.html] First printed 1966. Print Book, 1988. {{OCLC|18364431}} p. 231. (Public domain.)</ref> Grant could now move his army across the river to Mississippi but the Union naval force could not silence all Confederate artillery batteries at Grand Gulf.<ref>Greene, pp. 113-114.</ref><ref name="Shea100">Shea & Winschel, 2003, p. 100.</ref><ref>[[Edwin C. Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]] with J. Parker Hills. ''Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg, The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War''. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2010. pp. 98-101.</ref><ref>Arnold, James R. ''Grant Wins the War: Decision at Vicksburg''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-471-15727-4}}. p. 89-93.</ref> Grant and Acting Rear Admiral [[David Dixon Porter]] decided to move farther south and, with advice from an escaped slave, found a suitable landing at [[Bruinsburg, Mississippi]].<ref name="McGowen2021"/><ref name="Bearss209">Bearss, 2006, p. 209.</ref> Grant's forces successfully crossed the river without Confederate opposition on the night of April 30, 1863 and into the day on May 1.<ref name="Hearn226"/><ref name="McGowen2021"/><ref name="Bearss2006210">Bearss, 2006, p. 210.</ref><ref>Shea & Winschel, 2003, p. 104.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Port Gibson]] on May 1, Union forces defeated the heavily outnumbered Confederates under Brigadier General [[John S. Bowen]], causing the abandonment of the Port Gibson defenses and securing the Union position east of the river.<ref>Miller, 2020, p. 374.</ref><ref>Greene, 1882, p. 131.</ref> The Confederate defenses on the Mississippi at [[Grand Gulf, Mississippi]] became untenable with Bowen's defeat and the Confederates also abandoned that position on May 2.<ref name="Greene133">Greene, 1882, p. 133.</ref> Pemberton commanded the Army of Tennessee from Jackson, Mississippi, 44 miles by railroad west of Vicksburg, from the first week of October 1862 until May 1, 1863.<ref>Bearss, 2010, p.89.</ref><ref>[[Donald L. Miller|Miller, Donald L.]] ''Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign That Broke the Confederacy''. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-4516-4139-4}}. First published in hardcover 2019. Pp 191-192.</ref> Major General [[Carter L. Stevenson]], a subordinate of Pemberton's, was in command at Vicksburg, including the area between Haines Bluff and Grand Gulf.<ref>Bearss, 2010, pp. 89-91.</ref><ref>Miller, 2020, pp. 344-345, 349, 360.</ref><ref>Greene, 1882, pp. 117-122.</ref> After Grant's army successfully crossed the Mississippi River from Louisiana at [[Bruinsburg, Mississippi]] on April 30-May 1, Pemberton moved his headquarters and three divisions from Jackson to Vicksburg.<ref>Bearss, 2010, p. 113.</ref> On May 9, the remaining Confederate garrison of about 6,000 men at Vicksburg came under the direct command of [[General (CSA)|General]] [[Joseph E. Johnston]], who was in charge of the Confederate Department of the West.<ref>Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher]], ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3641-1}}. pp. 884-885: "A misnamed military division established 23 Nov. 1862 to include Departments No. Two, East Tennessee, and Mississippi and East Louisiana. Extended on 29 Nov. 1862 to include northern Georgia and Atlanta".</ref>

Johnston was ordered to take command of the Mississippi defenses on May 9, but was not given full authority over Pemberton, who, along with General [[Braxton Bragg]] and Trans-Mississippi commander [[Theophilus Holmes]], reported directly to Confederate States President [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref name="Miller193">Miller, 2020, p. 193.</ref> Johnston arrived at Jackson on May 13, 1863 to take charge of troops there and to carry out his orders to advise Pemberton. Johnston could only try to persuade Pemberton to act, including to accept Johnston's plan to combine forces to confront Grant in the field.<ref name="Miller193">Miller, 2020, p. 193.</ref><ref>"Pemberton commanded the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, reporting directly to the authorities in Richmond and receiving orders from them. Yet Johnston commanded both Pemberton's and Bragg's armies, without the possibility of being really in charge of either." Greene, 1882, p. 173. Confederate Secretary of War [[James Seddon|James Seddon's]] order to Johnston to go to Mississippi which read in pertinent part: "Proceed at once to Mississippi and take chief command of the forces, giving to those in the field, as far as practicable, the encouragement and benefit of your personal direction" (Symonds, 1992, p. 202) did not clarify the confused command structure or give Johnston any greater authority than he already had.</ref>

Grant decided not to take the narrow and rough direct route to Vicksburg but to approach from the east after moving northeast to destroy a portion of the Southern Railroad of Mississippi to prevent supplies and reinforcements moving from Jackson to Vicksburg.<ref>Shea & Winshel, 2003, pp. 117-118.</ref> Grant also wanted to defeat Pemberton's forces outside the Vicksburg defenses, if possible.<ref>Ballard, 2011, p. 153.</ref> On May 12, Union Major General McPherson's XVII Corps defeated a detached Confederate brigade near Jackson at the [[Battle of Raymond]], despite some mismanagement of the battle.<ref>Miller, 2020, p. 385.</ref> McPherson did not pursue [[Brigadier General (CSA)|Brigadier General]] [[John Gregg (Texas politician)|John Gregg's]] brigade back to Jackson.<ref name="Miller387">Miller, 2020, p. 387.</ref>

