Blockade of the Gaza Strip

{{Short description|Restriction of movement and trade by Israel and Egypt (2007–present)}} {{For|the intensified blockade since 2023|Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox event | title = | image = OCHA OpT September 2023 map of the Gaza Strip.pdf | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = Map of the blockaded Gaza Strip, with Israeli/Egyptian-controlled borders and limited fishing zone, September 2023 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | duration = {{age in years and months |2007|6|14}} | date = Full blockade: June 2007 – present | location = [[Gaza Strip]] | coordinates =  | also_known_as = | type = | theme = | cause = Isolate [[Hamas]] after its [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|takeover]], prevent weapons smuggling and attacks, and exert political pressure | motive = | target = | perpetrator = | first_reporter = | budget = | organisers =  | filmed_by = | participants = [[Israeli security forces]]<br>[[Egyptian Border Guard Corps|Egyptian Border Guard]] | outcome = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | reported deaths = | reported injuries = | reported missing = | reported property damage = | displaced = | inquiries = | inquest = | accused = | convicted = | charges = | trial = | verdict = | convictions = | blank_label =  | blank1_label =  | blank2_label =  | website =  | notes = }} {{Israeli occupations navbox}} {{Campaignbox Gaza–Israel conflict}} {{Gaza blockade|expanded=all}}

The '''Blockade of the Gaza Strip''' refers to Israeli and Egyptian restrictions on movement and goods in the [[Gaza Strip]] that began in the early 1990s.<ref name=":1" /> After [[Hamas]] took over in 2007, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete [[blockade]] on the movement of goods and people in and out of the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name=":2" /> In the same year, Egypt closed the [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah border crossing]].<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2011-05-25 |title=Egypt to reopen Gaza strip crossing for first time since 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/egypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The blockade's stated aims are to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza and exert economic pressure on Hamas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2012 |title=Light at the End of Their Tunnels? Hamas and the Arab Uprisings |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902185323/https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2012 |website=International Crisis Group |publisher= |page=38, note 283 |quote=The prime minister is comfortable with limited economic growth in Gaza, particularly as a way to modify Hamas’s urge to get into trouble. We still want there to be a discrepancy between economic life in Gaza and the West Bank, but we no longer feel it needs to be so large. |access-date=18 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the blockade's legality has not been adjudicated in court, human rights groups believe it would be deemed illegal and that it is a form of [[collective punishment]], as it restricts the flow of essential goods, contributes to economic hardship, and limits Gazans' [[freedom of movement]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |website=Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement |title=Gaza Up Close |date=2023 |url=https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301211430/https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines |website=[[Amnesty International]] USA |date=6 September 2011 |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209211239/https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The land, sea, and air blockade isolated Gaza from the rest of the [[Occupied Palestinian territories|occupied Palestinian territory]] and the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gaza Strip {{!}} The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade – June 2022 |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306101404/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The blockade and its effects have led to the territory being called an "open-air prison".<ref name="open-air prison" /><ref name="britannica" />

Exit and entry into Gaza by sea or air is prohibited. There are only three crossings in and out of Gaza, two of them [[Erez Crossing|controlled by Israel]] and [[Rafah Border Crossing|one by Egypt]]. Israel heavily regulates Palestinians' movement through Erez, with applications considered only for a small number of laborers (less than 5% of the number considered in 2000) and for limited medical and humanitarian reasons.<ref>Exits by Palestinians from Gaza via Erez Crossing – Gisha. (26 December 2023). Retrieved from https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501050948/https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad/ |date=1 May 2024 }}</ref> Israel's military cooperation with Egypt and its control of the population registry (through which it controls who can obtain the necessary travel documents) gives it influence over movement through Rafah.<ref>FAQs – Gisha. (2023, 26 November). Retrieved from https://gisha.org/en/faqs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107204313/https://gisha.org/en/faqs/ |date=7 November 2023 }}</ref> Imports are heavily restricted, with "dual use" items permitted only as part of donor projects. This includes construction material and computer equipment. Exports are also heavily restricted, with the main impediment to economic development in Gaza being Israel's ban on virtually all exports from the Strip.<ref name="dedevelopment">The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy.Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016.</ref>

Israel blockaded the Gaza Strip at various levels of intensity in 2005–2006. Israeli-imposed closures date to 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/gaza-conflict-cascading-effects-the-rafah-question/ |title=Gaza Conflict Cascading Effects: The Rafah Question |first=Maryam |last=El-Prince |website=[[The Cairo Review of Global Affairs]] |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126233845/https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/gaza-conflict-cascading-effects-the-rafah-question/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imemc.org/article/15378/ |title=Israel halts talks with P.A on Bus convoys between Gaza and W. Bank |website=[[International Middle East Media Center]] |date=8 December 2005 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113111848/https://imemc.org/article/15378/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/12/9/israel-threatens-gaza-siege |title=Israel threatens Gaza siege |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=9 December 2005 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202170240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/12/9/israel-threatens-gaza-siege |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4472854.stm |title=Landmark day on Gaza-Egypt border |work=[[BBC News]] |date=26 November 2005 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201134652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4472854.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explainer: Gaza – One Of The Most Densely Populated Places On Earth Scarred By War |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/israel-palestine-war-hamas-gaza-one-of-the-most-densely-populated-places-on-earth-scarred-by-war-4461971 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215012/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/israel-palestine-war-hamas-gaza-one-of-the-most-densely-populated-places-on-earth-scarred-by-war-4461971 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, after Hamas [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|seized control of the Gaza Strip]], Israel imposed an indefinite blockade of Gaza that remains in place, on the grounds that [[Fatah]] and [[Palestinian Authority]] forces had fled the Strip and were no longer able to provide security on the Palestinian side.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |first=Isabel |last=Kershner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14mideast.html |title=Abbas's Premier Tells Israel to Reopen Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130045542/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14mideast.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 December 2007}}</ref> Israel has said the blockade is necessary to protect itself from [[Palestinian political violence]] and [[Palestinian rocket attacks|rocket attacks]], and to prevent [[dual-use technology|dual use goods]] from entering Gaza.<ref name="Ynet Cabinet" />

