{{short description|New Zealand indigenous radio network}} {{Redirect|Te Upoko O Te Ika|the Anglican Māori bishopric|Te Pīhopatanga o Te Upoko o Te Ika}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=December 2014}} {{Infobox radio station | country = NZ | name = Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori<br />National Māori Radio Network | logo = [[File:Iwi Radio Network Logos 2015.png|205px|Iwi Radio Network Logos 2015]] | area = [[New Zealand]] | airdate = | frequency = (various [[AM broadcasting|AM]]/[[FM broadcasting|FM]]) | format = [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous radio]] | language = [[English language|English]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Cook Islands Māori]] | owner = Independent iwi trusts | class = Terrestrial/Internet | webcast = [http://www.irirangi.net/ Live streams] | website = [http://www.irirangi.net/ Official website] }}
'''Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori''' ('''National Māori Radio Network''') is a [[New Zealand]] [[radio network]] consisting of [[radio stations]] that serve the country's indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]] population. Most stations receive contestable government funding from [[Te Māngai Pāho]], the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency, to operate on behalf of affiliated [[iwi]] (tribes) or [[hapū]] (sub-tribes). Under their funding agreement, the stations must produce programmes in the [[Māori language]], and must actively promote [[Māori culture]].<ref name=maorimedia>{{cite web|title=Iwi Radio Coverage|url=http://www.maorimedia.co.nz/Iwi_Radio_Coverage.pdf|website=maorimedia.co.nz|publisher=Māori Media Network|access-date=14 June 2015|date=2007}}</ref>
Most stations combine an English-language [[urban contemporary]] playlist during "[[Breakfast radio|breakfast]]" and [[Drive time|drive-time]] shows with [[Full service radio|full-service broadcasting]] and Māori-language programmes at other times of the day.<ref name=sea92fm>{{cite web|last1=Carlsson|first1=Sven|title=Contractors install the Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust's far-reaching antenna last Friday|url=http://www.opotikinews.co.nz/webapps/i/88879/228222/602305|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150410144557/http://www.opotikinews.co.nz/webapps/i/88879/228222/602305|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2015|website=Opitiki News|publisher=Opitiki News|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> They have their own local shows, personalities and breakfast programmes, and broadcast through both terrestrial frequencies and online streams. There are regular segments updating people about local events, and teaching people the Māori language and [[tikanga]] (customs).<ref name="awards14">{{cite web|url=https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/latest-news/iwi-radio-stations-prepare-bi-annual-awards-night |title=Iwi Radio stations prepare for bi-annual awards night |publisher=[[Māori Television]] |author=Wepiha Te Kanawa |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> The stations also produce local news shows, Māori music, educational programmes, comedies and dramas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irirangi.net/roopu-tautoko/history/whakaaro-ake.aspx|title=A brief history of Māori radio broadcasting|publisher=Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori|access-date=25 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024150324/http://www.irirangi.net/roopu-tautoko/history/whakaaro-ake.aspx|archive-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=tmpradio>{{cite web|title=TMP Radio|url=http://www.tmp.govt.nz/iwi-radio-stations|website=[[Te Māngai Pāho]]|publisher=[[Te Māngai Pāho]]|access-date=26 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141007151341/http://www.tmp.govt.nz/iwi-radio-stations|archive-date=7 October 2014}}</ref>
The network oversees the sharing of news bulletins, the pooling of resources and the production of network programmes. [[Radio Waatea]] in [[Manukau]] operates the network news service and produces network programmes. Its chief executive, [[Willie Jackson (politician)|Willie Jackson]], also serves as association chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/227665/iwi-radio-happy-with-jackson's-governance-role|title=Iwi radio happy with Jackson's governance role|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]|access-date=25 October 2014|date=14 November 2013}}</ref> Programmes are shared and simulcast on a high-speed [[wide area network]].<ref name=brianpauling /> Almost every Māori person in New Zealand lives within the range of an iwi radio frequency, but transmission issues have been reported in remote areas.<ref name=hiddensuccess />
==History==
===Early Māori broadcasting (1928–1978)===
The first Māori language to be broadcast on the radio were songs. A programme of Māori history, stories and songs were broadcast around the country on [[Waitangi Day]] 1928, and a regular programme featuring correct pronunciation of Māori began the same year. Māori broadcasters were appointed: Lou Paul of [[Ngāti Whātua]] in Auckland, Kīngi Tāhiwi of [[Ngāti Raukawa]] in Wellington, Te Ari Pītama of [[Ngāi Tahu]] in Christchurch, and broadcasting pioneer Airini Grenell of [[Ngāi Tahu]] in Dunedin.<ref name=walkerfirstdecades>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Piripi|title=First decades of Māori radio|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-radio-reo-irirangi/page-1|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=20 September 2015|date=22 October 2014}}</ref> The first programme entirely in the Māori language was a news bulletin about [[World War II]] and local Māori issues, presented by Wiremu Bill Parker in 1940. Other shows followed, including ''Nga pao me nga pakiwaitara a te Maori: song and story of the Maori'', based in Wellington, and ''Te reo o te Māori'', broadcast from Napier.
Leo Fowler set up a Māori Programmes Section of the [[New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation]] (NZBC) in 1964, and, alongside Bill Kerekere took a mobile broadcasting studio to important Māori events. The department produced the English language Māori affairs programme ''Te puna wai kōrero'' and helped increase airtime for Māori music and show bands, including the Patea Māori Club hit [[Poi E]].<ref name=walkerstory>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Piripi|title=Story: Māori radio – reo irirangi|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-radio-reo-irirangi|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=20 September 2015|date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Te Reo o Aotearoa, a Māori and Pacific unit of the NZBC's successor [[Radio New Zealand]], was set up in 1978 to produce Māori and Pacific programmes.<ref name=patday1>{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Patrick|title=A history of broadcasting in New Zealand. Vol. 1, The radio years.|date=1994|publisher=[[Auckland University Press]]|location=Auckland}}</ref>
===Campaign for iwi stations (1978–1990)===
By the 1970s state broadcasters broadcast less than 90 minutes of Māori language and Māori interest programming a week, and there were growing concerns about the decline in fluent Māori speakers. [[Victoria University of Wellington]]'s Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student radio station [[Radio Active (New Zealand)|Radio Active]] in 1983.<ref name=walkerfirstiwi>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Piripi|title=First iwi radio station|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-radio-reo-irirangi/page-3|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=20 September 2015|date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Other part-time Māori radio stations were also set up by young volunteers: [[Otaki, New Zealand|Ōtaki]]'s Te Reo o Raukawa in 1985, and [[Mangamuka]]'s Tautoko Radio and [[Ruatōria]]'s Radio Ngāti Porou in 1987.<ref name=walkeriwinetwork /> The establishment of a Māori Radio Network was also discussed at a hui or gathering at [[Takapuwahia]] Marae in [[Porirua]]. Te Reo o Poneke gained a full-time license in 1987, becoming the pan-tribal Wellington radio station Te Upoko O Te Ika.<ref name=culturalsurvivor>{{cite web|last1=McArdle|first1=Erin|title=Piecing Together Māori, Word by Word|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/piecing-together-maori-word-word|website=culturalsurvivor.org|publisher=Cultural Survivor|access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> The first bilingual school opened at [[Ruatoki]] in [[Urewera]] in 1978, and the [[Māori Language Commission]] was formed when Māori language became an official language in 1987.<ref name=officiallanguage>{{cite web|title=Māori becomes official language|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/maori-becomes-an-official-language|website=[[Nzhistory.net.nz]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=20 September 2015|date=18 June 2015}}</ref> However, Māori culture continued to be underrepresented on [[radio in New Zealand|New Zealand radio]].<ref name=shanahan>{{cite book|last1=Neill|first1=Karen|last2=Shanahan|first2=Morris William|title=The Great New Zealand Radio Experiment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEq27qhOdDwC&pg=PA23|access-date=18 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=Cengage Learning Australia|isbn=9780170124805|page=23}}</ref>