===Battle of Jackson=== Grant was unsure of the size of the Confederate force at Jackson.<ref name="Miller387"/><ref>Greene, 1882. p. 143.</ref> He decided to eliminate any threat to his army from Confederate forces at Jackson before moving against Pemberton's force.<ref name="Miller387"/><ref name="Ballard156">Ballard, 2011, p. 156.</ref> Three divisions led by Pemberton had taken the field to intercept Grant's supply line.<ref name="Miller387"/><ref name="Ballard156"/> Grant ordered Sherman's XV Corps to attack Jackson from the southwest and McPherson's XVII Corps to attack from the northwest. Johnston decided as soon as he arrived that he was too late to hold the city, if not to rescue Pemberton and retain Vicksburg.<ref name="Miller388">Miller, 2020, p. 388.</ref><ref name="Bearss183186">Bearss, 2010, pp. 183-186/</ref> Without waiting for the imminent arrival of reinforcements, Johnston decided to abandon Jackson with the garrison of 6,000 troops and to regroup at Canton, Mississippi, about 25 miles to the north.<ref name="Miller388"/><ref name="Bearss183186"/>

Except for a brief stand by a Confederate rearguard under Brigadier General [[John Gregg (Texas politician)|John Gregg]], the Union attack quickly drove Johnston and the remaining garrison from the city at the [[Battle of Jackson, Mississippi]] on May 14.<ref name="Miller388"/><ref>Greene, 1882, pp. 146-149.</ref> The city was surrendered by militia artillerymen and armed civilians.<ref name="Symonds, 1992, p. 208"/> Since Pemberton was moving to the southeast, Johnston's move northward toward Canton took his force farther from Pemberton's force.<ref name="McGowen2023">McGowen, 2000, p. 2023.</ref> Grant left Sherman's corps in Jackson with orders to destroy anything of military value.<ref name="McGowen2023"/> Sherman's men destroyed infrastructure in the city, including factories, warehouses, foundries, railroad tracks, telegraph wires and other property of military or economic value.<ref>Miller, 2020, p. 392.</ref><ref>Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 126.</ref><ref>Despite Sherman's effort to prevent unnecessary destruction, the soldiers pillaged the city and set fires which were fed and spread by the wind. Miller, 2020, pp. 392-393.</ref> Sherman's corps left Jackson on May 16, 1863.<ref name="Miller393">Miller, 2020, p. 393.</ref>

===Battles of Champion Hill and Big Black River Bridge=== On May 13, 1863, Pemberton led a force of 18,500 men in three divisions from Vicksburg to a point halfway to Jackson.<ref>McGowen, 2000, p. 2022.</ref> Grant expected to find Johnston's force near [[Bolton, Mississippi]] along the Southern Railroad of Mississippi and decided to move his army in that direction. Instead of moving toward Johnston's force, Grant learned that Pemberton was heading toward Bolton to try to cut what he thought was the Union supply line.<ref name="Miller393"/> Pemberton had insufficient supplies and on May 15, he had to wait to move forward for rations and ammunition to be brought up from Vicksburg.<ref name="Miller394">Miller, 2020, p. 394.</ref> Then, because of a bridge washout, Pemberton's men had to cross Baker's Creek upstream and camp east of the creek at Champion Hill.<ref name="Miller394"/><ref>Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 130.</ref> Despite the approach of Grant's entire force early on May 16, Pemberton was unaware of the full threat.<ref name="Miller398">Miller, 2020, p. 398.</ref> The Confederates were soundly defeated at the [[Battle of Champion Hill]], 18 miles west of Jackson, and retreated to Vicksburg.<ref name="McGowen2023"/> Following the Battle of Champion Hill, Sherman's corps also rejoined Grant's force.<ref name="Miller393"/><ref name="McGowen2023"/> Grant's army then defeated a Confederate rear guard of about 5,000 troops at the [[Battle of Big Black River Bridge]] on May 17, 1863.<ref name="McGowen2024">McGowen, 2000, p. 2024.</ref>

===Start of the Vicksburg siege=== The Confederates withdrew into the Vicksburg defenses on May 17, 1863.<ref name="Miller415">Miller, 2020, p. 415.</ref> There, Pemberton ordered the garrisons at Haines Bluff, Walnut Hills and Warrenton to abandon their positions and move to the inner works at Vicksburg.<ref>Shea and Winshel, 2003, p. 141.</ref> On May 18, 1863, Pemberton received an instruction from Johnston to abandon the city and join his forces at Canton but Pemberton refused to do so, stating that he would hold the city.<ref name="Miller415"/> Jefferson Davis had declared that Vicksburg and Port Hudson should be held.<ref>Greene, 1882, p. 172.</ref><ref>Ballard, 2004, pp. 195, 256, 259, 325.</ref>

After costly Union frontal assaults at Vicksburg failed on May 19, 1863, and May 22, 1863, Union siege operations at Vicksburg began.<ref name="McGowen2025">McGowen, 2000, p. 2025.</ref><ref>Shea & Winschel, 2003, p. 152.</ref> Grant formally ordered the operations on May 25. Grant's Special Order Number 140, May 25, 1863, formally initiating siege operations, read: “Corps commanders will immediately commence the work of reducing the enemy by regular approaches. It is desirable that no more loss of life shall be sustained in the reduction of Vicksburg and the capture of the garrison.”<ref>Bearss, 2010, p. 254.</ref><ref>From May 23 to the surrender of the city on July 4, Union soldiers and hired African-American civilians dug trenches and tunnels getting constantly closer to Confederate lines. Ballard, 2011, p. 167. Huston, 1997, p. 170.</ref>

