thumb|JIRAM thumb|JIRAM data on Jupiter's southern lights, August 2016 thumb|Jovian "Hotspot" in visible (top) and near infrared (bottom) from a previous mission.

'''Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper''' ('''JIRAM''') is an instrument on the ''Juno'' spacecraft in orbit of the planet Jupiter. It is an image spectrometer and was contributed by Italy.<ref name=wisc>{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_JIRAM.html |title=Juno - Spacecraft: Instruments - JIRAM |access-date=2016-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211543/http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_JIRAM.html |archive-date=2016-02-04 }}</ref> Similar instruments are on ESA ''Rosetta'', ''Venus Express'', and ''Cassini-Huygens'' missions.<ref name=wisc/> The primary goal of JIRAM is to probe the upper layers of Jupiter's atmosphere down to pressures of 5–7 bars (72–102 pound/square inch) at infrared wavelengths in the 2–5 μm interval using an imager and a spectrometer.<ref name=wisc/> The Jupiter's atmosphere and auroral regions are targeted for study.<ref>{{cite journal|title=JIRAM, the image spectrometer in the near infrared on board the Juno mission to Jupiter.|date=2015-09-28 |pmid=18680411 | doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0167 |volume=8 |issue=3 |journal=Astrobiology |pages=613–22 | last1 = Adriani | first1 = A | last2 = Coradini | first2 = A | last3 = Filacchione | first3 = G | last4 = Lunine | first4 = JI | last5 = Bini | first5 = A | last6 = Pasqui | first6 = C | last7 = Calamai | first7 = L | last8 = Colosimo | first8 = F | last9 = Dinelli | first9 = BM | last10 = Grassi | first10 = D | last11 = Magni | first11 = G | last12 = Moriconi | first12 = ML | last13 = Orosei | first13 = R| bibcode = 2008AsBio...8..613A }}</ref> In particular it has been designed to study the dynamics and chemistry in the atmosphere, perhaps determining the how Jovian hot spots form.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=Alberto|last2=Coradini|first2=Angioletta|last3=Filacchione|first3=Gianrico|last4=Lunine|first4=Jonathan I.|last5=Bini|first5=Alessandro|last6=Pasqui|first6=Claudio|last7=Calamai|first7=Luciano|last8=Colosimo|first8=Fedele|last9=Dinelli|first9=Bianca M.|date=2008-06-01|title=JIRAM, the image spectrometer in the near infrared on board the Juno mission to Jupiter|journal=Astrobiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=613–622|doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0167|issn=1557-8070|pmid=18680411|bibcode=2008AsBio...8..613A}}</ref>

{{chem|H|3|+}} ions, ammonia, and phosphine can be mapped by taking images and spectra at the appropriate wavelengths of light.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HIrh-9o2CkC&pg=PA352|author=P. Irwin|title=Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure|date=2009|page=352|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783540851585}}</ref> The trihydrogen cation, {{chem|H|3|+}}, is rare on Earth, but is one of the most common ions in the universe due to its quick production via neutral hydrogen ({{chem|H|2|}}) ionization---it is also known as protonated molecular hydrogen.<ref name="Carrington">{{cite journal |last=Carrington|first=Alan|author2=R. McNab, Iain |title=The infrared predissociation spectrum of triatomic hydrogen cation (H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>) |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |date=1989|volume=22|issue=6|pages=218–222 |doi=10.1021/ar00162a004}}</ref>

Because the space environment around Jupiter is heavily irradiated, the JIRAM instrument was expected to be operational for at least the first eight orbits;<ref>{{cite web|title = Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton| url = http://www.universetoday.com/123711/understanding-junos-orbit-interview-nasas-scott-bolton/ |website = Universe Today| access-date = 6 February 2016| date = 2016-01-08 }}</ref> it has remained operational through over 50 orbits.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mura|first1=Alessandro|last2=Lopes|first2=R.|last3=Tosi|first3=F.|title=Lava Lakes on Io: Crust Age and Implications for Thermal Output|journal=The Planetary Science Journal|date=April 2026|display-authors=1|volume=7|issue=85|doi=10.3847/PSJ/ae52ee}}</ref>