Israel has been accused of violating or failing to fulfill specific obligations it has under various ceasefire agreements<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN04946.pdf |title=Gaza: The conflict between Israel and Hamas |first=Stephen |last=Jones |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |date=22 January 2009 |ref=SN/IA/04946}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9694410/Gaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html |title=Gaza: Israel Hamas ceasefire agreement in full |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |year=2012 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623133747/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9694410/Gaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html |archive-date=23 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184470/SN06969.pdf |title=Gaza ceasefire agreement |first=Rob |last=Page |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |year=2014 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111507/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184470/SN06969.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> to alleviate or lift the blockade.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets |title=Conditions for a ceasefire: Why Hamas fires those rockets |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=22 July 2014 |date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722071814/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets |archive-date=22 July 2014 |url-status=live |quote=After the last big Israeli effort to stop the rockets, in November 2012, it was agreed that, along with a ceasefire, the blockade of Gaza would gradually be lifted and the crossings into Egypt and Israel would be opened. The ceasefire generally held, but the siege continued.}}</ref> "Crossings were repeatedly shut and buffer zones were reinstated. Imports declined, exports were blocked, and fewer Gazans were given exit permits to Israel and the West Bank."<ref>{{cite news |first=Harriet |last=Sherwood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/israel-accused-over-gaza-blockade |title=Israel accused over 'cruel' Gaza blockade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/israel-accused-over-gaza-blockade |archive-date=21 June 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 November 2010 |quote=According to today's report, ''Dashed Hopes: Continuation of the Gaza Blockade,'' imports of construction materials are 11% of the 2007 pre-blockade levels. Despite having agreed to allow in materials for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency to rebuild its schools and clinics damaged or destroyed in the three-week war in 2008–09, Israel has permitted only 7% of the necessary amount.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Hartberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QfSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Beyond Ceasefire: Ending the blockade of Gaza |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |date=2012 |page=2|isbn=978-1-78077-229-5 }}</ref><ref>Ian Bickerton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jf5GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 ''The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed,''] [[A&C Black]], 2012 p.238:'In June 2008 Israel increased the severity of the blockade after Egypt brokered a ceasefire . .'The exchange of rockets launched a retaliatory aerial assaults increased late in 2008 with Hamas and Israeli blaming each other for a breakdown in the ceasefire. The evidence suggests Israel broke the ceasefire with a raid into the Gaza Strip that killed six Hamas men on 4 Novembneer- the night of the presidential election in the USA.</ref><ref>[[Noam Chomsky]], in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26 ''Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018122916/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26|date=18 October 2017}} [[Jewish Publication Society]], 2010 p.26 :'There were some partial ceasefires. But Israel maintained the siege and then violated ceasefire agreements directly. The most important instance of this was in 2008. Right before the Israeli invasion, there was a ceasefire. It was observed completely by Hamas. The Israeli government concedes that there was not a single Hamas rocket fired during the ceasefire. Israel nevertheless maintained the siege, and in November 2008, Israeli just invaded Gaza outright and killed half a dozen Hamas activists. After that, rockets started.'</ref><ref name="nathanthrall">{{cite magazine |first=Nathan |last=Thrall |author-link=Nathan Thrall |date=21 August 2014 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |title=Hamas's Chances |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163404/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |archive-date=19 June 2018 |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |volume=36 |number=16 |pages=10–12 |quote=with 21 November 2012 ceasefire agreement Israel undertook to 'end attacks against Gaza by land, sea and air – including the 'targeting of individuals' (assassinations, typically by drone-fired missile) – and that the closure of Gaza would essentially end as a result of Israel's 'opening the crossings and facilitating the movements of people and transfer of goods, and refraining from restricting residents' free movements and targeting residents in border areas' but Israel therefore saw little incentive in upholding its end of the deal. In the three months following the ceasefire, its forces made regular incursions into Gaza, strafed Palestinian farmers and those collecting scrap and rubble across the border, and fired at boats, preventing fishermen from accessing the majority of Gaza's waters. . . Israel had committed to holding indirect negotiations with Hamas over the implementation of the ceasefire but repeatedly delayed them . . The talks never took place. The lesson for Hamas was clear. Even if an agreement was brokered by the US and Egypt, Israel could still fail to honour it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Withnall |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html |title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Israel 'breaks ceasefire in minutes' as eight-year-old girl killed in air strike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221209/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html |archive-date=21 June 2018 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Yousef |last=Munayyer |author-link=Yousef Munayyer |url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/8747/israelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown |title=Israel/Gaza Cease-Fire Dynamics Breakdown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194348/http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/8747/israelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown |archive-date=21 June 2018 |website=[[The Jerusalem Fund]] |date=2014}}</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2026|reason=What is the context of this quote?}} Human rights groups, international community representatives, and legal professionals have decried the blockade as a form of [[collective punishment]] in contravention of international law, specifically the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]]. Rights groups have held Israel mainly responsible as the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupying power]].<ref name="HRW111" /><ref name="Gaza closure: not another year!" />

== Background == [[File:OCHA OpT September 2023 map of the Gaza Strip (cropped).jpg|thumb|Section of the Gaza border with Israel showing restrictions, September 2023.]] Israeli imposed closure on the movement of goods and people to and from Gaza dates back to 1991 when Israel cancelled the general exit permit for Palestinians in the occupied territories. This policy was initially temporary, but developed into a permanent administrative measure in March 1993 after heightened levels of violence by Palestinians inside Israel. Since then, the closure has become an institutionalized system in Gaza (and the West Bank), and has varied in intensity but never been completely lifted.{{sfn|Roy|2016|p=346}} As the closure was coming into place, academics and diplomats were already describing it as a form of collective punishment,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's Closure of the West Bank and Gaza Strip |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/1996/en/40173 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Refworld |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226200357/https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/1996/en/40173 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SECURITY COUNCIL MEETS IN RESPONSE TO SECURITY MEASURES IMPOSED BY ISR"L ON WEST BANK, GAZA {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960415.sc6206.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225213049/https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960415.sc6206.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haberman |first=Clyde |date=1993-04-27 |title=Gazans Suffering Under Israeli Closing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/27/world/gazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526094413/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/27/world/gazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html |archive-date=2015-05-26 |access-date=2024-10-24 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> a trend that continues in more recent times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guarnieri |first=Mya |date=2011-06-29 |title=The blockade on Gaza began long before Hamas came to power |url=https://www.972mag.com/the-blockade-on-gaza-began-long-before-hamas-came-to-power/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |work=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119180551/https://www.972mag.com/the-blockade-on-gaza-began-long-before-hamas-came-to-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaza Strip: A beginner's guide to an enclave under blockade |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209110702/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, between 1993 and 1996, total closure was imposed on the Gaza Strip for a cumulative 342 days. During periods of total closure, Israel enforced a complete ban on any movement of people or goods between Gaza and Israel, the [[West Bank]] and foreign markets. The economic impact of these closures during 1996 alone was estimated by the World Bank as amounting to losses of almost 40% of Gaza's GNP.<ref name="Sara M. Roy">{{cite book |author=Sara M. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA |title=The Gaza Strip |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-88728-321-5 |pages=360, 364}}</ref> In 1994, Israel built the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] as a security measure, despite this, Israeli security establishment has described the closure as having limited value against extremist attacks.<ref name="Sara M. Roy" /><ref>Gaza fence was not designed to prevent mass assault on its own, builder said in 2018. (19 October 2023). Retrieved from https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-fence-was-not-designed-to-prevent-mass-assault-on-its-own-builder-said-in-2018</ref> Since then, there are four border crossings between Israel and the Gaza Strip through the barrier: the [[Kerem Shalom]], [[Karni crossing|Karni]], [[Erez crossing|Erez]], and [[Sufa, Israel|Sufa]] crossings. All goods bound for Gaza as well as exports passing through Israel must use one of these crossings, and undergo security inspection before being permitted to enter or leave Gaza.