==End of Vicksburg siege==

On June 22, 1863, Grant received an erroneous report that Johnston had crossed the Big Black River and was preparing to attack the Union forces.<ref>Miller, 2020, p. 461.</ref> He also heard that some Union cavalry troopers were driven back by a Confederate raid at Birdsong's Ferry.<ref>Ballard, 2004, p. 394.</ref> Concerned with the possibility that Johnston would try to begin offensive operations from behind the Union positions, Grant ordered Sherman to expand a defensive line facing east from Snyder's Bluff overlooking the Yazoo River to the railroad bridge over the Big Black River west of Messinger's Ferry.<ref name="Carter266">Carter, 1980, p. 266.</ref><ref name="Woodrick35">Woodrick, 2016, p. 35.</ref><ref>Some historians have called this the "Exterior Line" Carter, 280, p. 266; Woodrick, 2016, p. 35</ref>

On June 25, 1863, Grant tried to bring the siege to a close by ordering mine explosions under the Confederate Third Louisiana Redan and a major Union attack on the Confederate positions after the explosion.<ref name="Ballard167">Ballard, 2011, p. 167.</ref> The assault on the Confederate line failed to take the position.<ref name="Shea159">Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 159.</ref> On July 1, another mine explosion was set off under the redan but it was not followed by an assault because the explosion was set off mainly to show the Confederates that their position was hopeless.<ref name="Shea159"/>

Despite receiving reinforcements bringing his total force to about 32,000 men by June 1, Johnston made no move to relieve Vicksburg until the end of June.<ref>Ballard, 2011, p. 164.</ref> He later would report to Jefferson Davis that he had received men but not the supplies, artillery, horses and wagons needed to move them.<ref>Carter, 1980. p. 266.</ref> While Johnston delayed, Grant was being reinforced continuously through June.<ref name="Ballard167" />

Having not taken advantage of the small Confederate numerical superiority of Pemberton and his own combined forces in the first week of June, Johnston did not issue orders to move in force to the Big Black River until June 28.<ref name="Woodrick35"/><ref name="Ballard404405">Ballard, 2004, pp. 404-405.</ref> The Confederates did not approach the Union lines near Vicksburg until July 1.<ref name="Woodrick35"/><ref name="Ballard404405"/> Instead of scouting approaches to the city when he finally arrived near the Union lines, Johnston examined reports about the roads, fords and Union positions between Jackson and Vicksburg.<ref name="Woodrick35"/><ref name="Shea180">Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 180.</ref> He found that the Union exterior line established by Sherman extended farther and was stronger than he anticipated.<ref name="Shea180" /> He decided these lines were too strong to attack along the east side of the Big Black River, which some historians assert he did not want to do in any event.<ref name="Woodrick35"/><ref name="Shea180" />

==Jackson expedition==

{| align=right |- ! style="background:#b0c4de;"|Army Commanders:Jackson expedition<br /> Siege of Jackson |- |<gallery mode=packed heights=180> File:General sherman.jpg|{{center|Major General<br />[[William T. Sherman]] Union Army}} File:Joseph Johnston.jpg|{{center|General<br />[[Joseph E. Johnston]] Confederate Army}} </gallery> |}

===Leaving Vicksburg=== After learning of the surrender of Pemberton's army on July 4, 1863, on the same afternoon, Sherman ordered the units assigned for the expedition against Jackson to move to the Big Black River crossings.<ref name="Woodrick38">Woodrick, 2016, p. 38.</ref> Sherman ordered the XV Corps to march to Messinger's Ferry, the XIII Corps to march to the Big Black River Bridge where a pontoon bridge also needed to be constructed and the IX Corps to move to Birdsong's Ferry.<ref name="Woodrick38"/> Sherman's force included the [[IX Corps (Union Army)|IX Corps]] under Major General [[John Parke|John G. Parke]], with one [[XVI Corps (Union Army)|XVI Corps]] division under Brigadier General [[William Sooy Smith]] attached, that division included a cavalry brigade commanded by Colonel [[Cyrus Bussey]]; the [[XIII Corps (Union Army)|XIII Corps]] under Major General [[Edward Ord|Edward O. C. Ord]], with a cavalry brigade commanded by Major Hugh Fullerton in the Ninth Division and with one XVI Corps division under Brigadier General [[Jacob Gartner Lauman|Jacob G. Lauman]] and later under Brigadier General [[Alvin Peterson Hovey|Alvin P. Hovey]] attached; the [[XV Corps (Union Army)|XV Corps]], Sherman's own corps, under Major General [[Frederick Steele]] for this operation and a division of the [[XVII Corps (Union Army)|XVII Corps]] under the command of Brigadier General [[John McArthur (general)|John McArthur]].<ref>Greene, 1882, pp. 193-194</ref><ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 36-37, 117-126.</ref>