Previously Jupiter was observed by an Infrared imaging spectrometer called NIMS (''Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer'') on the Galileo Jupiter orbiter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/about-jiram/|title=About Jiram {{!}} INAF-IAPS|website=www.iaps.inaf.it|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809174710/http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/about-jiram/|archive-date=2016-08-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> JIRAM was used to observe Earth during its flyby en route to Jupiter.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.isac.cnr.it/en/content/juno%E2%80%99s-earth-flyby-jovian-infrared-auroral-mapper-preliminary-results|title=Juno's Earth flyby: the Jovian infrared Auroral Mapper preliminary results {{!}} ISAC - CNR|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|volume=361|issue=8|pages=272|access-date=2017-02-07|doi=10.1007/s10509-016-2842-9|year=2016|last1=Adriani|first1=A.|last2=Moriconi|first2=M. L.|last3=Mura|first3=A.|last4=Tosi|first4=F.|last5=Sindoni|first5=G.|last6=Noschese|first6=R.|last7=Cicchetti|first7=A.|last8=Filacchione|first8=G.|bibcode=2016Ap&SS.361..272A|s2cid=125056540|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135350/http://www.isac.cnr.it/en/content/juno%E2%80%99s-earth-flyby-jovian-infrared-auroral-mapper-preliminary-results|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These observations were used to help calibrate the instrument, and the lunar observations were actually a critical planned step in preparing the instrument for observations at Jupiter.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=A.|last2=Moriconi|first2=M. L.|last3=Mura|first3=A.|last4=Tosi|first4=F.|last5=Sindoni|first5=G.|last6=Noschese|first6=R.|last7=Cicchetti|first7=A.|last8=Filacchione|first8=G.|date=2016-08-01|title=Juno's Earth flyby: the Jovian infrared Auroral Mapper preliminary results|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|volume=361|issue=8|pages=272|doi=10.1007/s10509-016-2842-9|issn=0004-640X|bibcode=2016Ap&SS.361..272A|s2cid=125056540}}</ref> The polar orbit of the ''Juno'' mission permits to get unprecedented observations of the planet. In particular, the polar regions, that where never observed before ''Juno'', can be observed with high spatial resolution.

On August 27, 2016, JIRAM observed Jupiter at infrared wavelengths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA21036|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055106/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA21036|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-09-09|title=Juno Captures Jupiter's Glow in Infrared Light|website=www.jpl.nasa.gov|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> The first science observation in space was conducted on Earth's Moon in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=A.|last2=Moriconi|first2=M. L.|last3=Mura|first3=A.|last4=Tosi|first4=F.|last5=Sindoni|first5=G.|last6=Noschese|first6=R.|last7=Cicchetti|first7=A.|last8=Filacchione|first8=G.|date=2016-07-19|title=Juno's Earth flyby: the Jovian infrared Auroral Mapper preliminary results|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|language=en|volume=361|issue=8|pages=272|doi=10.1007/s10509-016-2842-9|issn=0004-640X|bibcode=2016Ap&SS.361..272A|s2cid=125056540}}</ref>

The JIRAM project was started by Professor Angioletta Coradini, however she died in 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=Alberto|last2=Filacchione|first2=Gianrico|last3=Iorio|first3=Tatiana Di|last4=Turrini|first4=Diego|last5=Noschese|first5=Raffaella|last6=Cicchetti|first6=Andrea|last7=Grassi|first7=Davide|last8=Mura|first8=Alessandro|last9=Sindoni|first9=Giuseppe|date=2014-10-01|title=JIRAM, the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper|journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=213|issue=1–4|language=en|pages=393–446|doi=10.1007/s11214-014-0094-y|issn=0038-6308|bibcode=2017SSRv..213..393A|s2cid=11739752}}</ref> The instrument was developed from Leonardo under the directions and supervision of the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetogy (IAPS) which is part of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics and was funded by the Italian Space Agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/jiram-team/|title=Jiram team {{!}} INAF-IAPS|website=www.iaps.inaf.it|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-date=2017-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208040331/http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/jiram-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dr. Alberto Adriani of IAPS is presently the responsible of the JIRAM project.

