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'''Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC)''' was a United States inter-service agency set up to analyze and assess Japanese naval and merchant marine shipping losses caused by U.S. and Allied forces during World War II.
==Background== In January 1943, JANAC was formed by General George Marshall, the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, and Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet (COMINCH), to assess enemy naval and merchant shipping losses during World War II.<ref name="Foreword">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html#fwd |title=Foreword |access-date=2008-09-04 |work=JANAC |publisher=Hyperwar.com }}</ref> The objectives of JANAC were as set forth in the following joint Army–Navy directive:
{{Quote|By agreement between Chief of Staff and Commander-in-Chief, a Committee composed of 4 Navy and 3 Army members is appointed to meet from time to time at the call of the senior member to study and evaluate reports of loss or damage of enemy Naval and Merchant vessels from all causes, except those cases considered by the Anti-Submarine Warfare Assessment Committee of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet. Findings of the Anti-Submarine Warfare Assessment Committee will be included in the overall evaluation of enemy losses without further review. Periodic reports of the Committee will be submitted jointly to the Chief of Staff and Commander-in-Chief.<ref name="Foreword"/>}}
JANAC consisted of representatives of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Army, and the Army Air Forces, with a joint Army–Navy secretariat, under the chairmanship of Rear Admiral Walter S. DeLany.<ref name="Foreword"/> Following the war, Rear Admiral Jerauld Wright succeeded Delany as JANAC chairman.<ref>{{cite book | last=Key Jr | first=David M. |date=September 2001 | title=Admiral Jerauld Wright: Warrior among Diplomats | publisher=Sunflower University Press | location=Manhattan, Kansas | isbn=1-55750-217-X |ref=CITEREFKey2001 }}, pp. 236–240</ref>
==Methodology & results== JANAC used the following sources to compile information on Japanese vessel losses during World War II:<ref name="Foreword"/>
* Prisoner of War Reports * Captured Enemy Documents * United States and Allied Intelligence Sources * Naval Shipping Control Authority for Japanese Merchant Marine (SCAJAP) * Ariyoshi's Final List (Japanese) * Ariyoshi's List (Japanese) * Shipowners' List (Japanese) * Naval Ministry List (Japanese) * United States Mine Warfare Report * United States and Allied Action Summaries * United States Photographic Intelligence * United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) Reports
The assessment of losses, unanimously agreed to by all JANAC members of the committee, was published in 1947, which included:
* All Naval vessels known or believed to have been lost. * All merchant vessels of 500 or more gross tons known or believed to have been lost.
JANAC provided a detailed chronology of Japanese naval and merchant marine losses cross-indexed in the appendix of its final report, including a separate summary about losses caused by U.S. submarines.<ref name="Foreword"/> JANAC noted that a negligible number of vessels were not assessed because of insufficient information as to the cause of loss.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html |title=Contents |access-date=2008-09-04 |work=JANAC |publisher=Hyperwar.com }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=99% ! rowspan="2" width="20%" | Sinking Agent ! colspan="2" align="center" | Naval Vessels ! colspan="2" align="center" | Merchant Vessels ! colspan="2" align="center" | Total Vessels |- ! align="center" | ''No.'' ! align="center" | ''Tonnage'' ! align="center" | ''No.'' ! align="center" | ''Tonnage'' ! align="center" | ''No.'' ! align="center" | ''Tonnage'' |- ! '''''TOTALS''''': | '''686''' | '''1,965,646''' | '''2,346''' | '''8,618,109''' | '''3,032''' | '''10,583,755''' |- ! '''''United States (U.S.):''''' | '''611''' | '''1,822,210''' | '''2,117''' | '''7,913,858''' | '''2,728''' | '''9,736,068''' |- ! Submarines | 201 | 540,192 | 1,113 | 4,779,902 | 1,314 | 5,320,094 |- ! Surface Warships | 112 | 277,817 | 11 | 43,349 | 123 | 321,166 |- ! Army Aircraft | 70 | 62,165 | 240 | 639,667 | 310 | 701,832 |- ! Carrier Aircraft | 161 | 711,236 | 359 | 1,390,241 | 520 | 2,101,477 |- ! Land-based Navy-Marine Aircraft | 11 | 13,402 | 88 | 218,718 | 99 | 232,120 |- ! Army-Navy-Marine Aircraft | 9 | 48,750 | 23 | 114,306 | 32 | 163,056 |- ! Navy Shore Batteries | 2 | 2,770 | — | — | 2 | 2,770 |- ! Mines | 19 | 17,995 | 247 | 591,660 | 266 | 609,655 |- ! Aircraft and Other Agents | 26 | 147,883 | 32 | 