In 2005, Israel [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|withdrew its settlers and forces]] from the Gaza Strip, redeploying its military along the border. Following Hamas' [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|electoral victory]] and subsequent [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|military confrontation]] with opposing party [[Fatah]] which led to Hamas taking control over all of Gaza in 2007, Israel further tightened restrictions in an attempt to exert economic pressure on Hamas. With this new tightening of restrictions, all trade was ceased and the entrance of goods was limited to a "humanitarian minimum", allowing only those good which are "essential to the survival of the civilian population".<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Restrictions on passage of goods into and out of Gaza |website=Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement |date=8 June 2010 |url=https://gisha.org/en/frequently-asked-questions-restrictions-on-passage-of-goods-into-and-out-of-gaza |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618190235/https://gisha.org/en/frequently-asked-questions-restrictions-on-passage-of-goods-into-and-out-of-gaza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Israeli security officials have described the ban on exports as "a political decision to separate Gaza from the West Bank" further describing it as a matter of "political-security" and a form of "economic warfare".<ref>Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), 5 Years and Counting: International Organizations and Donors Continue to Fund Israel's Illegal Closure on the Gaza Strip, Jane 13, 2012, p. 7 (para. 19), online at http://www.pchrgaza.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004051124/http://pchrgaza.org/ |date=4 October 2006 }} files/2012/closure report13-6.pdf.</ref><ref>GISHA, Gaza Export Season;</ref><ref>GISHA, What Is the "Separation Policy"?</ref>

Additionally, starting in 2009, Egypt built an underground [[Egypt–Gaza barrier]] along the [[Egypt–Gaza border]]. The stated aim was to block smuggling tunnels. The [[Rafah Border Crossing]] is the only lawful crossing point between Egypt and Gaza, and was manned by PA security forces and the [[European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2301 |title=Operations | EUBAM Rafah |publisher=Eubam-rafah.eu |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507122525/http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2301 |archive-date=7 May 2011}}</ref> All humanitarian and other supplies passing through Israel or Egypt must pass through these crossings after security inspection.

Until 2013, there were hundreds of [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels|smuggling tunnel]]s dug under the Egypt-Gaza border to smuggle goods, including fuel, into Gaza to bypass the blockade.

===2005–2006 blockades=== On 12 September 2005, the final day of the Israeli withdrawal, international politicians such as France's foreign minister [[Philippe Douste-Blazy]] and Jordan's deputy prime minister [[Marwan Muasher]] warned of Gaza being turned into an open-air prison.<ref>Quoted in [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196496/ The Jerusalem Post, 12 September 2005]: "We cannot let Gaza be a prison under open skies". He noted that the EU had proposed that European customs agents be posted at Gaza Strip border points, with the agreement of the Palestinian and Israeli sides."We cannot talk about the future of Gaza, the future of the peace process, if there is not an economy starting to develop in the Palestinian territories. That requires entry and exit points and a port", which France and the EU had offered to construct, he said.</ref><ref name="The Associated Press 2005">{{cite web |agency=The Associated Press |title=Jordan: Gaza will become prison unless crossing points opened |website=Haaretz |date=2005-09-12 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4844080 |quote=We cannot speak about a comprehensive pullout without including the freedom of movement, the full opening of all the crossing points.If this doesn't happen, Gaza will be transformed into a big prison. |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240316170635/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4844080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four days later, [[Mahmoud Abbas]] told the UN General Assembly: {{Blockquote|It is incumbent upon Israel to turn this unilateral withdrawal into a positive step in a real way. We must quickly resolve all outstanding major issues, including the Rafah border crossing with Egypt, the airport and the seaport, as well as the establishment of a direct link between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Without this, Gaza will remain a huge prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements16/pale050916eng.pdf|title=H.E. President Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) delivered by H.E. Dr. Nasser Al-Kidwa, Minister of Foreign Affairs before the High-Level Plenary of the 60th Session of the United Nations General Assembly|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919092911/https://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements16/pale050916eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Following the disengagement, human rights groups alleged that Israel frequently blockaded Gaza in order to apply pressure on the population "in response to political developments or attacks by armed groups in Gaza on Israeli civilians or soldiers".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Sari |last=Bashi |title=Remarks by Sari Bashi |journal=Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting |volume=105 |date=2011 |pages=463–466 |doi=10.5305/procannmeetasil.105.0463 |quote=Even after 2005, Israel continued to prevent access to and from Gaza via the sea. It described the source of such exercise of authority generally as a different body of law-the law of armed conflict. Until 2007, Israel's policy of allowing goods to enter and leave Gaza by land was reportedly a policy of free access, subject only to restrictions stemming from security needs. Human rights groups often disagreed with this characterization, alleging that closures of the crossings were designed to apply pressure on the population in Gaza in response to political developments or attacks by armed groups in Gaza on Israeli civilians or soldiers.}}</ref> The special envoy of the Quartet [[James Wolfensohn]] noted that "Gaza had been effectively sealed off from the outside world since the Israeli disengagement [August–September 2005], and the humanitarian and economic consequences for the Palestinian population were profound. There were already food shortages. Palestinian workers and traders to Israel were unable to cross the border".{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|pp=422–423}}

On 15 January 2006, the Karni crossing – the sole point for exports of goods from Gaza – was closed completely for all kinds of exports.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|p=433}}<ref name="un">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195535/ |title=Gaza Strip: Situation Report – Impact of Karni crossing closure (31 January 2006) – OCHA report |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133559/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195535/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The greenhouse project suffered a huge blow, as the harvest of high-value crops, meant to be exported for Europe via Israel, was essentially lost (with a small part of the harvest donated to local institutions).<ref name="un" /><ref name="june">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208409/|title=Gaza Strip: Situation Report (7 June 2006) – OCHA report|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133806/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208409/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4818478.stm |title=Gaza farmers dumping their crops |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220162057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4818478.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, closing of Karni cut off the so-far resilient textile and furniture industries in Gaza from their source of income.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|p=430}} Starting February 2006, the Karni crossing was sporadically open for exports, but the amount of goods allowed to be exported was minuscule compared to the amount of goods imported<ref name="daily" /> (which, in turn, barely supported Gaza's needs).<ref name="march">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-198269/ |title=Gaza Strip: Situation Report (29 March 2006) – OCHA report |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211121932/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-198269/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="daily" /> Between 1 January and 11 May, more than 12,700 tonnes of produce were harvested in Gaza's greenhouses, almost all of it destined for export; out of it, only 1,600 tonnes (less than 13%) were actually exported.<ref name="june" />

=== Sanctions on Hamas-led PA governments === The [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|election]] for the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] took place on 25 January 2006, and was won by [[Hamas]]. The election took place during a full blockade of Gaza.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|pp=430–434}}<ref name="un" /><ref name="unfebruary">[https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ochaSR_GazaAccess_Feb06.pdf The Gaza Strip: February Access Report. Closure at Karni Crossing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201065052/https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ochaSR_GazaAccess_Feb06.pdf |date=1 December 2024 }} United Nations. Retrieved 10 December 2022</ref><ref name="daily" />{{efn|Wolfensohn, who was the special envoy of the Quartet at that time, makes the connection between the nonfulfillment of the border-crossings agreement and the election results. He also points out it was not the only reason of such election results.}} After the PLC was sworn in on 18 February 2006,<ref>[http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=419 Excerpts from President Mahmoud Abbas' Speech to the Opening of the PLC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110331/http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=419 |date=29 August 2018 }}. Palestine-Israel Journal, Vol 13 No. 1, May 2006.</ref> in addition to its blockade of the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed other sanctions on the PA, including [[Taxation in the State of Palestine|withholding the PA's tax revenue]] (collected by Israel on the PA's behalf), and imposing travel restrictions on Hamas PLC members. Israel's position is that Hamas is a terrorist organisation that has vowed to destroy Israel, and is responsible for the death of hundreds of its citizens, and neither wanted to have any direct relations with the other.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} On 20 February, Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]] was nominated to form a [[Palestinian government of March 2006|new PA government]], which was sworn in on 29 March.