On July 5, Johnston learned of the surrender of Vicksburg and its defenders and began to move east toward Jackson.<ref name="Woodrick35"/><ref name="Shea180" /> Johnston's "Army of Relief" consisted of Major General [[John C. Breckinridge|John C. Breckinridge's]] Division, Major General [[Samuel Gibbs French|Samuel G. French's]] Division, Division Artillery, Major General [[William Wing Loring|William Wing Loring's]]'s Division, Major General [[William H. T. Walker|William Henry Talbot Walker's]] Division and Brigadier General [[William Hicks Jackson|William Hicks Jackson's]] Cavalry Division.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 127-132.</ref> Although Johnston began to move back to Jackson on July 5, he left detachments to guard some of the crossings of the Big Black River.<ref name="Woodrick38"/>

Several companies of [[William L. McMillen|William L. McMillen's]]<ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 39 spells the name "McMillan." Eicher, 2001, p. 382 shows this to be a misspelling.</ref> brigade of Brigadier General [[James M. Tuttle|James M. Tuttle's]] Third Division of Major General Frederick Steele's XV Corps crossed the river on July 5 in an effort to secure a bridgehead and were met by Confederate pickets.<ref name="Dyer781">Dyer, 1908, p. 781.</ref><ref name="Woodrick39">Woodrick, 2016, p. 39.</ref> By late afternoon, Tuttle's men had secured the crest of a hill overlooking the river, pushed the Confederates away and established a camp more than three miles ahead on Bridgeport Road. The remainder of Steele's division crossed the bridge without encountering resistance.<ref name="Woodrick39" />

Brigadier General William Sooy Smith's division of the IX Corp was the first to approach Birdsong's Ferry in the early morning of July 5.<ref name="Woodrick39">Woodrick, 2016, p. 39.</ref> Confederate cavalry defenders under Brigadier General [[John Wilkins Whitfield]] were hidden in the underbrush across the river and brought the Union soldiers under small arms fire when they reached the river.<ref name="Woodrick39" /><ref name="Dyer781" /> The [[40th Illinois Infantry Regiment]] and [[103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment]] of Colonel [[Stephen G. Hicks|Stephen G. Hicks's]] Second Brigade rushed to the river bank to oppose Whitfield's cavalry.<ref name="Woodrick39" /> Other regiments tried to cross the river on foot but were stopped by high water and strong currents.<ref name="Woodrick39" /> This resulted in Parke's IX Corps being prevented from crossing the river that night.<ref name="Woodrick40">Woodrick, 2016, p. 40.</ref> On the morning of July 6, a Union patrol found and raised an old ferryboat which they repaired.<ref name="Woodrick40" /> By mid-afternoon, some of Smith's men were able to cross the river and force Whitfield's troopers to withdraw.<ref name="Woodrick40" /> It was mid-day on July 7 before the floating bridge necessary to allow Parke's men to cross was built; soon it partially collapsed.<ref name="Woodrick40" /> Park sent his artillery to cross at Messinger's Ferry and the men crossed the damaged bridge.<ref name="Woodrick40" />

===March to Jackson=== Confederate cavalry persistently skirmished with the lead Union units throughout the march to Jackson.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 46-47.</ref> Skirmishes were fought on July 6 at Edwards Station, Jones Ford and Messigner's Ferry.<ref name="Dyer781" /> On July 7, there was a skirmish at Queen Hill and encounters by cavalry of both armies at Baker's Creek on July 7 and [[Bolton, Mississippi|Bolton's Depot]] on July 8.<ref name="Dyer781" />

While Sherman was making slow progress toward Jackson, after a hard, dry, dusty march during the hot Mississippi summer, Johnston's forces reached Jackson on the evening of July 7, 1863.<ref name="Shea180" /> A violent thunderstorm causing a torrential downpour helped alleviate conditions on the march for both armies, at least temporarily.<ref name="Woodrick49">Woodrick, 2016, p. 49.</ref> Confederate Captain William H. Edwards later wrote that civilians took buckets off the water well ropes along the route and more than half the men “gave out, completely exhausted.”<ref name="Woodrick41">Woodrick, 2016, p. 41.</ref> The defensive works at Jackson had been partially repaired after the Battle of Jackson on May 14 and the return of Johnston six days later.<ref name="Ballard170">Ballard, 2011, p. 170.</ref> Johnston was not satisfied with the condition of the entrenchments.<ref name="Shea180" /> He ordered the trenches be strengthened and extended to anchor them on the Pearl River north and south of Jackson.<ref name="Shea180" /> Cotton bales and artillery positions protected the improved line.<ref name="Woodrick41" />

On July 7, the XIII Corps and XV Corps of Sherman's pursuing forces were at Bolton, Mississippi, fewer than 20 miles from Jackson.<ref name="Shea181">Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 181.</ref> Sherman had not heard from Parke and decided to rest at Bolton on July 8 to give the IX Corps time to catch up.<ref name="Woodrick46">Woodrick, 2016, p. 46.</ref> A violent thunderstorm causing a torrential downpour helped alleviate conditions on the march, at least temporarily.<ref name="Woodrick49">Woodrick, 2016, p. 49.</ref> At 4:00&nbsp;p.m. on July 8, Sherman learned that the IX corps was on the way and ordered the XIII Corps and XV Corps to resume the march to Jackson.<ref name="Woodrick46" /> The IX Corps came up behind the XV Corps on the Bridgeport Road but found themselves behind the XV Corps because a presumed alternate road further north did not exist.<ref name="Woodrick47">Woodrick, 2016, p. 47.</ref> The XI Corps caught up by moving cross country over rolling hills.<ref name="Woodrick47" />