132,710 | 58 | 280,593 |- ! Unknown Agents | — | — | 4 | 3,305 | 4 | 3,305 |- ! '''''Allied Forces:''''' | '''45''' | '''69,636''' | '''73''' | '''211,664''' | '''118''' | '''281,300''' |- ! United Kingdom (U.K.) | 28 | 50,365 | 42 | 87,981 | 70 | 138,346 |- ! Netherlands | 7 | 8,099 | 15 | 57,471 | 22 | 65,570 |- ! Australia | 5 | 6,892 | 8 | 24,910 | 13 | 31,802 |- ! China | — | — | 3 | 14,327 | 3 | 14,327 |- ! Soviet Union | 2 | 1,660 | 2 | 8,233 | 4 | 9,893 |- ! New Zealand | 2 | 2,095 | — | — | 2 | 2,095 |- ! Netherlands and Australia | — | — | 2 | 8,303 | 2 | 8,303 |- ! Netherlands and India | — | — | 1 | 10,439 | 1 | 10,439 |- ! Australia and India | 1 | 525 | — | — | 1 | 525 |- ! '''''U.S. and Allied Forces''''': | '''10''' | '''14,864''' | '''12''' | '''57,923''' | '''22''' | '''72,787''' |- ! U.S. and Australia | 4 | 7,550 | 7 | 37,072 | 11 | 44,622 |- ! U.S., Australia, and Netherlands | — | — | 2 | 16,362 | 2 | 16,362 |- ! U.S. and U.K. | 5 | 5,102 | 2 | 3,500 | 7 | 8,602 |- ! U.S. and New Zealand | 1 | 2,212 | — | — | 1 | 2,212 |- ! U.S., U.K., and Netherlands | — | — | 1 | 989 | 1 | 989 |- ! '''''Marine Casualties''''': | '''13''' | '''50,338''' | '''97''' | '''268,948''' | '''110''' | '''319,286''' |} <gallery> File:Pacific Theater Areas;map1.JPG|Pacific Theater of Operation (PTO) File:Japanese Naval-Merchant Shipping Loses by Allied Forces - JANAC.svg|Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses by the Allied forces File:Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses by the United States-JANAC.jpg|Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses by U.S. forces File:US landings.jpg|PTO naval campaign </gallery>
==Legacy==
===Submarine service=== JANAC significantly altered wartime estimates for Japanese losses inflicted by the U.S. Navy's submarine service. At the end of World War II, Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood and his COMSUBPAC staff had estimated that approximately 4,000 ships had been sunk, totalling 10 million tons lost. JANAC revised this total to 1,314 enemy vessels and 5.3 million tons sunk.<ref>{{cite book | last=Blair Jr. | first=Clay | year=2001 | title=Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan | publisher=Lippincott | location=Philadelphia | isbn=1-55750-217-X | pages=876–878 }}; hereafter referred to as ''Silent Victory''</ref> JANAC estimates of Japanese losses revised wartime claims downward for most war patrols carried out by the submarine service during World War II as noted in the following table of the revised list of top ten submarines based upon the total tonnage sunk as determined by JANAC.<ref>Data compiled from ''Silent Victory'', Appendices E, F, J & K</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=99% ! rowspan="2" width="20%" | Ship ! colspan="3" align="center" | JANAC figures ! colspan="3" align="center" | Wartime Estimates |- ! align="center" | War Patrols ! align="center" | Ships Sunk ! align="center" | Tonnage ! align="center" | Ships Sunk ! align="center" | Tonnage ! align="center" | Tonnage Ratio |- ! {{USS|Flasher|SS-249|3}} | 6 | 21{{1/2}} | 104,564<ref>Blair and Roscoe agree at 100,231 tons. Neither included 1/2 credit for ''Tosan Maru'' at 8,666 tons shared with {{USS|Crevalle|SS-291|2}}</ref> | 23{{1/2}} | 153,800 | 0.65 |- ! {{USS|Rasher|SS-269|3}} | 8 | 18 | 99,901 | 19 | 137,200 | 0.73 |- ! {{USS|Barb|SS-220|3}} | 12 | 17{{1/3}} | 97,579<ref>Blair and Roscoe agree at 96,628 tons. Neither included 1/3 credit for ''Hikoshima Maru'' at 2,854 tons shared with {{USS|Picuda|SS-382|2}} and {{USS|Queenfish|SS-393|2}}</ref> | 28 | 197,900 | 0.48 |- ! {{USS|Tang|SS-306|3}} | 5 (lost) | 24 | 93,824 | 31 | 227,324 | 0.41 |- ! {{USS|Silversides|SS-236|3}} | 14 | 23 | 90,080 | 26 | 143,700 | 0.63 |- ! {{USS|Spadefish|SS-411|3}} | 5 | 21 | 88,091 | 21 | 122,790 | 0.63 |- ! {{USS|Trigger|SS-237|3}} | 12 (lost) | 18 1/3 | 89,892<ref>Blair and Roscoe agree at 88,091 tons. Neither included 1/3 credit for ''Takane Maru'' at 10,021 tons shared with {{USS|Salmon|SS-182|2}} and {{USS|Sterlet|SS-392|2}}</ref> | 25⅓ | 183,900 | 0.47 |- ! {{USS|Drum|SS-228|3}} | 13 | 15 | 80,580 | 19 | 118,000 | 0.68 |- ! {{USS|Jack|SS-259|3}} | 9 | 15 | 76,687 | 17 | 115,000 | 0.67 |- ! {{USS|Snook|SS-279|3}} | 9 (lost) | 17 | 75,473 | 16 | 105,800 | 0.71 |}