Besides Israel's position in relation to a Hamas-led PA government, following the election, the [[Quartet on the Middle East]] had said that continued aid to and dialogue with the PA under a Hamas government was conditional on Hamas agreeing to three conditions: recognition of Israel, the disavowal of violent actions, and acceptance of previous agreements between Israel and the PA, including the Oslo Accords. Haniyeh refused to accept these conditions, and the Quartet stopped all dialogue with the PA and especially any member of the Hamas government, ceased providing aid to the PA and imposed [[2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority|sanctions against the PA under Hamas]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/international/middleeast/18mideast.html |title=Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Steven |last=Erlanger |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210833/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/international/middleeast/18mideast.html |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Though initially opposed by the United States, a Quartet member, the US government agreed in April 2006 to discontinue $400 million of [[foreign aid]] to the PA. Instead the US redirected $100 million to the United Nations and other non-Palestinian groups, but no aid money was given directly to the government of [[Mahmoud Abbas]].<ref>{{Cite news |issn=0362-4331 |last1=Weisman |first1=Steven R. |last2=Smith |first2=Craig S. |title=U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-12-04 |date=2006-04-08 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214060149/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html |archive-date=14 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As noted by [[James Wolfensohn|Wolfensohn]] (and also in an [[European Union|EU]] paper), withholding of the PA's own tax revenue – an action taken by Israel alone, not by the Quartet – was more damaging than the ceasing of international aid to the PA. These taxes, collected in Palestine (both in the West Bank and Gaza) by Israeli authorities, were supposed to be transferred to the PA's budget. By releasing or withholding these revenues, Israel was able, in the words of the International Crisis Group, to "virtually turn the Palestinian economy on and off".{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|pp=432–433}} Israel withheld these transfers from the PA until June 2007.<ref name="unctad-2015">[http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf ''Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people: Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003183453/https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf |date=3 October 2020 }}, para 9–24. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 6 July 2015 (doc.nr. TD/B/62/3). [http://unctad.org/en/Pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=260 Source] </ref><ref name="alhaq_seizure_of_tax">[http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=111&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download ''Israel's retaliatory seizure of tax''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205213055/http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=111&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download |date=5 February 2017 }}, pp. 10–11. Al-Haq, 1 April 2015. [http://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/targets/accountability/81-general/908-israels-%20retaliatory-seizure-of-tax-a-war-crime-to-punish-palestinian-icc-membership Here available] </ref> Withholding the tax revenue by Israel meant that the PA lacked money to pay its employees, including the police, further destabilizing the situation in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2006/jun/02/palestinian-police-protest-lack-of-pay/|title=Palestinian police protest lack of pay|website=The Spokesman-Review|date=2 June 2006|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=11 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211103249/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2006/jun/02/palestinian-police-protest-lack-of-pay/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2007, Fatah agreed to join Hamas in a [[Palestinian National Unity Government of March 2007|PA unity government]], also headed by Haniyeh. Shortly after, in June, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip during the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Battle of Gaza]],<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |title=Hamas takes control of Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |access-date=3 June 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 June 2007 |location=London |first1=Ian |last1=Black |first2=Mark |last2=Tran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134036/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> seizing PA government institutions in the Strip and replacing Fatah and other PA officials with Hamas members.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book |title=Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank |pages=14–15 |author2=Human Rights Watch |first1=Fred |last1=Abrahams |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=2008 |author2-link=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

Following the takeover, in the West Bank, President Mahmoud Abbas officially dissolved the Haniyeh-led PA government, suspended parts of the Basic Law, and [[Palestinian Authority Governments of June–July 2007|created a new PA government by decree]], without approval of the PLC. This government was recognized by the international community, and international relations and aid to the PA government in the West Bank resumed, the economic sanctions were lifted, and Israel resumed the transfer of tax revenue to it.

In the autumn of 2007, Israel designated the Gaza Strip, under Hamas control, as a hostile entity, and instituted a series of sanctions which encompassed power reductions, stringent import restrictions, and border closures.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Blockade of Gaza Strip |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Britannica |quote=In autumn 2007 Israel declared the Gaza Strip under Hamas a hostile entity and approved a series of sanctions that included power cuts, heavily restricted imports, and border closures. In January 2008, facing sustained rocket assaults into its southern settlements, Israel broadened its sanctions |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172350/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2008, in response to ongoing rocket attacks on its southern communities, Israel expanded its sanctions, fully sealing its border with the Gaza Strip and temporarily halting fuel imports.<ref name="britannica" /> Later in January, following nearly a week of the heightened Israeli blockade, Hamas militants dismantled sections of the barrier along the Gaza Strip-Egypt border, which was closed from Hamas's takeover in mid-2007 until 2011, creating openings that, as per estimations, allowed hundreds of thousands of Gazans to cross into Egypt to procure food, fuel, and other goods unattainable due to the blockade. Egyptian president [[Hosni Mubarak]] temporarily allowed the border breach to mitigate civilian suffering in Gaza, prior to initiating efforts to reestablish the border.<ref name="britannica" />

== History == [[File:Gaza Strip map2.svg|thumb|The Gaza Strip]]

=== Early 2000s === During the [[Second Intifada]], Israel blockaded the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, several times.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/24/mideast.talks.03/ |title=Israel seals off Gaza, West Bank until Friday |date=24 April 2001 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233531/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/24/mideast.talks.03/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/israel |title=Middle East timeline: 2001 part one |first=Derek |last=Brown |date=17 October 2001 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240126222604/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/israel |url-status=live }}</ref> In Gaza, the blockade caused unemployment to skyrocket to 85%. [[Christian Aid]] reported that malnourishment among children doubled in one year due to the blockade.<ref name="bmj">{{cite journal |title=Cases of child malnutrition double in Gaza because of blockade |year=2002 |last=Dyer |first=C. |journal=[[The British Medical Journal]] |volume=324 |issue=7338 |page=632 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7338.632 |pmc=1172086}}</ref> Clinics run by [[Middle East Council of Churches]] also reported treating increasing numbers of underweight and malnourished children.<ref name="bmj" />

=== June 2007 – January 2008 === In June 2007, [[Hamas]] took control of the Gaza Strip in the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Battle of Gaza]],<ref name="Guardian" /> and removed Fatah officials. Following the Hamas takeover, the sanctions put in place after Hamas's 2006 electoral victory were dramatically tightened. Truck transits, which had been 12,000 per month in 2005, were reduced to 2,000 by November of that year, when in a further measure, in the context of Hamas rocket fire and Israeli attacks, food supplies were halved, fuel imports slashed and foreign currency restricted by the latter.<ref name="ICG">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/73_ruling_palestine_gaza_under_hamas.pdf RULING PALESTINE I: GAZA UNDER HAMAS,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520071006/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/73_ruling_palestine_gaza_under_hamas.pdf |date=20 May 2016}} Middle East Report N°73, [[International Crisis Group]] 19 March 2008</ref>

Following the Hamas takeover in Gaza, Egypt and Israel largely sealed their border crossings with Gaza, on the grounds that Fatah had fled and the PA was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side.<ref name="nytimes.com" />