In March 2018, results from JIRAM were released showing both the North and south poles have a central cyclone surrounded by addition cyclones.<ref name="Greicius">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly|title=NASA Juno Findings - Jupiter's Jet-Streams Are Unearthly|last=Greicius|first=Tony|date=2018-03-07|work=NASA|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en|archive-date=2020-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110153427/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The north cycle was surrounded by 8 cyclones, while the southern cyclone was surrounded by five.<ref name="Greicius"/> By this time Juno had completed 10 close passes for science observations, since arriving in Jupiter's orbit on July 4, 2016.<ref name="Greicius"/> The first science pass occurred on August 28, 2016, and JIRAM was operated during that pass.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-blogs/astronomy-space-david-dickinson/juno-makes-its-first-jupiter-pass/|title=Juno Makes First Science Pass at Jupiter - Sky & Telescope|date=2016-09-05|work=Sky & Telescope|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

Various results, including a 3-D movie a flyover of the north pole of Jupiter with JIRAM data were released at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7096|title=NASA's Juno Mission Provides Infrared Tour of Jupiter's North Pole|website=NASA/JPL|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

JIRAM's spin-compensation mirror has been stuck since PJ44, but the instrument is operational.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rogers |first1=John |title=JunoCam at PJ57: Part I: Io |url=https://britastro.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Report-on-PJ57_Io.pdf |website=britastro.org |access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

==Specifications==

*Mass: 8&nbsp;kg (17.6 pounds)<ref name="spaceflight101.com">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/instrument-overview/|title=Instrument Overview – Juno|website=spaceflight101.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> *Max power use: 16.7 watts<ref name="spaceflight101.com"/> *Observation range: 2–5 micron wavelength light<ref name="spaceflight101.com"/>

==Observations== [[File:Juno20180411.jpg|thumb|770px|left|Using data from JIRAM, a computer-generated view of Jupiter's north pole<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7096 | title=NASA's Juno Mission Provides Infrared Tour of Jupiter's North Pole| website=Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}</ref>]] {{clear}}

==See also== *Gravity Science *Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) *JunoCam *Magnetometer (''Juno'') (MAG) *Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa *Microwave Radiometer (Juno) *MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) (Infrared imaging spectrometer on JWST) *Ralph (New Horizons), imaging spectrometer on New Horizons, Pluto flyby probe *UVS (''Juno'') (Imaging spectrometer on ''Juno'' for ultraviolet light) *Atmosphere of Jupiter

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121231185020/http://www.ifsi-roma.inaf.it/jiram/ ''Juno'' JIRAM website] *[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2006/pdf/1564.pdf Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper – Lunar and Planetary Institute] *[http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?t=instruments ''Juno'' instruments] (Adobe Flash) *[http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/si_search.php?instrument=Jovian+Infrared+Auroral+Mapper+(JIRAM) JIRAM images at JPL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162438/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/si_search.php?instrument=Jovian+Infrared+Auroral+Mapper+(JIRAM) |date=2016-12-20 }} *[https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly NASA Juno Findings – Jupiter’s Jet-Streams Are Unearthly March 7, 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110153427/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly/ |date=January 10, 2020 }} *[https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7096 NASA's Juno Mission Provides Infrared Tour of Jupiter's North Pole (April 11, 2018)]

{{Junojupiternav}} {{Satellite and spacecraft instruments}}

Category:Juno (spacecraft) Category:Spacecraft instruments Category:Italian Space Agency