[[Hawke's Bay Polytechnic]] head of Māori studies Joe Te Rito operated a part-time station, Te Toa Takitini, on the polytechnic's [[Raradale site, New Zealand|Napier]] campus in 1988 and 1989, in an effort to broadcast [[Ngāti Kahungunu|Rongomaiwahine-Ngāti Kahungunu]]'s local elders and native speakers.<ref name=kahungunuoff /> A year later he relaunched it as full-time station Radio Kahungunu in [[Taradale, New Zealand|Napier]], to increase grammatical and spoken Māori language fluency, and expose the language to homes where no one spoke it.<ref name=walkeriwinetwork>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Piripi|title=The iwi radio network|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-radio-reo-irirangi/page-4|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=20 September 2015|date=22 December 2014}}</ref> Te Rito archived more than 2000 programme recordings, which he used to study and translate the tribe's distinctive [[dialect]], teach courses on the local spoken and written language, and provide an international model for preserving dialects in other communities in [[Asia]] and [[Pacific Ocean|the Pacific]].<ref name=joeterito>{{cite web|title=Strengthening Rongomaiwahine-Kahungunu Dialects through Archival Recordings|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/project/kia-areare-ki-ng%C4%81-reo-o-ng%C4%81-t%C4%ABpuna|website=Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga|publisher=[[University of Auckland]]|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>Te Rito, J. S. (2012). Māori invocation for the 3S Community and for the world [Chapter section in]: Epilogue: A Spiritual Circle. In G. Pungetti, G. Oviedo & D. Hooke (Eds.), Sacred species and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation (pp. 457–458). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Te Rito, J. S. (2012). Struggles to protect Puketapu, a sacred hill in Aotearoa. In G. Pungetti, G. Oviedo & D. Hooke (Eds.), Sacred species and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation (pp. 165–177). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
===Waitangi Tribunal challenges (1990–1994)===
The [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand|Fourth Labour Government]] deregulated the radio industry during the 1980s, selling the rights to use radio frequencies to private companies. The Wellington Māori Language Board, Nga Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo, was supporting the self-funded Te Upoko O Te Ika, and claimed the Government's sell off of broadcasting spectrum amounted to theft.<ref name=geetheft>{{cite journal|last1=Gee|first1=Debbie|title=Airwaves theft?|journal=Onfilm|date=August 1989|volume=6|issue=5|pages=34–35}}</ref> Alongside the New Zealand Māori Council jointly, it challenged the spectrum sell off and the lack of support for Māori broadcasting. In one case brought through the [[Waitangi Tribunal]], a permanent commission set up to investigate breaches of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], they argued the treaty gave them sovereignty over the airwaves and broadcast spectrum. They sought a share of the proceeds from the sale of rights to spectrum frequencies,<ref name=maorislay>{{cite news|title=Maoris lay claim to air waves|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|location=Wellington|date=30 May 1989}}</ref> and frequencies for their own use.<ref name=drinnandeal>{{cite news|last1=Drinnan|first1=John|title=Maoris get poor deal, court told|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|location=Wellington|date=5 October 1990|page=9}}</ref> Other cases followed through the [[High Court of New Zealand|High Court]] and [[Court of Appeal of New Zealand|Court of Appeal]], with one case reaching the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council in London]].<ref name=walkerfirstiwi />
The Government addressed the claim by instructing [[Radio New Zealand]] and [[Television New Zealand]] to broadcast more Māori programmes,<ref name=shanahan /> and funding the establishment of Māori-owned and Māori-controlled radio stations.<ref name=walkerkaranga>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Ranginui|title=Te Karanga: Maori radio|agency=[[Metro Magazine]]|issue=141|date=March 1993|pages=122–123}}</ref> Twenty one iwi radio stations were started between 1989 and 1994. These were initially funded by [[NZ On Air]] from 1990, with six percent of broadcasting fees allocated to Māori broadcasting.<ref name=cherrylsmith>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Cherryl Waerea-I-Te Rangi Smith|title=Kimihia Te Maramatanga: Colonisation and Iwi Development|date=1994|publisher=[[University of Auckland]]|location=Auckland|pages=119–141|access-date=20 September 2015|url=http://www.kaupapamaori.com/assets/SmithC/kimihia_te_maramatanga_chpt6.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082856/http://www.kaupapamaori.com/assets/SmithC/kimihia_te_maramatanga_chpt6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A call for Māori to have greater control of funding led to the establishment of a separate [[Te Māngai Pāho]] funding agency in 1995, and this agency became funded through taxation.<ref name=brianpauling /> The establishment of these stations allowed the Government to justify the sale of [[Radio New Zealand]]'s commercial [[Newstalk ZB]] and [[ZM (New Zealand)|ZM]] stations to the privately owned [[Australian Radio Network]] partnership in 1996,<ref name=campbellarn>{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=Gordon|title=Maori fight radio sale|volume=153|agency=[[New Zealand Listener]]|issue=2922|date=27 April 1996|page=20}}</ref> after the sale was challenged in the High Court and Court of Appeal.<ref name=brieftimeline>{{cite web|title=Brief timeline of Maori activity related to the search for Tino Rangatiratanga over the spectrum and their investments|url=http://www.nzmis.maori.nz/digital-library/radio-spectrum/timeline/|website=nzmis.maori.nz|publisher=Te Whānua Irirangi New Zealand Māori Internet Society|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
===Aotearoa Radio era (1994–1997)===
Several iwi applied for Government funding to establish radio stations in areas with significant Māori populations, developing an iwi-based radio network. However, the new stations struggled to survive as budgets did not cover the costs, volunteer staff lost enthusiasm, staff training was inadequate, and funding was insufficient to create professional career paths for Māori radio announcers and managers. Three stations broadcast on AM frequencies, costing an extra $100,000 a year than FM frequencies, but received the same flat rate of funding.<ref name=walkeriwinetwork /> Radio Ngāti Porou station manager Ngahiwi Apanui set up a joint venture between iwi stations, the national advertising agency Māori Media Network, in 1994 to increase each station's sources of revenue.<ref name="ruahistory">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.raukawafm.co.nz/index.php?pag=cms&id=169&p=history.html|website=Ruakawa FM|publisher=Ruakawa FM|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The Māori Communication Network was set up in 1997.<ref name=kennedystyle>{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Erin|title=Maori radio changes style|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|location=Wellington|date=17 June 1997|page=9}}</ref>
Meanwhile, the first Māori language radio network, Aotearoa Radio or Irirrangi Radio, began in Auckland on 18 July 1988 on a short-term warrant, broadcasting on 1XO 603 AM.<ref name=teiwi>{{cite journal|title=Maori radio begins in Auckland|journal=Te Iwi O Aotearoa|date=August 1998|issue=12|pages=14–15|issn=0113-4523}}</ref> It gained a full-time warrant in 1989, extending to Tauranga on 1XV 603 AM, Wellington on 2XO 1323 AM and Christchurch on 3XQ 1323 AM.<ref name=awaiting>{{cite news|last1=Drinnan|first1=John|title=Aotearoa awaiting permanent warrant|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|location=Wellington|date=30 May 1989}}</ref> Radio and television producer [[Ray Waru]] was the chief executive.<ref name=randomwaru>{{cite web|title=Secrets and Treasures: Our stories told through the objects at Archives New Zealand by Ray Waru|url=http://www.randomhouse.co.nz/books/ray-waru/secrets-and-treasures-our-stories-told-through-the-objects-at-archives-new-zealand-9781869796891.aspx|website=randomhouse.co.nz|publisher=[[Random House]]|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915153803/http://www.randomhouse.co.nz/books/ray-waru/secrets-and-treasures-our-stories-told-through-the-objects-at-archives-new-zealand-9781869796891.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Teacher, lecturer and consultant [[Haare Williams]] served as the general manager.<ref name=comethaare>{{cite web|title=Haare Williams|url=http://www.comet.org.nz/wawcs0143729/idDetails%3D178/COMET%27-s-kaumatua.html|website=comet.org.nz|publisher=COMET|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126151125/http://www.comet.org.nz/wawcs0143729/idDetails%3D178/COMET%27-s-kaumatua.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aotearoa Radio operated alongside the iwi radio stations, and broadcast a range of programmes on Māori issues, and gave airtime to Māori women at a time when women and Māori were both underrepresented in radio.<ref name=kippingbreaking>{{cite journal|last1=Kipping|first1=Pat|title=Breaking sound barriers: Irirangi women|journal=Broadsheet|date=October 1990|volume=182|pages=14–17|issn=0110-8603}}</ref> [[Tipene O'Regan]], Beverly Adlam, Pauline Butt, [[Toby Curtis]], Wiremu Ohia, [[Temuera Morrison]], [[Dalvanius Prime]], [[Moana Maniapoto|Moana Maniapoto-Jackson]], [[Neil Gudsell]], James Waerea, [[Libby Hakaraia]], Trada Chadwick and [[Koro Wētere]] were involved in the Māori Radio Board during this period. The network closed in 1997.<ref name=teiwi />
===Mai Media era (1997–2004)===
In June 1998, the first Māori language radio serial began airing on iwi radio,<ref name=serieslaunch>{{cite journal|title=Te reo Maori radio series launched on iwi network|journal=Te Maori: Nga Hui Hui Nga Korero O Aotearoa|date=15 June 1998|volume=3|issue=59|page=3|issn=1174-6203}}</ref> and in July 1997 [[NZ On Air]] began distributing Māori music compilation CDs to English language radio stations to promote greater air time for Māori performers and Māori language music.<ref name=maorionair>{{cite journal|title=More Māori on air|journal=Pu Kaea|date=July 1998|page=6|issn=1173-0420}}</ref><ref name=moreonair>{{cite news|title=More Maori on air|agency=Te Māori|volume=3|issue=62|date=6 July 1998|page=8}}</ref> Te Māngai Pāho also kept records of the percentage of Māori language in the programming of each iwi station,<ref name=percentages>{{cite news|title=Te Mangai Paho congratulate iwi radio|agency=Te Māori|volume=3|issue=53|date=27 April 1998|page=3}}</ref><ref name=levelsincrease>{{cite news|title=Radio to reo Māori levels on increase|agency=Kokiri Paetae|issue=18|date=October 1998|page=2}}</ref> and talked with stations about increasing the use of Māori language.<ref name=huito>{{cite news|title=Hui to examine ways of improving te reo levels on radio|agency=Kokiri Paetae|issue=17|date=August 1998|page=9}}</ref>