In July 2007, Israeli officials said they had been planning to open the Rafah border crossing to allow stranded Palestinians to return, but claimed that this plan had been cancelled after Hamas threatened to fire on the refugees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Hamas-threats-keep-crossing-closed |title=Hamas threats to keep crossing closed |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112133748/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Hamas-threats-keep-crossing-closed |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A ''Jerusalem Post'' article mentioned Hamas' complaints that since June 2008 the PA no longer granted passports to Gazans, thereby "preventing tens of thousands of Palestinians from being able to travel abroad".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bar |first=Michael |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Turkeys-support-of-Hamas-worries-PA |title=Turkey's support of Hamas worries PA |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019055048/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Turkeys-support-of-Hamas-worries-PA |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Egypt, fearing a spill-over of Hamas-style militancy into its territory, kept its border with Gaza largely sealed.<ref name="Guardian230108">{{cite news |title=Palestinians flood into Egypt after blowing up border wall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/23/egypt.israelandthepalestinians |access-date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 January 2008 |first=Mike |last=Tran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901111607/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/23/egypt.israelandthepalestinians |archive-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel sealed the border completely on 17 January in response to [[List of rocket and mortar attacks in Israel in 2008|rocket attacks on southern Israel]] and [[Palestinian militant]] attacks on crossing points between Israel and Gaza.<ref name="truck_bomb">{{cite news |title=Truck bomb destroys Gaza-Israel pedestrian crossing |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=22 May 2008 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-05-22-israel-palestinians_N.htm?csp=34 |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035302/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-05-22-israel-palestinians_N.htm?csp=34 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sanctions_legal>{{cite news |title=Gaza sanctions: The legal argument |publisher=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=30 October 2007 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7069203.stm |first=Paul |last=Reynolds |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101081510/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7069203.stm |archive-date=1 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Egyptian government feared also that Iran wanted to establish a base in its territory as well as in Gaza through its proxy Hezbollah following the [[2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/harsh-prison-sentences-hizbullah-cell-membersWed |title=28 April 2010 – 11:02 |publisher=Almasryalyoum.com |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stern |first=Yoav |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/egypt-state-daily-iran-hamas-hezbollah-tried-to-overthrow-mubarak-1.274304 |title=Egypt state daily: Iran, Hamas, Hezbollah tried to overthrow Mubarak |work=[[Haaretz]] |location=Israel |date=16 March 2011 |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052835/http://www.haaretz.com/news/egypt-state-daily-iran-hamas-hezbollah-tried-to-overthrow-mubarak-1.274304 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== January 2008 breach of the Egypt-Gaza border === {{Main|2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border}}

On 22 January 2008, Gazans clashed with Egyptian police in front of the border, demanding that the [[Rafah Border Crossing]] be opened. The clashes included live fire, and there were injuries on both sides. Fifty women managed to cross, and Egyptian police responded with a water cannon assault. Additional Egyptian security forces arrived, and managed to restore calm and prevent further crossing.<ref>[[Al Jazeera English]] – Gazans clash with Egyptian police at Rafah – 22 January 08</ref>

The breach of the Gaza–Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former [[Gaza–Israel barrier|Israeli Gaza Strip barrier]]. The United Nations estimated that as many as half of the population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies.<ref name="BBC25">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7208252.stm |title=Gazans make new border wall hole: Palestinians have bulldozed down part of the Gaza-Egypt border wall again, hours after Egyptian troops blocked holes recently made by militants |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=8 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128165410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7208252.stm |archive-date=28 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel said that militants had exploited the breach in the border wall to send armed men into the Sinai to infiltrate Israel across the [[Borders of Israel#Border with Egypt|Sinai-Israel border]]. Egyptian troops at first permitted the crossing<ref name="Guardian230108" /> but did not allow Palestinians to travel further than [[El Arish]]. On 25 January, Egyptian forces blocked almost all [[illegal entry]] points to stem the flow of Gazans pouring in, and Egyptian riot police erected barbed wire and chain-link fences along the border. Palestinians used a bulldozer to knock down the fence and once again flooded in. Egyptian border police began stopping Palestinians from crossing and sealed the road from Rafah to El Arish. On 28 January, Egyptian security forces and Hamas militants strung barbed wire across one of the breaches, sealing it off. The Egyptians began repairing one of the two remaining breaches on 29 January, and closed the border with the Gaza Strip on 3 February 2008.

=== June 2008 attempt at easing restrictions === Under a [[2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|ceasefire agreement]] between Israel and Hamas in June 2008, Israel agreed to lift its blockade of Gaza Strip. At Egypt's request, Israel did not always respond to Palestinian ceasefire violations by closing the border.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |title=Israel reopens Gaza border crossings |date=6 July 2008 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035138/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israel accused Hamas of transporting weapons into Gaza via tunnels to Egypt, failing to stop rocket attacks, and noted that Hamas would not continue negotiating the release of Israeli [[hostage]] [[Gilad Shalit]], who had been held by Hamas since 2006.<ref name="nytdec28">{{cite news |last=El-Khodary |first=Taghreed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/middleeast/29mideast.html |title=Israeli Attacks in Gaza Strip Continue for Second Day |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=30 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134613/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/middleeast/29mideast.html |url-status=live |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> Hamas' decision alienated it from the government of Egypt, which had linked the opening of the Gaza-Egypt border crossing to Shalit's release.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010646.html ''Hamas says not interested in renewing Shalit negotiations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201165507/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010646.html |date=1 February 2009}} By Avi Issacharoff and Amos Harel. [[Haaretz]]. Published 12 August 2008.</ref> In the early stage of the ceasefire, Israeli officials had said they found "a certain sense of progress" on Shalit's release.<ref name="implement">{{cite web |title=Implementing the lull arrangement |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/lull_290608e.htm |website=[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] |date= |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415092721/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/lull_290608e.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The UN recorded seven [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) violations of the ceasefire between 20 and 26 June, and three violations by Palestinian groups not affiliated with Hamas between 23 and 26 June.<ref name="Reutersviolations">[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26679526.htm FACTBOX-Israel, Palestinians trade blame for truce violations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629010929/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26679526.htm |date=29 June 2008}} Reuters. 26 June 2008</ref> On 18 December, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], the military wing of Hamas, reported 185 Israeli violations during the lull period.<ref name="qassam_violations_report">"Official Statistics About the lull Zionist Violations From the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades Information Office" – {{Cite news |title=إحصائية رسمية صادرة عن المكتب الإعلامي لكتائب القسام حول الانتهاكات الصهيونية للتهدئة |url=http://www.alqassam.ps/images/userfiles/image/statistics/enthakat_thdeaa.zip |agency=[[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] Information Office |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=17 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220001819/http://www.alqassam.ps/images/userfiles/image/statistics/enthakat_thdeaa.zip |archive-date=20 February 2010 }}</ref> The [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] reported a total of 223 rockets and 139 mortar shells fired from Gaza during the lull, including 20 rockets and 18 mortar shells before 4 November.<ref name="ipc_e007">{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf |title=Summary of rocket fire and mortar shelling in 2008 |publisher=[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] |year=2009 |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125511/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2011}}</ref> It noted that "Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire" until 4 November, when the ceasefire was "seriously eroded."<ref name="IICC">[http://www.rightsidenews.com/200812313157/global-terrorism/six-months-of-the-lull-arrangement-intelligence-report.html Six Months of the Lull Arrangement Intelligence Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141239/http://www.rightsidenews.com/200812313157/global-terrorism/six-months-of-the-lull-arrangement-intelligence-report.html |date=22 January 2009}} Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC) 31 December 2008</ref> Rocket fire decreased by 98 percent in the four-and-a-half months between 18 June and 4 November, compared to the four-and-a-half-months preceding the ceasefire.<ref name="rockmort">[http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf Summary of Rocket Fire and Mortar Shelling in 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125511/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf |date=24 May 2011}}. (pdf) [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]]. Retrieved 14 January 2009. pp. 5–7.'' Drop in rocket fire calculated from data provided in report.''</ref> Hamas denied responsibility for the rocket fire during the lull. Human Rights Watch reported that Hamas security forces demonstrated an ability to curb rocket fire while some people detained for rocket fire were released without explanation.<ref name="nyt-truce">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html|title=Gaza Truce May Be Revived by Necessity|last=Bronner|first=Ethan|date=19 December 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501014554/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html|archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2008, the first [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]-organized attempts to breach Israel's maritime closure of the Gaza Strip occurred when two vessels, containing activists from the [[Free Gaza Movement]] and [[International Solidarity Movement]], sailed from [[Cyprus]] towards Gaza, carrying hearing aids and balloons. The boats reached Gaza on 23 August 2008 after the Israeli government allowed the boats free passage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Activist boats reach Gaza Strip|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7578880.stm|access-date=16 December 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=23 August 2008}}</ref> Four more voyages occurred from October until December 2008, as passengers were transported another boat called the "Dignity", a 66-foot yacht owned by the [[Free Gaza Movement]].<ref name="Docks" /> The Dignity was rammed three times while it was sailing in international waters by the Israeli Navy and significant damage was incurred.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/30/israel-gaza-aid-Israel accused of ramming Gaza aid boat] Retrieved 6 March 2024</ref>