On July 8, Union cavalry and several infantry units fought a large skirmish near Clinton.<ref name="Dyer781" /> Major Fullerton was forced to deploy his troopers as skirmishers and use mountain howitzers to clear the way on the Jackson Road.<ref name="Woodrick48">Woodrick, 2016, p. 48.</ref> Bussey's cavalry and several companies of infantry also had to fight Whitfield's men on the Bridgeport Road three miles west of town.<ref name="Woodrick48" /> Whitfield withdrew at dark unopposed.<ref name="Woodrick48" />

===Approach to Jackson=== Units of Sherman's army reached Clinton on July 9 and a detachment of the [[6th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union)|6th Missouri Cavalry Regiment]] skirmished with Confederates near Clinton.<ref name="Dyer781" /><ref>Ballard, 2004, p. 163</ref> One last skirmish near Jackson was fought on July 9 between troops of William Sooy Smith's division and troops manning Confederate outposts.<ref name="Dyer781" /> Smith's men were well out ahead of the rest of Parke's IX Corps.<ref name="Woodrick51">Woodrick, 2016, p. 51.</ref> Smith had the men bivouac for the night in line of battle because he was concerned they might become isolated.<ref name="Woodrick51"/>

Johnston had not stockpiled supplies or repaired the railroad bridge east of Jackson after the earlier battle.<ref name="Ballard170" /> This meant that the Confederates would risk being trapped without sufficient supplies if they held out against an attacking force for any great length of time and could not remove stranded locomotives and railroad cars.<ref name="Ballard170" />

Although Sherman limited marching to the morning and late afternoon and early evening, his men suffered from heat, dust and shortage of water on the march to Jackson, where they arrived on July 10, 1863.<ref name="Shea181" /> The Confederates had poisoned wells and streams with dead animals as they progressed to Jackson, which forced the Union troops to haul drinking water from the Big Black River.<ref name="Shea181" /><ref>Ballard, 2011, p. 507.</ref> Historian Jim Woodrick noted that numerous accounts by soldiers of both sides complained about the extreme heat and parched conditions.<ref name="Woodrick49" /> Sherman moved his headquarters to Clinton on the evening of July 9 and began to plan for the approach to the city.<ref name="Woodrick51"/>

==Siege of Jackson== [[File:Jacksonsiege1863.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Siege of Jackson]]

=== Deployment === After personally scouting the Confederate defenses, upon his arrival at Jackson on July 10, 1863, Sherman ordered his corps commanders to spread out around them at about 1,500 yards from Confederate parapets, with skirmishers closer up and supports for them within 500 yards.<ref name="Shea181"/> Johnston had hoped to draw Sherman's forces into a costly frontal attack but after Sherman had seen the improved Confederate fortifications at Jackson and encountered resistance in approaching the Confederate lines, he ordered setting up artillery positions and earthworks to besiege the city.<ref name="Shea181"/><ref>Ballard, 2011, p. 408.</ref><ref name="Miller493">Miller, 2020, p. 493.</ref>

Major General [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.|Francis P. Blair's]] division led the XV Corps toward Jackson on the morning of July 10.<ref name="Woodrick52">Woodrick, 2016, p. 52.</ref> As the Union division closed in on the silent Confederate fortifications at about 9:30&nbsp;a.m., a Confederate 32-pounder gun, then other artillery, opened fire on them.<ref name="Woodrick52"/> Sherman quickly went forward when he heard the artillery and began to deploy Steele's XV Corps to both sides of the Jackson Road.<ref name="Woodrick52"/>

To the south, the XIII Corps divisions of [[Peter Joseph Osterhaus|Peter J. Osterhaus]] and [[Andrew Jackson Smith|Andrew J. Smith]] moved toward the city along a connecting lane from the northeast and turned into Robinson Road, thinking it was the Raymond Road, which was a mile farther down the lane.<ref name="Woodrick53">Woodrick, 2016, p. 53.</ref> Initial Confederate resistance from a small Confederate outpost on Lynch Creek and some men of French's division was driven off by Fullerton's cavalry and infantry support from Osterhaus's division.<ref name="Woodrick53"/> The two Union divisions occupied a ridge east of Lynch Creek within 250 yards of the Confederate line.<ref name="Woodrick53"/>

Fullerton's cavalry scouted to the right and found that the Raymond Road was a mile away and that there were Confederate troops at that location.<ref name="Woodrick53"/> The Union soldiers already at the front dug rifle pits during the afternoon while artillery of each side fired on the other.<ref name="Woodrick53"/> Union soldiers captured a cistern during the fight which gave them a crucial source of water.<ref name="Woodrick53"/> When the XIII Corps divisions of William Benton, Alvin P. Hovey and Jacob Lauman and moved forward, A. J. Smith still was concerned about Confederate defenders further to the right of his position and he asked the newly-arrived divisions to move to that end of the Union line in that order from north to south.<ref name="Woodrick53"/> Hovey's and Lauman's divisions were placed last along the Terry Road and on Bailey Hill overlooking Lynch Creek east of the line of the [[New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern|New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad]] entering the city from the south.<ref>Ballard, 2011, p.170.</ref> Lauman's division was at the end of the line and farther back from the Confederate line than the other Union divisions.<ref name="Woodrick54">Woodrick, 2016, p. 54.</ref>