[[Ngāti Whātua]] took a leading role in iwi radio during the 1990s and early 2000s through its subsidiary Mai Media. The iwi started [[urban contemporary]] station, [[Mai FM]], in Auckland in July 1992, and New Zealand's first Māori language network, Ruia Mai Te Ratonga Irirangi o te Motu 1179AM, in April 1996.<ref name=hitsairwaves>{{cite journal|title=National Maori radio service hits the airways|journal=Te Māori|date=May 1996|volume=5|issue=8|page=7|issn=1171-5103}}</ref> Through Ruia Mai it secured a contract with Te Māngai Pāho to provide Māori language news bulletins,<ref name=tewaha>{{cite news|title=Funding cut silences Ruia Mai|url=https://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/2/twn02pg13.pdf|access-date=21 July 2009|agency=Te Waha Nui|publisher=[[AUT University]]}}</ref> which broadcast on 26 iwi radio stations.<ref name=tauiwanews>{{cite web|last1=Stuart|first1=Ian|title=Media: Tauiwa and Maori News: An Indigenous Perspective|url=http://www.davidrobie.org.nz/cafepacific/resources/aspac/maori.html|website=davidrobie.org.nz|publisher=Asia Pacific Network|access-date=19 September 2015|date=13 November 1996}}</ref> It also produced a range of current affairs, documentary and children's programmes.<ref name=mcgarveyrangi>{{cite news|last1=McGarvey|first1=Rangi Karaitiana|title=Ruia Mai: Te Ratonga Irirangi o te Motu|agency=Pu Kaea|date=June 1997|page=5}}</ref> Some of these programmes were recognised in the [[New Zealand Radio Awards]].<ref name=ruiamai />
Mai FM was commercially successful and was expanded to other regions.<ref name=patday2>{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Patrick|title=A history of broadcasting in New Zealand. Vol. 2, Voice and Vision.|date=2000|publisher=[[Auckland University Press]]|location=Auckland}}</ref> It formed a broadcasting partnership with Ngāi Tahu's Tahu FM in Christchurch between 1996 and 2001, then tendered for a frequncey in Rotorua creating Mai FM 96.7<ref name=tahujoint /> after losing that frequncey took over one of the frequencies of Te Arawa FM, 99.1FM in 1998, Also had a frequncey set up in Whangārei Mai FM 97.8<ref name=rotorua /> Ruia Mai, by contrast, reached a smaller audience of fluent Māori language speakers,<ref name=agencyrewards>{{cite news|title=Maori broadcasting agency rewards radio broadcasting|volume=2|agency=Te Māori News|issue=17|date=June 1997|page=7}}</ref> and focused on programmes reflecting Ngāti Whatua and Māori culture.<ref name="mcgarveyrangi"/> It was reliant on its news and current affairs contract with Te Māngai Pāho, and closed in 2004 when it lost the contract to bilingual radio station Radio Waatea.<ref name=tewaha /> Ngāti Whatua retained the frequency, initially leasing it out to The Voice of Samoa before using it for AKE 1179AM.<ref name=ruiamai>{{cite web|title=Official website|url=http://www.ruiamai.co.nz/|website=Ruia Mai|publisher=Ruia Mai|access-date=26 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000523203537/http://www.ruiamai.co.nz/|archive-date=23 May 2000}}</ref>
===Radio Waatea era (2004–present)===
In 2006, [[Te Māngai Pāho]] spent $2 million upgrading studios, equipment and technical capacity for each Iwi Radio Network station.<ref name=avcgroupeu>{{cite web|title=Maori Radio Upgrade Project|url=http://www.avc-group.eu/references/broadcast_production_and_telecommunications/ref/maori_radio_upgrade_project|website=avc-group.eu|publisher=AVC Group|access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> Emare Rose Nikora, a leader of the [[Māori language revival|Māori language revival movement]], received a Queen's Service Medal for services to Māori for her role in setting up [[Tokoroa]]'s Te Reo Irirangi o Ngati Raukawa Trust and Ruakawa FM. She was the station's co-founder, first [[Māori language]] newsreader, manager and board member.<ref name="ruahistory" />
Whanganui's Awa FM relocated in 2012 and went through major restructuring in 2014, leaving it with just three staff members.<ref name=stowell>{{cite news|last1=Stowell|first1=Laurel|title=Awa FM gets new home|url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/awa-fm-gets-new-home/Y53U7DH6EHMB5SWCV4RV5KOJEM/|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] / [[Wanganui Chronicle]]|publisher=[[APN News & Media]]|access-date=14 June 2015|date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219173816/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/awa-fm-gets-new-home/Y53U7DH6EHMB5SWCV4RV5KOJEM/ |archive-date=19 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tmpawa>{{cite web|title=Awa FM|url=http://www.tmp.govt.nz/awa-fm|website=[[Te Māngai Pāho]]|publisher=[[New Zealand Government]]|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113125159/http://www.tmp.govt.nz/awa-fm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gisborne's Radio Ngāti Porou was investigated by Te Māngai Pāho in 2014, and in August its financial adviser resigned.<ref name=yvonnetahana>{{cite news|last1=Tahana|first1=Yvonne|title=Trouble at the Iwi Radio Station of the Year|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/te-karere-news/trouble-iwi-radio-station-year-6058144|access-date=14 June 2015|agency=[[Te Karere]]|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|date=15 August 2014}}</ref> In the Far North, the Tautoko FM building to the ground on 18 May 2015, cutting power to the small community of Mangamuka.<ref name=firetautoko>{{cite web|last1=Koti|first1=Tepara|title=Fire engulfs Tautoko FM in Mangamuka|url=http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/galleries/fire-engulfs-tautoko-fm-mangamuka|website=Te Kaea|publisher=Māori Television|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
In August 2024, Radio Waatea's website was the target of a cyber attack after publishing a column criticising alleged racism in ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bradbury |first1=Martyn |title=BREAKING: Waatea has been hacked after criticising NZ Herald racism |url=https://thedailyblog.co.nz/2024/08/16/breaking-waatea-has-been-hacked-after-criticising-nz-herald-racism/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=The Daily Blog|date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920165905/https://thedailyblog.co.nz/2024/08/16/breaking-waatea-has-been-hacked-after-criticising-nz-herald-racism/ |archive-date=20 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Operations== ===Funding=== Iwi radio stations receive a share $11.7 million in Government funding each year, and can each be eligible for an annual Government grant of $350,000. They also source funding from sponsorship, advertising and leasing of studio space.<ref name=sunfmawa>{{cite web|title=Sun FM{{Snd}} Te Reo Irirangi o te Mānuka Tūtahi|url=http://www.ngatiawa.iwi.nz/cms/view/sunfm.aspx|website=Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa|publisher=Ngāti Aaw|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225221157/http://www.ngatiawa.iwi.nz/cms/view/sunfm.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Government-funded stations must broadcast at least eight hours of Māori language content between 6am and 12pm each day of the week.<ref name=brianpauling>{{cite book|author-last=Pauling|author-first=Brian|title="New Zealand{{Snd}} A Radio Paradise?" in: Radio in Small Nations: Production, Programmes, Audiences|editor1-last=Hand|editor1-first=Richard J.|editor2-last=Traynor|editor2-first=Mary|date=2014|publisher=University of Wales Press|location=[[Cardiff]]|isbn=978-0708325445|pages=70–71}}</ref> Station managers are also usually required to be proficient in the Māori language.<ref name=awamanager>{{cite web|title=Awa FM station manager|url=http://www.mahi.co.nz/details/4855#.VSfXz_mUf50|website=Mahi.co.nz|publisher=Taea Limited|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222160746/http://www.mahi.co.nz/details/4855#.VSfXz_mUf50|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 0.9% and 1.2% of each station's annual revenue is returned to the music industry through [[Recorded Music NZ]],<ref name=radiotvbw>{{cite web|title=Radio & Television Broadcast & Webcast|url=http://www.recordedmusic.co.nz/portfolio/broadcast-webcast/|website=recordedmusic.co.nz|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234353/http://www.recordedmusic.co.nz/portfolio/broadcast-webcast/|url-status=dead}}</ref> with each station treated differently for licensing purposes.<ref name=apraamcos>{{cite web|title=Radio|url=http://apraamcos.co.nz/music-customers/licence-types/radio/|website=apraamcos.co.nz|publisher=APRA AMCOD New Zealand|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131654/http://apraamcos.co.nz/music-customers/licence-types/radio/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Between 2014 and 2018, the Iwi Radio Network received an extra $12 million to cover new operating costs and to assess the feasibility of expanding the network with new iwi stations, and $1.5 million towards archiving historic Māori language programmes. Māori Affairs Minister [[Pita Sharples]] said the extra funding would increase Māori language content and programme quality, and would ensure interviews with dead elders would be not be lost.<ref name=boostfour>{{cite news|title=$12m boost over four years for iwi radio stations|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1405/S00254/12m-boost-over-four-years-for-iwi-radio-stations.htm|access-date=20 September 2015|agency=[[New Zealand Government]]|publisher=[[Scoop.co.nz]]|date=15 May 2014}}</ref> The funding was specifically allocated to increasing community engagement with iwi stations, increasing Māori language hours and expanding the number of people the network reached.<ref name=estimatestovote>{{cite web|title=Māori Affairs Committee 2014/15 Estimates for Vote Māori Affairs: Written questions 124 133|url=http://www.parliament.nz/resource/mi-nz/50SCMA_EVI_00DBSCH_EST_13173_1_A398907/4e85fcc31245ec1b286985029c2c3f0ddb0bed29|publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> Network chairman Willie Jackson said many iwi stations were struggling, and welcomed and desperately needed the extra funding.<ref name=wikitoria>{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Wikitōria|title=Iwi radio stations receive a $12 million boost|url=http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/regional/iwi-radio-stations-receive-12-million-boost|access-date=20 September 2015|agency=[[Te Kāea]]|publisher=[[Māori Television]]|date=15 May 2014}}</ref>