On 28 October 2008, the Dignity, carrying 26 activists and medical supplies, docked in a strip harbor without interference. Israel had initially decided to stop the vessel, but the decision was made to let it through just before it reached Gaza.<ref name="Docks">{{cite news |title=Gaza activist boat docks |url=https://www.jta.org/2008/10/28/news-opinion/gaza-activist-boat-docks |access-date=16 December 2013 |newspaper=The Global Jewish News Source |date=28 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221051858/http://www.jta.org/2008/10/28/news-opinion/gaza-activist-boat-docks |archive-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Dignity sailed to Gaza four times before it was attacked on 30 December 2008 in international waters, as it sailed towards Gaza to deliver medicine and medical help.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel accused of ramming Gaza aid boat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/30/israel-gaza-aid-ship |access-date=16 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 December 2008 |first=Mark |last=Tran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106070745/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/30/israel-gaza-aid-ship |archive-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2008, it was reported that Israel despite the ceasefire was still allowing in very few goods.<ref name="bare"/> A WikiLeaks cable from the US embassy in Tel Aviv dated 3 November 2008 revealed that Israel still maintained the economy of the Gaza strip "on the brink of collapse" without "pushing it over the edge". The cable said that "Israeli officials have confirmed to Embassy officials on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy functioning at the lowest level possible consistent with avoiding a humanitarian crisis."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article27196.htm |title=Israel Deliberately Choked Gaza Economy: WikiLeaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004081532/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article27196.htm |archive-date=4 October 2018 |author=AFP |date=5 January 2010}}</ref>

===2008–2009 Gaza war and aftermath=== [[File:Gazasmoke.JPG|right|thumb|An explosion caused by an [[Israel]]i airstrike in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] during the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]]]] In January 2009, after the first phase of the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]], Israel said it would allow in some humanitarian aid, but will continue its economic blockade in order to weaken the power of Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/world/middleeast/26mideast.html |title=In Gaza, the Wait to Rebuild Lingers |author=Tavernise, Sabrina |author-link=Sabrina Tavernise |access-date=4 June 2010 |date=25 January 2009 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531042719/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/world/middleeast/26mideast.html |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2009, on the second anniversary of the blockade, 38 United Nations and non-governmental humanitarian organisations issued a joint press release calling for "free and uninhibited access for all humanitarian assistance in accordance with the international agreements and in accordance with universally recognised international human rights and humanitarian law standards".<ref name="UNRWA-2009-06-17">{{cite web |url=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=451 |title=Statement by Humanitarian Organisations, NGOs and UN Organisations on the Second Anniversary of the Gaza Blockade |date=17 June 2009 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611070503/http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=451 |archive-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of July 2009, Israel said it is making the humanitarian relief efforts in Gaza one of its top priorities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cynthia McKinney, 20 Others, Held by Israel |url=http://www.11alive.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=131972&catid=8 |last=Sweigart |first=Chris |date=1 July 2009 |publisher=[[WXIA-TV]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203041631/http://www.11alive.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=131972&catid=8 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2009}}</ref> The amount of goods Israel allows into Gaza is one quarter of the pre- blockade flow.<ref name="UNRWA-2009-06-17" />

Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Olmert]]'s spokesman [[Mark Regev]] said, "We want to make sure that reconstruction for the people of Gaza is not reconstruction for the Hamas regime". On 25 February, U.S. State Department spokesman Robert Wood said, "Aid should never be used as a political weapon. We'll try to push to get into Gaza as many supplies as possible."<ref name="Archived" />

[[File:Rafah Crossing.jpg|thumb|Rafah border crossing – British aid convoy entering Gaza Strip from Egypt in 2009]] The [[Ehud Olmert|Olmert]] cabinet had decided in March 2009 that food and medical supplies to Gaza would be allowed through unfettered. This was met with resistance by Israel's Defense Ministry, which controls the border crossings.<ref name="Prusher" /> An Israeli military spokesperson said that each item was decided on an individual basis and that food was being let through daily. According to NGO Gisha, the amount of food entering Gaza is as of May 2009, about 25% of the pre-June 2007 figures. A UN study has found that Gazan families are eating fewer meals a day and mainly relying on [[carbohydrates]] such as rice and flour because protein foods are expensive or unavailable. Chicken eggs have doubled in price due to the destruction of chicken coops during the Gaza War.<ref name="Prusher" />

===February 2009 Hamas-UNRWA incident=== On 3 February, 3,500 blankets and over 400 food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an [[UNRWA]] distribution center. On the following day, the UN [[Emergency Relief Coordinator]] demanded that the aid be returned immediately.<ref name="ocha_report_2_5">{{Cite news |title=Field Update on Gaza From the Humanitarian Coordinator |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |agency=UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151528/http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |quote=On 3 February, over 3,500 blankets and 406 food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an UNRWA distribution centre in Beach Camp. }}</ref> In a separate incident on 5 February, Hamas seized 200 tons of food from UNRWA aid supplies. The following day, UNRWA suspended its activities in Gaza. Hamas issued a statement stating that the incident was a misunderstanding between the drivers of the trucks and had been resolved through direct contact with the UNRWA.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UNRWA suspends activities in Gazans after Hamas seized aid |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/07/content_10776872.htm |agency=[[Xinhua News]] |date=6 February 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211141508/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/07/content_10776872.htm |archive-date=11 February 2009 }}</ref> On 9 February, UNRWA lifted the suspension on the movement of its humanitarian supplies into Gaza, after the Hamas authorities returned all of the aid supplies confiscated.<ref name="ocha_report_2_9">{{Cite news |title=Field Update on Gaza From the Humanitarian Coordinator, 6–9 February 2009, 1700 hours |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_09_english-20090210-104024.pdf |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |agency=UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151547/http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_09_english-20090210-104024.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