To the northwest of the city, the earlier arriving division of William Sooy Smith waited for other IX Corps divisions to catch up.<ref name="Woodrick55">Woodrick, 2016, p. 55.</ref> By mid-afternoon the IX Corps began to move to the east with W. S. Smith's force east of the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad line heading north from Jackson.<ref name="Woodrick55"/> The divisions went into position after reaching the Canton Road, with Confederate cavalry harassing them as they moved forward.<ref name="Woodrick55"/> Brigadier generals [[Thomas Welsh (general)|Thomas Welsh]] and [[Robert Brown Potter|Robert B. Potter]] placed their divisions west of the railroad with Welsh's troops on the Insane Asylum ridge.<ref name="Woodrick55"/><ref>None of the patients who remained at the asylum during the nearby skirmishing as the troops moved into place were injured. Woodrick, 2016, p. 55.</ref>

When the full Union deployment was completed, Union divisions occupied positions opposite Confederate divisions in a semi-circular defensive line west of the town between branches of the Pearl River opposite Confederate divisions.<ref name="Shea181"/><ref name="Greene195">Greene, 1882, p. 195.</ref> Sherman deployed the XIII Corps under Ord on the Union right which was on the south end of the line on both sides of the Raymond Road.<ref name="Shea181"/> Loring's Division was on the Confederate left opposite the XIII Corps position.<ref name="Greene195"/> Sherman deployed his own XV Corps under Steele to the middle of the Union line.<ref name="Shea181"/> Walker's Division and French's Division were opposite Steele's corps in the middle of the Confederate defensive works.<ref name="Greene195"/> Sherman deployed the IX Corps under Parke on the Union left to the north.<ref name="Shea181"/> Breckinridge's Division was on the Confederate right, across the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad, opposite Parke's IX Corps.<ref name="Greene195"/>

Since Sherman did not want to make a frontal assault against strong resistance, on the night of July 10, he issued orders to the corps commanders to construct artillery positions and rifle pits as close as possible to the Confederate lines without taking needless casualties.<ref name="Miller493"/><ref name="Woodrick57">Woodrick, 2016, p. 57.</ref> By the end of the day on July 11, Sherman was satisfied about the construction of the protective earthworks and artillery positions and he ordered a general bombardment of Confederate positions.<ref name="Shea182">Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 182.</ref>

Sherman's forces brought only a small number of artillery rounds per gun on the march to Jackson.<ref name="Shea182" /> After starting the siege, he requested that the reserve ordnance train with additional artillery rounds be sent to his units as quickly as possible.<ref name="Shea182" /> Johnston learned that this artillery train was coming and on July 14 he sent cavalry under the command of William H. Jackson to intercept it.<ref name="Shea184">Shea & Winsel, 2003, p. 184.</ref> The Confederate cavalry failed to stop the delivery to Sherman's forces because Sherman received intelligence that the cavalry had been dispatched and acted to protect the wagon train.<ref name="Shea184"/><ref name="Bearss2000">[[Ed Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]] "Jackson, Miss., Siege of." In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-393-04758-5}}. p. 393.</ref> Sherman ordered a brigade stationed at Champion Hill to escort the train and another brigade to move to Clinton to protect it.<ref name="Shea184" /> When Johnston heard about the failed interdiction, he was even more convinced that he could not hold out under a siege and ordered his commanders to prepare to leave the city at once.<ref name="Ballard171" /><ref name="Bearss2000" />

===Union assault=== Needing to conserve ammunition, on July 12 the Union artillery launched a heavy bombardment of the Confederate defenses but ceased firing in less than an hour.<ref name="Shea182" /><ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 64.</ref> After the bombardment, Major General Ord told Brigadier General Hovey to move forward and entrench close to the Confederate fortifications.<ref name="Shea182" /> Hovey told Brigadier General Lauman at his right at the end of the Union line about the movement.<ref name="Shea182" /> Along with an instruction from Major General Ord the night before to make a reconnaissance on the Confederate line and if necessary attack the force in front while staying in connection with Hovey, Lauman mistook the information from Hovey as an order for an assault on the Confederate lines.<ref name="Shea182" /><ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 67.</ref>

While Hovey stopped his division's advance about 500 yards short of the Confederate line, Lauman had ordered his men to advance and attack.<ref name="Shea182" /> Colonel [[Isaac C. Pugh|Isaac Pugh]]'s brigade was leading the advance.<ref name="Shea182" /> Pugh was reluctant to cross a field in front of the Confederate positions manned by the [[141st Field Artillery Regiment|Washington Artillery]] and Brigadier General [[Daniel Weisiger Adams|Daniel Weisiger Adams's]] brigade.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 68.</ref> After Lauman came to examine the front at Pugh's request, however, he ordered Pugh to continue even though Hovey's force had stopped to dig in.<ref name="Shea182" /><ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 69.</ref> Eighty yards from the Confederate line, Pugh's men were stopped by an [[abatis]] and Confederate fire.<ref name="Shea182" /> Survivors who could not escape began to surrender in face of the murderous Confederate artillery and small arms fire.<ref>Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 183.</ref>