By 5 December 2025, Radio Waatea's CEO [[Matthew Tukaki]] confirmed that 11 of its 17 staff had been made redundant, reducing the station's workforce to six staff members. This followed a decision by the Māori broadcasting funding agency [[Te Māngai Pāho]] in 2025 to consolidate its funding of Māori current affairs and news coverage by requiring the iwi-funded radio network and the public broadcaster [[Whakaata Māori]] to share their journalism with each other. Tukaki also expressed concern about a proposal by the [[Sixth National Government of New Zealand|National-led coalition government]] to slash Te Māngai Pāho's budget by 25% for the [[2026 New Zealand budget]]. Tukaki expressed concerned about the lack of funding and investment in iwi Māori radio stations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McConnell |first1=Glenn |title=Incoming 25% 'funding cut' for Maori media would be catastrophic - even this National MP agrees |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/politics/360908147/incoming-25-funding-cut-maori-media-will-be-catastrophic-even-national-mp-agrees |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=5 December 2025}}</ref>
By late March 2025, Radio Waatea faced the prospect of closing its Waatea News radio bulletin at midnight 31 March due to Te Māngai Pāho facing cuts of NZ$16 million of time-limited funding (amounting to 25-30% of the agency's annual budget).<ref name="1News 31 Mar 2026">{{cite news |title=Te reo Māori radio news bulletin faces the end, fears for stations' future |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/03/31/te-reo-maori-radio-news-bulletin-faces-the-end-fears-for-stations-future/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=[[1News]] |date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331131222/https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/03/31/te-reo-maori-radio-news-bulletin-faces-the-end-fears-for-stations-future/ |archive-date=31 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Te Māngai Pāho intends to fund a new Māori media hub called Te Iho which will be established in the following months.<ref name="Dunlop 31 Mar 2026">{{cite news |last1=Dunlop |first1=Māni |title=Pressure mounts over proposed Māori media funding cuts as Government defends position |url=https://www.teaonews.co.nz/2026/03/31/pressure-mounts-over-proposed-maori-media-funding-cuts-as-government-defends-position/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=[[Te Ao Māori News]] |date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260402143645/https://www.teaonews.co.nz/2026/03/31/pressure-mounts-over-proposed-maori-media-funding-cuts-as-government-defends-position/ |archive-date=2 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Radio Waatea CEO Tukaki expressed concern about the proposed loss of iwi radio stations servicing Māori communities.<ref name="1News 31 Mar 2026" /> On 31 March 2026, Radio Waatea's news bulletin received a three-month funding reprieve from the urban Māori organisations, the [[Manukau Urban Māori Authority]] (MUMA) and [[Te Whānau o Waipareira]] (Waipareirara Trust). Tukaki expressed relief at the cash injection from the private sector but said that more government funding was needed to support Radio WAatea and other iwi-led radio stations in the long-term.<ref name="Dunlop 31 Mar 2026" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The Panel for Wednesday 1 April 2026 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/thepanel/20260401 |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=1 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260402144558/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/thepanel/20260401|archive-date=2 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Role and effectiveness===
A two-year [[Massey University]] survey of 30,000 people, published in 2003, indicated 50 percent of Māori in Iwi Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. The results were consistent with those of similar surveys by individual stations, and countered the misconception that iwi stations reached small and specific audiences. According to the research, iwi stations were often associated with old music and interviews with elders, but many Māori listeners used it to stay in touch with their culture, family history, spirituality and community, and maintain their language skills.<ref name=hiddensuccess>{{cite news|title=The hidden success of Māori radio|url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/2003/press_releases/01_08_03a.html|access-date=20 September 2015|publisher=[[Massey University]]|date=1 August 2003|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822233042/http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/2003/press_releases/01_08_03a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further [[Auckland University of Technology]] research in 2009 suggested the potential audience of iwi radio stations would increase due to the growth of New Zealand's Māori and Pacific population.<ref name=diversityreportage>{{cite journal|last1=Robie|first1=David|title=Diversity reportage in Aotearoa: demographics and the rise of the ethnic media|journal=Pacific Journalism Review|date=1 May 2009|volume=15|issue=1|pages=67–91|url=http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/2313/pjr_15%281%29_6_diversityreportage_pp67-911.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=20 September 2015|location=Auckland|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120418/http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/2313/pjr_15%281%29_6_diversityreportage_pp67-911.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Māori language advocates have recognised radio broadcasting as having a small but significant role in bringing Māori language to New Zealand audiences for more than half a century, particularly since the establishment of radio stations under iwi control. [[Postcolonialists]] have also suggested the Iwi Radio Network is a form of decolonisation, a means of achieving decolonisation, and a way to assert cultural identity and challenge [[Pākeha]] cultural dominance.<ref name=cherrylsmith /> Massey University research in 2006 assessed five year qualitative and quantitative research, literature on the long term history of the Māori language, comparative studies between Māori and Irish radio, and [[Tūhoe]]'s experiences setting up a radio station, and found the Iwi Radio Network had a positive impact on Māori language revitalisation.<ref name=tereopaho>{{cite journal|last1=Matamua|first1=Rangiānehu|title=Te Reo Pāho: Māori radio and language revitalisation: a thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Māori Studies at Massey University|journal=Thesis|date=2006|url=http://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/1864/02_whole.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=[[Massey University]]}}</ref> The stations have failed to counter a decline in the number of fluent Māori speakers in the 2010s, but continue to be part of the strategy to promote it.<ref name=tereoprecious>{{cite news|title=Editorial: Te reo Maori far too precious to be lost|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11296481|access-date=20 September 2015|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|publisher=[[APN News & Media]]|date=20 June 2014}}</ref>
===Awards and recognition===
The National Māori Radio Network has held its own annual awards since 2012. Te Upoko o te Ika was the inaugural winner of Station of the Year, Willie Jackson calling it a tribute to their work towards promoting the Māori language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.tangatawhenua.com/2012/03/oldest-maori-radio-station-takes-top-award/ |title=Oldest Maori Radio Station Takes Top Award |publisher=tangatawhenua.com |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> Taranaki's Korimako FM won Station of the Year in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/claudettehauiti/status/455068003747368960 |title=Accepting their Tohu for Best Iwi Radio Station Korimako FM Taranaki |author=Claudette Hauiti |access-date=19 April 2015|author-link=Claudette Hauiti }}</ref> Maniapoto FM in Te Kuiti, Moana Radio in Tauranga, Radio Ngāti Porou in Ruatoria, Te Korimako in New Plymouth and Te Hiku o te Ika in Kaitaia were finalists for Station for the Year in 2014.<ref name="awards14"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngatiporou.com/article/contribution-iwi-radio-recognised-award-ceremony |title=Contribution of Iwi Radio recognised at award ceremony |publisher=[[Ngāti Porou]] |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
The stations are also eligible for awards at the [[New Zealand Radio Awards]]. One award, for Iwi Station of the Year, recognises radio networks or individual stations which have performed outstandingly as a champion of Māori language and culture. The station is judged on the quality and effectiveness of its Māori language use, and its programmes, client relations, community involvements, news and current affairs, personality strength, promotions and marketing campaigns.<ref name=iwiyear>{{cite web|title=Iwi Station of the Year|url=http://radioawards.co.nz/awards/detail/cid/20|website=radioawards.co.nz|publisher=[[New Zealand Radio Awards]]|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> Tumeke FM won Iwi Station of the Year in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand Radio Awards "Iwi station of the year"|url=http://tumekefm.co.nz/?p=3665|website=tumekefm.co.nz|publisher=Tumeke FM|access-date=21 July 2015|date=12 May 2014|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154241/http://tumekefm.co.nz/?p=3665|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ngāti Porou]] won the award in 2013, but faced criticism about its management and financial oversight a few months later.<ref name=troubleiwi>{{cite news|title=Trouble at Iwi Station of the Year|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/te-karere-news/trouble-iwi-radio-station-year-6058144|access-date=21 January 2015|agency=[[Te Karere]]|publisher=[[TVNZ]]|date=2013}}</ref>