===2010–2011 freedom flotillas=== {{Main|2010 Gaza flotilla raid|Freedom Flotilla II}}

;May 2010 Gaza flotilla raid On 31 May 2010, the [[Israeli Navy]] seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "[[2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla|Gaza Freedom Flotilla]]".<ref name=ibhsguardqa53>{{Cite news |first1=Ian |last1=Black |first2=Haroon |last2=Siddique |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla |title=Q&A: The Gaza Freedom flotilla |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603133507/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the [[port of Ashdod]], where the Israeli government had said it would inspect the aid and deliver (or let humanitarian organizations deliver) Israeli-approved items to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-aid-convoy-can-unload-cargo-in-ashdod-for-inspection-1.292560 |title=Israel: Gaza aid convoy can unload cargo in Ashdod for inspection |first1=Barak |last1=Ravid |first2=Yuval |last2=Azoulay |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122359/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-aid-convoy-can-unload-cargo-in-ashdod-for-inspection-1.292560 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Weaponry Used by Passengers Aboard the Mavi Marmara.jpg|thumb|Image provided by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] of weaponry it says was used by passengers aboard the [[MV Mavi Marmara]]. Israeli soldiers [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|raided]] the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|Gaza Freedom Flotilla]] in international waters in 2010. Nine of the flotilla passengers were killed and 30 were wounded; some Israeli soldiers were wounded.]] Israeli [[Shayetet 13]] naval commandos boarded the ships from speedboats and helicopters launched from three missile ships, while the flotilla was still in international waters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/israeli-attacks-gaza-flotilla-activists |title=Israeli attack on Gaza flotilla sparks international outrage |first=Robert |last=Booth |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603125947/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/israeli-attacks-gaza-flotilla-activists |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the [[MV Mavi Marmara|MV ''Mavi Marmara'']], the main ship of the convoy, passengers attacked and managed to capture three soldiers.<ref name="BBC Convoy raid">{{cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Paul |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Israeli convoy raid: What went wrong? |date=2 June 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10203333 |access-date=2 June 2010 |quote=The passengers... pulled out bats, clubs and slingshots with glass marbles, assaulting each soldier as he disembarked. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603035910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10203333.stm |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli soldiers responded with rubber bullets and live ammunition from soldiers in helicopters and on the ship. Several of the activists were shot in the head by Israeli forces, some from behind and at close range.<ref>"Gaza Flotilla Activists Were Shot in Head at Close Range," Guardian (4 June 2010)</ref> Israel was accused of using disproportionate force. On other ships, soldiers were met with passive resistance which was easily suppressed with non-lethal techniques. Nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. Nine soldiers were also injured, two of them seriously. All of the ships were seized and towed to [[Ashdod]], while passengers were imprisoned in Israel and then deported to their home countries.<ref name="haaretz-at least">{{cite news |title=Israel Navy commandos: Gaza flotilla activists tried to lynch us |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/at-least-10-activists-killed-in-israel-navy-clashes-onboard-gaza-aid-flotilla-1.293089 |first1=Amos |last1=Harel |first2=Avi |last2=Issacharoff |first3=Anshel |last3=Pfeffer |date=31 May 2010 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421171211/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5127050 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NY Times Israel Frees">{{cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=In Bid to Quell Anger Over Raid, Israel Frees Detainees |date=3 June 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604140047/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AJfunerals">{{cite web |title=Turkey holds activists' funerals |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |access-date=3 June 2010 |date=3 June 2010 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/06/2010639114160373.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603111639/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/europe/2010/06/2010639114160373.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=latimes>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531,0,1839736.story |first=Edmund |last=Sanders |title=Israel criticized over raid on Gaza flotilla |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531101434/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531%2C0%2C1839736.story |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera-israel attacks">{{cite news |title=Israel attacks Gaza aid fleet |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/05/201053133047995359.html |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |access-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313131133/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/05/201053133047995359.html |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/31/gaza.protest/index.html?hpt=T1 |title=Israeli assault on Gaza-bound flotilla leaves at least 9 dead |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603211209/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/31/gaza.protest/index.html?hpt=T1 |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[MV Rachel Corrie|MV ''Rachel Corrie'']], a seventh ship that had been delayed, set sail from [[Malta]] on the same day of the flotilla's interception. Israeli naval vessels shadowed the ''Rachel Corrie'', and after it ignored three warnings, Israeli commandos boarded the ship from speedboats, arrested the crew, and forced it to sail to Ashdod.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/05/israel-rachel-corrie-gaza-ship |location=London |work=[[The Guardian]] |first1=Adam |last1=Gabbatt |first2=Harriet |last2=Sherwood |first3=Amy |last3=Fallon |title=Israeli forces board the Rachel Corrie |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103131005/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/05/israel-rachel-corrie-gaza-ship |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Freedom Flotilla II Following the Gaza flotilla raid, a coalition of 22 [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s assembled in July 2011 a flotilla of 10 vessels and 1,000 activists to breach the blockade.

The vessels docked in [[Greece]] in preparation for the journey to Gaza, but the Greek government announced that it would not allow the vessels to leave for Gaza,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0705/Israel-s-new-friend-Why-Greece-is-thwarting-Gaza-flotilla |title=Israel's new friend: Why Greece is thwarting Gaza flotilla |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=2011-07-05 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109195940/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0705/Israel-s-new-friend-Why-Greece-is-thwarting-Gaza-flotilla |archive-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Hellenic Coast Guard]] stopped three vessels attempting to evade the travel ban and leave port. On 7 July, most activists left for home, leaving only a few dozen to continue the initiative.<ref>{{cite news |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=228372 |title=Flotilla to Gaza founders as Greece stays the course | JPost | Israel News |website=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908035147/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=228372 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 July, the French yacht ''Dignite Al Karama'' was allowed to leave port after informing Greek authorities that its destination was [[Alexandria]], Egypt. The yacht then headed directly for Gaza. The [[Israeli Navy]] stopped the ''Dignite Al Karama'' about 65 kilometers off Gaza. After the boat was warned and refused to turn back, it was surrounded by three Israeli naval vessels and boarded by [[Shayetet 13]] commandos, who took it over. The boat was then taken to Ashdod.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-19/world/israel.gaza.flotilla_1_free-gaza-movement-gaza-coast-gaza-bound |publisher=CNN |title=Israel deporting 15 following the Gaza flotilla raid, Israel and Egypt faced mounting international calls to ease or lift their blockade.oreigners aboard Gaza-bound boat |date=20 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Ultimately, the Freedom Flotilla sailing did not take place.