Before the Union assault, Confederate soldiers had burned the Cooper House to give a clear field of fire in front of their fortifications.<ref name="Woodrick70">Woodrick, 2016, p. 70.</ref> At the family's request, the soldiers saved some items, including a piano.<ref name="Woodrick70"/> They took the piano into the trenches and some members of the Washington Artillery battery played the piano and sang familiar songs before, during and after Colonel Pugh's attack.<ref name="Woodrick70"/> Sherman's troops took the piano after the Confederates left the city. In 2023, the piano still can be seen at the Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans.<ref name="Woodrick70"/>

In the assault, the Union forces lost 68 killed, 302 wounded and more than 200 prisoners according to historian Michael Ballard<ref name="Ballard171" /><ref>In his 2004 book, Ballard wrote that the Union casualties were 68 killed, 302 wounded and 149 missing. Ballard, 2004, p. 409.</ref> while William Shea & Terrence Winshel as well as historian Jim Woodrick state that the Union force suffered 465 total casualties.<ref name="Shea182" /><ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 75.</ref> Colonel Seth C. Earl commander of the [[53rd Illinois Infantry Regiment]] was killed and Colonel Aaron Brown of the [[3rd Iowa Infantry Regiment]] was wounded in the assault.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 71-72.</ref> The Confederates had seven casualties, only two killed and five wounded.<ref name="Shea182" /> Lieutenant Colonel [[Harry Maury|Henry Maury]] in command of the [[32nd Alabama Infantry Regiment]] was among the Confederate casualties, having been wounded by a sharpshooter.<ref>Woodrick, p. 72.</ref> When Ord went to Lauman's headquarters after being informed of the attack, he found Lauman disoriented and unable to put his division in order.<ref name="Woodrick74">Woodrick, 2016, p. 74.</ref> Ord relieved Lauman of command, placing his division under Hovey's command.<ref name="Woodrick74" />

===End of the siege=== After the July 12 Union assault, the armies continued to exchange of artillery fire.<ref name="Greene195"/> Picket firing and small engagements by companies also continued.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, p. 80.</ref> The largest such engagement was a reconnaissance in force by six Union regiments on July 15 which established that the Confederates were still in position opposite Parke's corps and resulted in Union casualties of two killed and five wounded.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 85-88.</ref> Sharpshooters also were active throughout the remainder of the siege.<ref name="Woodrick81">Woodrick, 2016, p. 81.</ref>

The Confederate cavalry effort to find and attack the Union ammunition wagon train was thwarted by the two infantry brigades that Sherman had sent to protect the wagons.<ref name="Shea184" /> Sherman ordered Colonel [[Alexander Chambers]] brigade at Champion Hill to escort the wagon train after having received intelligence that Johnston was planning to send cavalry to intercept it.<ref name="Woodrick83">Woodrick, 2016, p. 83.</ref> Sherman also ordered Brigadier General [[Charles L. Matthies|Charles Matthies]] to reinforce the garrison at Clinton to stop the Confederate cavalry's progress.<ref name="Woodrick83">Woodrick, 2016, p. 83.</ref> Only a small part of the Confederate force was able to advance to spot the wagon train.<ref name="Shea184" /> They decided not to attack the wagons because of the strong Union escort of the wagon train.<ref name="Shea184" /> Upon receipt of part of the supply of the ammunition on July 14, the Union shelling picked up.<ref name="Woodrick81"/> When Johnston was told that the cavalry mission had failed on July 16, he ordered the evacuation of the city that night.<ref name=Ballard171 /><ref name="Shea184" /> After the Confederates crossed the Pearl River bridge, they burned it to hinder Union pursuit.<ref name="Shea184" /> The Union forces discovered the Confederate retreat only the next morning.<ref name="Shea184" /> Johnston did not halt the retreat until his forces reached Morton, Mississippi, forty miles east of Jackson.<ref name="Shea185">Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 185.</ref> Sherman's forces made a weak attempt to pursue the Confederates but intolerable heat and a lack of cavalry to keep in contact with and to harass the Confederate forces ultimately caused Sherman to give up the pursuit.<ref name="Ballard171" /> An expeditionary force from Steele's XV Corps commanded by Colonel Milo Smith and Colonel [[James Lorraine Geddes|James L. Geddes]] did march toward [[Brandon, Mississippi]] on July 18.<ref name="Woodrick100">Woodrick, 2016, p. 100.</ref> They found many of Lauman's wounded men from the July 12 attack at a Confederate hospital.<ref name="Woodrick100"/> On July 19, the Union force engaged with a Confederate cavalry rear guard under Brigadier General [[George B. Cosby|George Cosby]], immediately losing a man killed.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 100-101.</ref> After an exchange of artillery fire, Geddes's men moved toward the Confederate position through a large cornfield.<ref name="Woodrick101">Woodrick, 2016, p. 101.</ref> As the Union soldiers got within small arms range, a torrential downpour ended the encounter.<ref name="Woodrick101"/> The Confederates moved out of Brandon and the Union force moved in for the night.<ref name="Woodrick101"/> The Union soldiers burned a quarter of the town and engaged in extensive pillaging.<ref name="Woodrick102">Woodrick, 2016, p. 102.</ref> After tearing up the railroad and burning the depot on July 20, the Union force gave up the pursuit and returned to Jackson.<ref name="Woodrick102"/><ref>Greene, 1882, p. 196.</ref>