==Programmes==
===Days and nights=== The iwi stations broadcast a range of programmes during the day, combining the use of conversational Māori with commercially viable English language programmes. Many weekend programmes cover special interests, use local Māori language dialects, or cater to local [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island]] communities.<ref name=sea92fm /> For example, Tokoroa's Ruakawa FM follows a conventional radio schedule, with programmes like Daybreak with Roger Mahu, Rangatahi Days with Ngaitarangi Toma, and night show Rangatahi Vibes geared to younger audiences.<ref name=ruaonair>{{cite web|title=Ruakawa on Air|url=http://www.raukawafm.co.nz/pag_onair|website=Ruakawa FM|publisher=Ruakawa FM|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=ruastaff>{{cite web|title=Ruakawa Staff|url=http://www.raukawafm.co.nz/pag_staff_boardid_2|website=Ruakawa FM|publisher=Ruakawa FM|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The weekend line-up includes the Hakinakina Hard Saturday sports morning show with Josiah Teokotai, and Sunday night Te Taura Vaanaga show for the local Cook Island community.<ref name=ruaonair />
Manawatu's Kia Ora FM broadcasts a specialist weekly science programme showcasing the research of [[Massey University]] researchers and postgraduate students.<ref name=paula>{{cite web|title=Professor Paula Jameson and Honours student Lai Fern Ow|url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/2003/press_releases/01_08_03a.html|website=Massey University|publisher=Massey University|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822233042/http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/2003/press_releases/01_08_03a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Musician, actor and commentator Moana Maniapoto has hosted several iwi radio programmes since 1990, including an evening programme on Radio Waatea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tawera Productions and Black Pearl Productions|url=http://www.moananz.com/projects/|website=Moana Maniapoto|publisher=Moana Maniapoto|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The Whanau Show music programme on Wellington's Te Upoko o te Ika on 6 June 1995, began touring the country in 1997, has been broadcast on nine iwi stations and is currently based at Gisborne's Turanga FM.<ref name=whanaushow>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.whanaushow.co.nz/index.php/aboutus|website=whanaushow.co.nz|publisher=The Whanau Show|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
===Overnights===
Moana Radio's Tai Pari Tai Timu programme is simulcast across most of the Iwi Radio Network from midnight to 6.00am every day. The show's rotating hosts discuss news, views, issues and events from the Māori world in a [[Freeform (radio format)|free format]]. Retro phone requests are received after 4.00am.<ref name=taipari>{{cite web|title=Tai Pari Tai Timu|url=http://www.raukawafm.co.nz/pag_staff_boardid_2_staffid_83 |website=Ruakawa FM Tokoroa|publisher=Te Reo Irirangi Raukawa|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
Some stations have their own overnight shows. For example, Cilla Gardiner's Country Music Show airs some nights on Tokoroa's Raukawa FM.<ref name=ruaonair />
==Services==
===News and information===
Radio Waatea produces hourly bulletins for the Iwi Radio Network under a contract with Te Māngai Pāho. Its Waatea News website publishes national news articles and interviews, and bulletins for Te Hiku o Te Ika (Auckland and Northland), Tainui (Waikato), Te Korimako (Taranaki and Wanganui), Te Manuka Tutahi (Bay of Plenty), Turanganui A Kiwa (Gisborne and Hawke's Bay), and Te Upoko o Te Ika (Wellington and the South Island).<ref name=national>{{cite web|title=National|url=http://www.waateanews.com/National.html|website=Waatea News|publisher=Radio Waatea|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=regional>{{cite web|title=Regional News and Podcasts|url=http://www.waateanews.com/Regional.html|website=Waatea News|publisher=Radio Waatea|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522235206/http://www.waateanews.com/Regional.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2013 [[Queensland University of Technology]] cited the service as an example of journalistic practices being shaped by traditional indigenous values .<ref name=hanuscha>{{cite journal|last1=Hanuscha|first1=Folker|title=Indigenous cultural values and journalism in the Asia-Pacific region: a brief history of Māori journalism|journal=Asian Journal of Communication|date=2014|volume=24|issue=4}}</ref> [[Whitireia New Zealand]] runs a course preparing people to become Iwi Radio Network journalists.<ref name=diplomarj>{{cite web|title=Diploma in Radio Journalism|url=http://www.whitireia.ac.nz/courses/Pages/DiplomainRadioJournalism.aspx|website=Whitireia|publisher=[[Whitireia New Zealand]]|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612052936/http://www.whitireia.ac.nz/courses/Pages/DiplomainRadioJournalism.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Iwi stations broadcast live coverage of sports games, [[kapa haka]] competitions and other news events. Many [[Waitangi Tribunal]] hearings have been broadcast live on iwi radio stations, from the inquiry into the claims of Whanganui tribes in 2007 and 2008 to the inquiry into [[Ngā Puhi]] claims in 2015.<ref name=whanganuilive>{{cite web|title=Live Broadcast of Whanganui Hearing|url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/news/live-broadcast-of-whanganui-hearing-1|website=[[Waitangi Tribunal]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (New Zealand)|Ministry of Justice]]|access-date=14 June 2015|format=Media statement|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617172540/http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/news/live-broadcast-of-whanganui-hearing-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ngatirehialive>{{cite web|title=Ngati Rehia hosts Waitangi Tribunal Hearing|url=http://tautokofm.com/1710/uncategorized/ngati-rehia-hosts-waitangi-tribunal-hearing/|website=Tautoko FM|publisher=Tautoko FM|access-date=14 June 2015|date=8 June 2015|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617171934/http://tautokofm.com/1710/uncategorized/ngati-rehia-hosts-waitangi-tribunal-hearing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[2011 Rugby World Cup]] the stations gained rights to simulcast live Māori language commentaries from the TV channel [[Te Reo (TV channel)|Te Reo]].<ref name=twosuccesses>{{cite web|last1=Horan|first1=Vanessa|title=Two successes for Maori Television announced on March 3, 2010|url=http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/maoritv_sucesses.html?PTPFrom=%2Findex%2FTravel_N_Leisure.html|website=nzine.co.nz|publisher=NZine|access-date=14 June 2015|format=19 March 2010|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617173149/http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/maoritv_sucesses.html?PTPFrom=%2Findex%2FTravel_N_Leisure.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Turanga FM broadcasts live commentaries of [[Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union]] games on some weekend afternoons.<ref name=povertybaylive>{{cite web|title=Poverty Bay Rugby Representative|url=http://www.povertybayrugby.co.nz/Representative.aspx|website=povertybayrugby.co.nz|publisher=Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126101023/http://www.povertybayrugby.co.nz/Representative.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Māori Sports Awards are also broadcast live across the network each November.<ref name=trillianradio>{{cite web|title=TV and radio coverage confirmed for Māori Sports Awards|url=https://maorisportsawards.co.nz/wordpress/tv-and-radio-coverage-confirmed-for-2012-maori-sports-awards-2/|website=Trillian Trust Māori Sports Awards|publisher=Māori Sports Awards|access-date=14 June 2015|format=Press release|date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
===Other services===
Most iwi stations are involved in locals events, news media and other iwi or pan-tribal activities. Tokoroa's Raukawa FM, for example, has been holding concerts since December 1990, sponsored the Tainui Games in [[Kawhia]] in January 1992, supported the Raukawa Education and Training Establishment in June 1992, and helped set up the first Raukawa newspaper, Te Paki o Raukawa Kia Ora News, in August 1992.<ref name=ruahistory /> Radio Kahungunu set a special broadcast during the 2008 Takitimu Festival, broadcasting a live simulcast of its station on 105.5 FM from the nearby Hawke's Bay Showgrounds.<ref name=napierhastings /> Many stations are service contractors and offer their studios for hire. Rotorua's Te Arawa FM, for example, operates as Te Arawa Communications and provides marketing, film and audio engineering services, and has recently started a very successful commercial station The Heat 991FM<ref name=tearawa />
Each station has its own website, and most stations stream online.<ref name=irirangi>{{cite web|title=Listen Online|url=http://www.irirangi.net/listen-online.aspx|website=Irirangi|publisher=Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> Many of the websites were designed by Māori web developers. For example, the websites of Radio Kahungunu, Tekorimako 94.5FM and Turanga FM were the work of [[Ngāti Porou]] designer Alex Walker.<ref name=falcon>{{cite web|title=Showcase|url=http://falconcreations.co.nz/index.php/showcase|website=Falcon Creations|publisher=Alex Walker|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
==Stations== [[File:IwiMap Radio.png|right|thumb|350px|This map shows the distribution of iwi tribal areas and iwi radio stations. The headquarters for each station is marked in black.]]