JANAC also revised the achievements of individual submarine commanding officers as noted in the following table.<ref>Data compiled from ''Silent Victory'', Appendix G</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=99% ! rowspan="2" width="20%" | Commanding Officer ! colspan="3" align="center" | JANAC figures ! colspan="3" align="center" | Wartime Estimates |- ! align="center" | War Patrols ! align="center" | Ships Sunk ! align="center" | Tonnage ! align="center" | Ships Sunk ! align="center" | Tonnage ! align="center" | Tonnage Ratio |- ! Richard H. O'Kane | 5 | 24 | 93,824 | 31 | 227,800 | 0.41 |- ! Slade D. Cutter | 4 | 19 | 71,729 | 21 | 142,300 | 0.51 |- ! Dudley W. Morton | 6 (killed in action) | 19 | 54,683 | 17 | 100,000 | 0.55 |- ! Eugene B. Fluckey | 5 | 16{{1/3}} | 95,360 | 25 | 179,900 | 0.53 |- ! Samuel D. Dealey | 6 (killed in action) | 16 | 54,002 | 20{{1/2}} | 82,500 | 0.65 |- ! Reuben T. Whitaker | 5 | 14{{1/2}} | 60,846 | 18{{1/2}} | 111,500 | 0.55 |- ! Gordon W. Underwood | 3 | 14 | 75,386 | 14 | 89,600 | 0.81 |- ! Royce L. Gross | 7 | 14 | 65,736 | 13{{1/2}} | 80,500 | 0.82 |- ! Charles O. Triebel | 8 | 14 | 58,837 | 13 | 83,330 | 0.71 |- ! John S. Coye Jr. | 6 | 14 | 38,659 | 14 | 71,700 | 0.54 |}
Although JANAC tended to revise downward wartime estimates, one noteworthy exception involved the fifth war patrol of ''Archerfish'' (SS-311) under the command of Commander Joseph F. Enright. ''Archerfish'' was credited with sinking a 24,000-ton ''Hiyō''-class aircraft carrier during the war, but JANAC determined he had actually sunk the 66,000-ton carrier ''Shinano'', making this the most successful submarine patrol of the Pacific War.<ref>Blair. ''Silent Victory'', p. 777 - 780; Appendix I</ref>
===Battle of Midway=== JANAC also addressed wartime claims made by the U.S. Army Air Force regarding the sinking of the Japanese aircraft carriers ''Kaga'', ''Akagi'', ''Hiryū'', and ''Sōryū'' during the Battle of Midway by giving sole credit to the U.S. Navy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Key|2001|p=239}}</ref>
==See also==
* Allied submarines in the Pacific War * Strategic Bombing Survey
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==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
===Primary Sources=== * {{Citation |author=Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) |title=Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes |year=1947 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html |id=NAVEXOS P-468 |location=Washington DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office }} * Special Research History – Navy Department Library – Naval Historical Center: ** SRH-163 - Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC), Miscellaneous Memoranda, 1943–1947 ** SRH-164 - Memoranda from COMINCH, (F-20) to Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC), 1944–1945 ** SRH-165 - Memoranda from Office of Naval Communications to Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC), 1943–1944 ** SRH-166 - Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC), Memoranda to Office of Naval Communication ** SRH-167 - Memoranda from Army Signal Corps to Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC), 1945–1946 ** SRH-168 - Agenda Minutes/Assessments, Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC)
===Secondary Sources=== * Clay Blair Jr. ''Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan'' (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975) {{ISBN|1-55750-217-X}} (Paperback) * David M. Key Jr. ''Admiral Jerauld Wright: Warrior among Diplomats'' (Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press, 2001) {{ISBN|0-89745-251-8}} *{{Cite book |title=United States Submarine Operations in World War II |first=Theodore |last=Roscoe |author-link=Theodore Roscoe |publisher=United States Naval Institute |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=1949 }}
==External links== * [https://archive.today/20130221013044/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/japaneseshiploss.htm JANAC report] * [https://archive.today/20120915084135/http://www.valoratsea.com/JANAC.htm Japanese Naval and Merchant Vessels Sunk During WWII By All U.S. Submarines] - Valor at Sea: The U.S. Submarine War in the Pacific War 1941–1945 * [http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html Ships and Tonnage Sunk or Damaged in WW II by U.S. Submarines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144011/http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html |date=2008-05-11 }} - Pigboats.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409052122/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/wwii-campaigns.html "Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II" by Commander Michel Thomas Poirier, U.S. Navy (20 October 1999)] - Chief of Naval Operations - Submarine Warfare Division * [http://ahoy.tk-jk.net/macslog/TopTenUSNavySubmarineCapt.html Top Ten US Navy Submarine Captains in WW2 By Number of Confirmed Ships Sunk]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee}} Category:Intelligence services of World War II Category:Pacific War Category:Joint committees