Determined to leave nothing of value for the Confederates after they withdrew from Jackson, Sherman's men destroyed commercial buildings, factories, warehouses and remaining railroad facilities around Jackson.<ref name="Shea185"/> Johnston's failure to repair the Pearl River railroad bridge left many railroad cars that could have been moved to the east through Jackson isolated at Grenada, Mississippi and subject to destruction by Union cavalry.<ref name="Ballard170" /><ref>Ballard, 2004, p. 409.</ref> On July 17, Colonel Cyrus Bussey's cavalry, reinforced by Colonel [[Charles R. Woods|Charles R. Woods's]] artillery battery, entered Canton, Mississippi and wrecked railroad yards, five locomotives, thirty rail cars, two turntables, a large lumber yard and the Dixie Works, which produced various types of conveyances for the Confederate government.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 93-94.</ref>

By July 23, the comprehensive destruction caused by the Union troops led to Jackson's nickname as "Chimneyville."<ref name="Shea186">Shea & Winshel, 2003, p. 186.</ref> A newspaper correspondent for the ''Memphis Appeal'' had been in Jackson during the siege and later reported that some fires had been started by Johnston's men before they left in order to destroy supplies.<ref>Woodrick, 2016, pp. 109-111.</ref> After an appeal by the mayor of Jackson before the Union forces departed for Vicksburg on July 23, Sherman left 200 barrels of flour and 100 barrels of salt pork for the few hundred civilians remaining at Jackson.<ref name="Shea186" /> By July 25, Sherman's men had returned to Vicksburg where they were able to rest for the remainder of the summer.<ref name="Shea186" />

Confederate casualties during the siege were 71 killed, 504 wounded and 25 missing.<ref name="Ballard171" /> Union casualties were 129 killed, 762 wounded and 231 missing.<ref name="Ballard171" /> The re-capture of Jackson by the Union Army effectively ended the last potential Confederate threat to re-take Vicksburg. Historian Michael Ballard wrote that Johnston's retreat was the last major action by a large Confederate force in Mississippi and that most of his "Army of Relief" would be combined with the Army of Tennessee.<ref name="Ballard171" />

With the capture of [[Port Hudson, Louisiana]] at the conclusion of the [[Siege of Port Hudson]] on July 9, 1863, the Union Army and [[Union Navy]] gained complete control of the [[Mississippi River]].<ref name="Ballard171" />

==References== {{reflist}}

==Sources== {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} * Arnold, James R. ''Grant Wins the War: Decision at Vicksburg''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-471-15727-4}}. * Ballard, Michael B. ''The Civil War in Mississippi: Major Campaigns and Battles''. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-62846-170-1}}. * Ballard, Michael B. ''Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8078-2893-9}}. * [[Ed Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]] ''Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War''. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7922-7568-8}}. * [[Edwin C. Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]] with J. Parker Hills. ''Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg, The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War''. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0510-1}}. * Carter III, Samuel. ''The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg 1862&ndash;1863''. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1980. {{ISBN|978-0-312-83926-0}}. * Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' Des Moines, IA: The Dyer Publishing Company, 1908. (''This source is in the public domain''; the copyright expired many years ago.) * Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher]], ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3641-1}}. * [[Francis Vinton Greene|Greene, Francis Vinton]]. ''The Mississippi''. [https://archive.org/details/mississippi00gree/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater] Campaigns of the Civil War - VIII. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1882. Reprinted by Digital Scanning Inc. (August 16, 2004) {{ISBN|978-1-58218-534-7}}. (''This source is in the public domain''; the copyright expired many years ago.) * Huston, James A. ''The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953'' Washington, D.C. Center of Military History, United States Army, 1997.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150401215348/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-4/index.html] First printed 1966. Print Book, 1988. {{OCLC|18364431}} p.&nbsp;170. (Public domain.) * Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. ''War on the Mississippi: Grant's Vicksburg Campaign''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8094-4744-4}}. * McGowen, Stanley S. ''Vicksburg Campaign (May–July 1863)'' In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-393-04758-5}}. pp.&nbsp;2021-2027. * [[Donald L. Miller|Miller, Donald L.]] ''Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign That Broke the Confederacy''. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-4516-4139-4}}. First published in hardcover 2019. * Shea, William L. and Terrence J. Winschel. ''Vicksburg is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River''. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9344-1}}. * [[Craig Symonds|Symonds, Craig L.]] ''Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography''. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-393-31130-3}}. * Woodrick, Jim. ''The Civil War Siege of Jackson, Mississippi''. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-62619-729-9}}. {{Div col end}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/historicalmaps/civilwar/atlas3.html Map of Union and Confederate works around Jackson, Plate 37] * [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~orphanhm/jackson.htm Map of Lauman's attack]

{{Mississippi in the Civil War}} {{Portal bar|American Civil War|Mississippi}} {{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vicksburg campaign]] [[Category:Battles of the western theater of the American Civil War]] [[Category:Union victories of the American Civil War]] [[Category:Hinds County, Mississippi]] [[Category:Joseph E. Johnston]] [[Category:William Tecumseh Sherman]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1863]] [[Category:1863 in Mississippi]] [[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Mississippi]] [[Category:July 1863]] [[Category:History of Jackson, Mississippi]]