===Northland and Auckland===
* {{anchor|Te Reo Irirangi o Te Hiku o Te Ika}}'''''Te Hiku Media''''' or '''''Te Reo Irirangi o Te Hiku o Te Ika''''' serves the [[Muriwhenua]] tribes of the Far North{{Snd}} [[Ngāti Kurī]], [[Ngāi Takoto]], [[Te Pātū]], [[Ngāti Kahu]], [[Te Aupōuri]] and [[Te Rarawa]]. It began as Te Hiku O Te Ika at [[Awanui]] in December 1990 and moved to Kaitaia in 1991. Flagship Te Hiku Radio broadcasts on {{Frequency|97.1|FM}} in [[Kaitaia]], and Te Hiku TV provides online streaming video. Te Hiku Media also operates [[urban contemporary]] station Sunshine FM on {{Frequency|104.3|FM}} in [[Kaitaia]] and a youth-oriented station Tai FM on {{Frequency|106.7|FM}}.<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=kaitaia>{{cite web|title=Kaitaia|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/kaitaia.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009082013/http://www.theradiovault.net/kaitaia.htm|archive-date=9 October 2009 |location=New Zealand|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> * {{anchor|Tautoko FM}}'''''Tautoko FM''''' serves the people of [[Ngāpuhi|Ngāpuhi-nui-tonu]], and began operating on 28 November 1988. It broadcasts on {{Frequency|99.5|FM}} in [[Mangamuka]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=firetautoko /> * {{anchor|Ngāti Hine FM}}'''''Ngāti Hine FM''''' serves the people of [[Ngāti Hine]] and the wider [[Ngāpuhi]] iwi. It broadcasts on {{Frequency|99.1|FM}} and {{Frequency|99.6|FM}} in [[Whangārei]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=ngatihineabout>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://www.ngatihinefm.co.nz/Aboutus.html|website=Ngati Hine FM|publisher=Ngati Hine FM|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=15 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615161022/http://www.ngatihinefm.co.nz/Aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{anchor|Ake 1179}}'''''Ake 1179''''' is the official station of [[Ngāti Whātua]], but is independent from the iwi radio network.<ref name=irirangi /> It broadcasts on {{Frequency|1179|AM}} in [[Auckland]], and features a combination of [[urban contemporary]] music and traditional storytelling.<ref name=ake1179>{{cite web|title=Ake 1179|url=http://www.ngatiwhatua.iwi.nz/manaakitanga/ake-1179am|website=Te Rūnanga Ngāti Whātua|publisher=Ngāti Whātua|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122060428/http://ngatiwhatua.iwi.nz/manaakitanga/ake-1179am|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{anchor|Radio Waatea}}'''''Radio Waatea''''' is the pan-tribal station of the Manukau Urban Māori Authority. Willie Jackson, chairman of the National Māori Radio Network and the National Urban Māori Authority, is the station's chief executive, morning talkback host and political commentator. Waatea broadcasts on {{Frequency|603|AM}} in [[Manukau]] and across the [[Auckland region]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muma.co.nz/#!our-team/cz6g |title=Manukau Urban Māori Authority Team |publisher=Manukau Urban Māori Authority |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
===Hauraki and Waikato=== * {{anchor|Nga Iwi FM}}'''''Nga Iwi FM''''' serves Marutūahu from the iwi of [[Ngāti Tamaterā]], Ngāti Rongoū, [[Ngāti Whanaunga]], [[Ngāti Maru (Hauraki)|Ngāti Maru]] and [[Ngāti Pāoa]], and other Hauraki residents from Te Patukirikiri, [[Ngāti Hako]], Ngāti Huarere, [[Ngāti Hei]], [[Ngāi Tai]], [[Ngāti Pūkenga]] and Ngāti Rāhiri.<ref name=matoungaiwi>{{cite web|title=Mātou / About Us|url=http://www.ngaiwifm.co.nz/content/m%C4%81tou-about-us|website=Ngaiwi FM|publisher=Te Reo Irirangi o Pare Hauraki|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> It was set up [[Paeroa]] on 9 March 1990 to cover local events and promote Māori language.<ref name=ngaiwifm>{{cite web|title=Nga Iwi FM|url=http://www.ngaiwifm.co.nz/|website=Nga Iwi|publisher=Nga Iwi|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ngaiwi>{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|title=Celebrate 25 Years with Iwi Radio Station|work=Hauraki Herald|date=3 February 2015}}</ref> It expanded its reach to the [[Coromandel Peninsula]], [[Hauraki Gulf]] and [[Huntly]] in mid-1991.<ref name=paeroa>{{cite web|title=Paeroa|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/paeroa.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827213940/http://www.theradiovault.net/paeroa.htm|archive-date=27 August 2009|location=New Zealand|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> The station is available on {{Frequency|92.2|FM}} on [[Coromandel Peninsula]], {{Frequency|99.5|FM}} in [[Paeroa]], and {{Frequency|92.4|FM}} across the [[Hauraki Plains]] to [[Miranda, New Zealand|Miranda]] and [[Huntly, New Zealand|Huntly]].<ref name=maorimedia /> * {{anchor|Radio Tainui]}}'''''Radio Tainui''''' is available across the [[Waikato Tainui]] area from its base in [[Ngāruawāhia]]. It began on AM in 1989, and previously had a frequency in [[Pukekohe]].<ref name=reotainui>{{cite journal|title=Te Reo Irirangi o Tainui|journal=Te Iwi O Aotearoa|date=November 1989|issue=27|pages=1–5|issn=0113-4523}}</ref> The station has strong connections to the tribe, [[kingitanga]] and leading figures in Māoridom, and is one of the only Waikato stations to retain local content.<ref name=alistairbone>{{cite web|last1=Bone|first1=Alistair|title=Iwi Radio Tainui Spots Talent in Ngaruawahia|url=https://www.radioheritage.net/Story290.asp|website=Radio Heritage|access-date=14 June 2015|date=26 November 2011}}</ref> It broadcasts on {{Frequency|106.4|FM}} in [[Huntly, New Zealand|Huntly]], {{Frequency|95.4|FM}} in [[Ngāruawāhia]], and {{Frequency|96.5|FM}} in [[Kawhia]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=ngaruawahia>{{cite web|title=Ngaruawahia|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/ngaruawahia.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827215658/http://www.theradiovault.net/ngaruawahia.htm|archive-date=27 August 2009|location=New Zealand|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> * {{anchor|Maniapoto FM}}'''''Maniapoto FM''''' is the official station of [[Ngāti Maniapoto]]. It was set up alongside tabloid newspaper Kia Hiwa Ra.<ref name=outlookmaniapoto>{{cite news|title=Outlook: Te Reo Maori on the airwaves|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|location=Wellington|publisher=[[Independent Newspapers]]|date=2 July 1991}}</ref> It broadcasts on {{Frequency|99.6|FM}} in [[Te Kūiti]], {{Frequency|91.8|FM}} in [[Benneydale]], {{Frequency|92.7|FM}} in [[Piopio, New Zealand|Piopio]], and {{Frequency|106.2|FM}} in [[Te Kawa]].<ref name="MFM">[https://www.mfm.co.nz Maniapoto FM]</ref> * {{anchor|Raukawa FM}}'''''Raukawa FM''''' is the official station of [[Ngāti Raukawa]]. It was set up by Te Reo Irirangi o Ngati Raukawa Trust, under the leadership of Emare Rose Nikora and Whiti te-Ra Kaihau, on 23 October 1990. Many of its first hosts were Tokoroa High School students, and most of its staff are still volunteers. It broadcasts on {{Frequency|95.7|FM}} in [[Tokoroa]], {{Frequency|93.2|FM}} in [[Mangakino]], and {{Frequency|90.6|FM}} across the wider [[Waikato]] region.<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name="ruahistory" />
===Bay of Plenty===
* {{anchor|Moana Radio}}'''''Moana Radio''''' broadcasts to [[Ngāti Ranginui]], [[Ngāi Te Rangi]] and [[Ngāti Pūkenga]]. It is available on {{Frequency|1440|AM}} and {{Frequency|98.2|FM}} in [[Tauranga]] and across the [[Bay of Plenty]]. Moana previously operated youth-oriented [[urban contemporary]] Tahi FM between 2003 and late 2011.<ref name=aboutmoana>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://moanaradio.co.nz/about-us|website=Moana Radio|publisher=Moana Communications|access-date=14 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615164239/http://moanaradio.co.nz/about-us|archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> * {{anchor|Tumeke FM}}'''''Tumeke FM''''' broadcasts to [[Ngāti Awa]]. It was first known as ''Te Reo Irirangi o Te Manuka Tutāhi'' during a three-week AM trial run in 1990. It went to air as Tumeke FM on 6 April 1991, became Sun FM in 1994 to increase its advertising appeal, and between 1996 and 1999 worked to increase its Māori language content.<ref name=sunfmawa /> This [[classic hits]] station broadcasts on {{Frequency|96.9|FM}} in [[Whakatāne]].<ref name=maorimedia /> * {{anchor|Sun FM 1065}}'''''Sun FM 1065''''' was formerly broadcast on {{Frequency|98.5|FM}} but is now on {{Frequency|106.5|FM}}. Sun FM is the commercial arm of Tumeke FM and caters to an 18–35 audience, playing a Top 40 Format. The station is not funded by ''Te Mangai Paho''. * {{anchor|Bridge FM 91.7}}'''''Bridge FM 91.7''''' is operated by pan-tribal service provider Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust's Radio Portfolio and is available on {{Frequency|91.7|FM}} in [[Ōpōtiki]], [[Ōhope]], [[Whakatāne]], [[Taneatua]], [[Te Kaha]], and everywhere else in between. Bridge FM plays music from the 50s to now. It also operates The Beat 88.1 FM, which is skewed towards a younger demographic, playing music from the 2000s to now. It broadcasts to local iwi [[Te Whakatōhea]], [[Ngāitai]] and [[Te Whānau-ā-Apanui]].<ref name=maorimedia /> * {{anchor|Te Arawa FM}}'''''Te Arawa FM''''' serves [[Te Arawa]] iwi, including [[Ngāti Pikiao]], [[Tūhourangi]] and [[Ngāti Whakaue]]. It was established in the early 1980s and became a charitable entity in November 1990.<ref name=tearawa>{{cite web|title=About Te Arawa|url=http://tearawaonline.com/about/|website=Te Arawa Online|publisher=Te Arawa Communications|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414020602/http://tearawaonline.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The station underwent a major transformation in 1993, becoming Whanau FM.<ref name=transformarawa>{{cite news|title=Major transformation for Te Arawa iwi radio station|agency=Kia Hiwa Ra|issue=14|date=September 1993|page=8}}</ref> One of the station's frequencies was taken over by [[Mai FM]] in 1998; the other became Pumanawa FM before later reverting to Te Arawa FM. It is available on {{Frequency|88.7|FM}} in [[Rotorua]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=rotorua>{{cite web|title=Rotorua|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/rotorua.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415173756/http://www.theradiovault.net/rotorua.htm|archive-date=15 April 2009|location=New Zealand|date=18 January 2009}}</ref> * {{anchor|The Heat 991 FM}}'''''The Heat 991 FM''''' is the commercial arm of Te Arawa FM, and started broadcasting on 15 April 2015. This station plays an Adult Urban format catering to a 25–45 audience playing RnB, Hip Hop, Reggae and Top 40 hits from the 1980s to today, and was the first affiliated Māori station to be on the iHeartRadio streaming platform. It has plans to expand into the other Bay of Plenty regions, and also Taupo. The station is not funded by ''Te Mangai Paho''.
===Taranaki and Whanganui===
* {{anchor|Te Korimako O Taranaki}}'''''Te Korimako o Taranaki''''' serves the iwi of the [[Taranaki|Taranaki region]]{{Snd}} [[Ngāti Tama]], [[Ngāti Mutunga]], [[Te Āti Awa]], [[Ngāti Maru (Taranaki)|Ngāti Maru]], [[Taranaki (iwi)|Taranaki]], [[Ngāruahine]], [[Ngāti Ruanui]] and [[Ngā Rauru Kītahi]]. It started at the [[Bell Block, Taranaki|Bell Block]] campus of [[Western Institute of Technology at Taranaki|Taranaki Polytechnic]] in 1992, and moved to the [[Spotswood, New Plymouth|Spotswood]] campus in 1993. It is available on {{Frequency|94.8 FM|98.4 FM}} across Taranaki.<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=finataranaki>{{cite web|title=Te Korimako O Taranaki |url= http://www.finda.co.nz/business/listing/53nw/te-korimako-o-taranaki-94-8-fm/ |website=Finda |publisher=Yellow Group|access-date=14 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013053/http://www.finda.co.nz/business/listing/53nw/te-korimako-o-taranaki-94-8-fm/ }}</ref> * {{anchor|Tuwharetoa FM}}'''''Tuwharetoa FM''''' is the station of [[Ngāti Tūwharetoa]]. It began at Waiariki Polytechnic in [[Tūrangi]] in February 1991, was taken off air in late 1992, relaunched in 1993, and added a frequency reaching as far as [[Taumarunui]]. An off-shot station, Tahi FM, began in February 1993 but is no longer operating.<ref name=turangi>{{cite web|title=Turangi|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/turangi.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827215727/http://www.theradiovault.net/turangi.htm|archive-date=27 August 2009 |location=New Zealand|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Tuwharetoa FM broadcasts on {{Frequency|97.2|FM}} in Tūrangi, and {{Frequency|95.1|FM}} in the areas of Taumarunui, [[National Park, New Zealand|National Park]], [[Whakapapa]] and [[Raetihi]].<ref name=maorimedia /> * {{anchor|Awa FM}}'''''Awa FM''''' broadcasts to the people of [[Ngāti Hāua]], [[Ngāti Hauiti]], [[Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi]]. The station began as Te Reo Irirangi o Whanganui 100FM on 17 June 1991. Between July 1992 and June 1993 it also operated a separate station in Ohakune, known as Te Reo Irirangi ki Ruapehu or Nga Iwi FM, combining local programmes with shows from 100FM.<ref name=aboutusawa>{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.awafm.co.nz/aboutus.html |website=Te Awa FM|publisher=Te Reo Irirangi o Whanganui|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409214838/http://awafm.co.nz/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is available on {{Frequency|100.0|FM}} in [[Whanganui]], {{Frequency|91.0|FM}} in [[Ruapehu District|Ruapehu]], and {{Frequency|93.5|FM}} in Taumarunui.<ref name=maorimedia />
===East Cape and Hawkes Bay=== [[File:East Cape NZ n.jpg|right|thumb|Two iwi radio stations broadcast on the [[East Cape]]{{Snd}} Radio Ngāti Porou and Turanga FM.]] * {{anchor|Radio Ngāti Porou}}'''''Radio Ngāti Porou''''' is the official station of [[Ngāti Porou]]. It is based in Ruatoria and broadcasts on {{Frequency|89.3|FM}} in [[Tikitiki]], {{Frequency|90.5|FM}} at [[Tolaga Bay]], {{Frequency|93.3|FM}} in [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]], {{Frequency|98.1|FM}} in Ruatoria, and {{Frequency|105.3|FM}} at [[Hicks Bay]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=radiongatiporou>{{cite web|title=Radio Ngati Porou|url=http://radiongatiporou.co.nz/|website=Radio Ngati Porou|publisher=RNP|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> * {{anchor|Turanga FM}}'''''Turanga FM''''' is the station of [[Turanganui-a-kiwa]] iwi, including [[Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki]], [[Rongowhakaata]] and [[Ngai Tamanuhiri]]. It is based in [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]], and broadcasts on {{Frequency|98.1|FM}} in [[Ruatoria]], and {{Frequency|91.7|FM}} and {{Frequency|95.5|FM}} in Gisborne.<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=turangafm>{{cite web|title=Turanga FM|url=http://www.turangafm.co.nz/|website=Turanga FM|publisher=Te Reo Irirangi o Turanganui-a-kiwa|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> * {{anchor|Radio Kahungunu}}'''''Radio Kahungunu''''' is the official station of [[Ngāti Kahungunu]]. It began as [[Hawke's Bay Polytechnic]] training station Te Toa Takitini 2XY, making two short-term broadcasts on 1431 AM in December 1988, and October and November 1989.<ref name=kahungunuoff>{{cite news|last1=Drinnan|first1=John|title=Maori radio station to go off air|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|date=25 May 1989|location=Wellington}}</ref> It was relaunched in 1990 as Radio Kahungunu 2XT, sharing the 765 AM frequency with Hawke's Bay's Racing Radio and Radio Pacific. It began broadcasting full-time in late 1991 in Taradale, then moved to dedicated studios at Stortford Lodge in the late 1990s, and began an FM simulcast on 4 September 2000. It broadcasts from [[Hastings, New Zealand|Hastings]], and is available on {{Frequency|94.3|FM}} and {{Frequency|765|AM}} in [[Hawkes Bay]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=napierhastings>{{cite web|title=Napier/Hastings|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/napier_hastings.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724101824/http://www.theradiovault.net/napier_hastings.htm|archive-date=24 July 2011 |location=New Zealand|date=25 April 2009}}</ref>
===Central and Southern New Zealand===
* {{anchor|Kia Ora FM}}'''''Kia Ora FM''''' serves the people of [[Rangitāne]]. It began as Radio Rangitane, or Te Reo Irirangi O Rangitane, on 1 May 1992, and adopted its current name in the 2000s. It broadcasts from [[Palmerston North]] and is available on {{Frequency|89.8|FM}} in [[Manawatū-Whanganui|Manawatū]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=palmerstonnorth>{{cite web|title=Palmerston North|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/palmerston_north.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504004847/http://www.theradiovault.net/palmerston_north.htm|archive-date=4 May 2009 |location=New Zealand|date=25 April 2009}}</ref> * {{anchor|Atiawa Toa FM}}'''''Atiawa Toa FM''''' broadcasts to [[Te Āti Awa]] and [[Ngāti Toa]]. It began as Atiawa FM in 1993, broadcasting to Te Atiawa in the Hutt Valley and Wellington. It changed its name in Atiawa Toa FM in mid-1997, expanding its reach to Ngāti Toa in [[Porirua]] and Kapiti Coast. The station is based in [[Lower Hutt]], and is available on 100.9 FM in [[Hutt Valley]] and [[Wellington]], and on {{Frequency|106.9|FM}} in [[Porirua]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=wellington>{{cite web|title=Wellington|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/wellington.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124095437/http://www.theradiovault.net/wellington.htm|archive-date=24 January 2010 |location=New Zealand|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> * {{anchor|Te Upoko O Te Ika}}'''''Te Upoko O Te Ika''''' is a pan-tribal station in [[Wellington]], and New Zealand's longest-running Māori radio station.<ref name="awards14"/> It began as Te Reo O Poneke or Radio Poneke, an independent experimental Māori language radio station which broadcast for short periods on [[Radio Active (New Zealand)|Radio Active]] between 1983 and 1986. In April 1987, it became the first full-time Māori language radio station, with the support of Nga Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo, the Wellington Board of Māori Language.<ref name=tutangata>{{cite journal|title=TE REO: Real Maori radio takes to the air|journal=Tu Tangata|date=July 1987|issue=36|page=6|issn=0111-5871}}</ref> It adopted the name Te Reo Irirangi Maori O Te Upoko O Te Ika, the call-sign 2XM, and the former frequency of [[2ZM]].<ref name=wellington /> The station serves Māori of all iwi, and is affiliated with [[Ngāti Raukawa]], [[Ngāti Toa]] and [[Taranaki (iwi)|Taranaki]] iwi.<ref name=walkerroy>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Piripiri|last2=Roy|first2=Don|title=Outlook: Te Upoko O Te Ika{{Snd}} 783 kHz{{Snd}} Wellington's Maori radio station|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|location=Wellington|date=4 June 1991|pages=31}}</ref> It aims to immerse families and young people to the Māori language.<ref name=rodneybrown>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Rodney|title=Head of the fish leads the way in iwi radio broadcasting|url=https://www.newswire.co.nz/2012/04/head-of-the-fish-leads-the-way-in-iwi-radio-broadcasting/|access-date=21 July 2015|agency=Newswire|publisher=[[Whitireia New Zealand]]|date=4 April 2012}}</ref> In 2014, it aligned itself to Ngāti Toa and Taranaki to secure ongoing funding.<ref name=teupokochange>{{cite news|title=Big change for first Maori radio station|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/241021/big-change-for-first-maori-radio-station|access-date=21 July 2015|agency=[[Radio New Zealand News]]|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=8 April 2014}}</ref> The station is available on {{Frequency|1161|AM}} across [[Wellington]].<ref name=maorimedia /><ref name=capitalturns25>{{cite web|last1=Wannan|first1=Olivia|title=Capital Maori radio station turns 25|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/capital-life/6752679/Capital-Maori-radio-station-turns-25|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> * {{anchor|Tahu FM}}'''''Tahu FM''''' is the official station of [[Ngāi Tahu]]. Tahu FM began as Christchurch's Te Reo Iriraki Ki Otautahi on 6 February 1991. Between 1996 and 2001, it formed a broadcasting partnership with [[Mai FM]] and began playing more [[urban contemporary]] music.<ref name=tahujoint>{{cite news|title=Tahu FM in joint venture with Auckland Station|volume=5|agency=Te Māori|issue=9|page=7}}</ref> It changed its name to Mai FM in December 1997, before reverting to Tahu FM in 2001.<ref name=lisareedy>{{cite news|last1=Reedy|first1=Lisa|title=Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai, aroha atu{{Snd}} 'the things we do for love'|agency=Te Karaka: the Ngāi Tahu magazine|issue=10|publisher=[[AUT University]]|date=1999|pages=12–13}}</ref> It broadcasts in [[Christchurch]] on {{Frequency|90.5|FM}}. In 2000 it began broadcasting [[Kaikōura]] on {{Frequency|90.7|FM}}, [[Dunedin]] on {{Frequency|95.0|FM}}, [[Invercargill]] on {{Frequency|99.6|FM}}, and around the country on {{Frequency|505|[[Sky Television (New Zealand)|Sky Digital]]}}.<ref name=christchurch>{{cite web|title=Kaitaia|url=http://www.theradiovault.net/christchurch.htm|website=Welcome to the Radio Vault|publisher=The Radio Vault|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122121935/http://www.theradiovault.net/christchurch.htm|archive-date=22 January 2012|location=New Zealand|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake]], with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other iwi radio stations, and operated as the city's Māori language civil defence station.<ref name=hrc>{{cite news|title=Iwi radio stations stand together in wake of earthquake|url=http://old.hrc.co.nz/newsletters/diversity-action-programme/nga-reo-tangata/2011/03/iwi-radio-stations-stand-together-in-wake-of-earthquake/|access-date=21 July 2015|agency=Nga Reo Tangata: Media and Diversity Network|publisher=[[Human Rights Commission (New Zealand)|Human Rights Commission]]|date=16 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107050702/http://old.hrc.co.nz/newsletters/diversity-action-programme/nga-reo-tangata/2011/03/iwi-radio-stations-stand-together-in-wake-of-earthquake/|archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> In December 2014, it was recognised as the country's highest-rating Māori radio station.<ref name=maorimedia /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxdrDd3D53Y |title=Tahu FM named top iwi radio station in the country |author=Peata Melbourne |publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=tahutomai>{{cite journal|last1=Reedy|first1=Lisa|title=Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai, aroha atu{{Snd}} 'the things we do for love'|journal=Te Karaka: The Ngāi Tahu Magazine|date=1999|issue=10|pages=12–13|issn=1173-6011}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{New Zealand radio networks}}{{Indigenous media}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Maori, Te}} [[Category:New Zealand radio networks]] [[Category:Māori language]] [[Category:Māori organisations]] [[Category:Indigenous radio]] [[Category:Māori mass media]]