;November 2011 flotilla On 4 November 2011, the Israeli Navy intercepted two vessels heading towards Gaza in a private initiative to break the blockade. Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the vessels from speedboats and took them over with no resistance. The vessels were then taken to Ashdod port.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-navy-intercepts-gaza-bound-aid-vessels-no-injuries-reported-1.393717 |title=Israel Navy intercepts Gaza-bound aid vessels; no injuries reported Israel News |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=2011-11-04 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105033244/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-navy-intercepts-gaza-bound-aid-vessels-no-injuries-reported-1.393717 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===June 2010 easing of the blockade=== Facing mounting international calls to ease or lift their blockade in response to the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid]], Egypt and Israel lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010. Israel announced that it will allow all strictly civilian goods into Gaza while preventing weapons and what it designates as "dual-use" items from entering Gaza.<ref name="google1">{{cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Gavin |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hYVYAfX_Mu7L_Kv-VU_3g4XdDiSA |title=AFP: Israel to allow more 'civilian' goods into Gaza: official |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525004953/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hYVYAfX_Mu7L_Kv-VU_3g4XdDiSA |archive-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Egypt partly opened the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza, primarily for people, but not for supplies, to go through.<ref name=egypttoday/> The Israeli NGO Gisha Legal Center for Freedom of Movement reported in a July 2010 publication<ref>{{cite web|title=Unraveling the closure of Gaza|url=http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/UnravelingTheClosureEng.pdf |publisher=Gisha|access-date=28 March 2013|date=7 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526052541/http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/UnravelingTheClosureEng.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> that Israel continues to prevent normal functioning of the Gazan economy. Israel continues to severely restrict and/or prevent people from entering or exiting Gaza according to Gisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intItemId=1832&intSiteSN=113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104601/http://gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intItemId=1832&intSiteSN=113 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |title=Gisha Site |publisher=Gisha |access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intItemId=1848&intSiteSN=113|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726105923/http://gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intItemId=1848&intSiteSN=113 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |title=Gisha Site |publisher=Gisha |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intItemId=1822&intSiteSN=113|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726110234/http://gisha.org/index.php?intLanguage=2&intItemId=1822&intSiteSN=113 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |title=Gisha Site |publisher=Gisha |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref> The [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the humanitarian impact of the easing of the blockage in January and February 2011 and concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.<ref name="ocha201103" /> The World Bank estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses.

On 1 June 2010, the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened. Egypt's foreign ministry has made it clear that the crossing will remain open mainly for people, not for aid, to go through.<ref name=egypttoday/> Several aid trucks began making it into Gaza during the following morning including some carrying power generators from the Egyptian [[Red Crescent]], and hundreds of Gazans who had been staying in Egypt returned home, although little traffic, human or cargo, flowed from Gaza to Egypt.<ref name="mubarakopen">Shenker, Jack (2 June 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/rafah-crossing-gaza-egypt-dilemma "Opening Rafah crossing as lifeline for Gaza poses dilemma for Egypt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824085459/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/rafah-crossing-gaza-egypt-dilemma |date=24 August 2017}}. ''The Guardian'' (UK)</ref> On 3 June, the manager of the Gaza side of the Rafah crossing, Salameh Barakeh, explained that the crossing is open for the free travel of patients, foreign passport holders, those with residency status in other countries, students and internationals.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=289341 Rafah crossing open for third consecutive day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812131244/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=289341 |date=12 August 2011}}, Ma'an News Agency, 3 June 2010</ref> The Arab Physicians Union officials submitted a request to Egyptian authorities on 3 June 2010 to send 400 tons of food, blankets, electric generators for hospitals and construction material from Egypt to Gaza, but their request was denied by Egyptian authorities without specific reason. Emad Gad, political analyst at Egyptian Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, believes the government should keep the Rafah border under control because opening it completely could allow weapons smuggling or illegal financial transactions.<ref name=egypttoday>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9067|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722021516/http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9067|title=A Crack in the Blockade, Egypt Today, July 2010|archive-date=22 July 2010}}</ref>

On 17 June 2010, Israel's Prime Minister's Office announced that Israel's security cabinet had agreed to relax Israel's blockade on the Gaza Strip, and issued an English-language press release, according to which a decision to ease the blockade had been made. The English text reads: "It was agreed to liberalize the system by which civilian goods enter Gaza [and] expand the inflow of materials for civilian projects that are under international supervision." However, no binding decision has been made during the cabinet meeting, and an announcement issued in Hebrew did not mention any such decision. The prime minister's office said that a meeting would be held soon, and expressed hope that a binding decision will be taken then.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barak|first=Ravid|journal=Haaretz|title=Government announces let-up to Gaza siege – but only in English|date=17 June 2010|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/government-announces-let-up-to-gaza-siege-but-only-in-english-1.296809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621132701/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-announces-let-up-to-gaza-siege-but-only-in-english-1.296809|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2010|access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref>

====International response to easing of restrictions==== [[Tony Blair]], who welcomed Israel's decision to ease the restrictions on behalf of the [[Quartet on the Middle East]], said that the Quartet – the UN, US, EU, and Russia – would continue talks with Israel "to flesh out the principles". Suggesting that "items of ordinary daily life, including materials for the construction of homes, infrastructure and services as the UN have asked" should be allowed to enter Gaza, he said, "the decision to allow foodstuffs and household items is a good start".<ref name="JPost Ease">{{cite news|journal=The Jerusalem Post|title=Israel to ease Gaza restrictions|date=17 June 2010|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=178720|access-date=18 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618212903/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=178720|archive-date=18 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> A spokesperson for the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] declared that the Secretary-General would be encouraged that the Israeli government is reviewing its policy towards Gaza. He added that the United Nations would continue to seek a fundamental change in policy as agreed by the Quartet. Hamas spokesperson [[Sami Abu Zuhri]] said that Israel's decision would have been designed to "beautify" the blockade and mislead public opinion.<ref name="Guardian Easing">{{cite news|last=Black|first=Ian|journal=The Guardian|title=Israel's partial easing of Gaza blockade dismissed as inadequate|date=17 June 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/17/israel-gaza-blockade-partial-easing|access-date=18 June 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915014128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/17/israel-gaza-blockade-partial-easing|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JPost UN">{{cite news|last1=Toameh|first1=Khaled Abu|last2=JPost.com staff|journal=The Jerusalem Post|title=UN welcomes blockade decision|date=17 June 2010|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=178806|access-date=18 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619234817/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=178806|archive-date=19 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[British Foreign Office]] spokesman said: "It is good that Israel is giving serious consideration to resolving these issues, [b]ut further work is needed. We need to see the additional steps still to be announced." EU officials also said they were disappointed by the decision.<ref name="Guardian Easing" /> German [[Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development|Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development]] [[Dirk Niebel]] said that the Israeli announcement was "not sufficient". During a visit to the country, Niebel intended to visit a sewage treatment plant being financed with German development aid, but was denied entry into the Gaza strip by Israel. He commented that the Israeli government sometimes would "not make it easy for its friends to explain why it behaves the way it does."<ref>{{cite news|journal=Haaretz|title=Israel bars German minister from Gaza|date=19 June 2010|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-bars-german-minister-from-gaza-1.297107|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622041659/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-bars-german-minister-from-gaza-1.297107|archive-date=22 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> A spokesperson for Israel's Foreign Ministry responded that Israel would have been obliged to allow any other European minister entry if it had allowed Niebel to visit the Gaza strip, thus conferring additional legitimacy to the Hamas government.<ref name="FAZ Niebel">{{cite news|journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|title=Israel verweigert Niebel Einreise in Gazastreifen|date=20 June 2010|url=https://www.faz.net/s/RubB30ABD11B91F41C0BF2722C308D40318/Doc~EC7D4C64B72FD48BA8D6156E63AF7E5F1~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|access-date=20 June 2010|quote="Wenn wir Niebel die Einreise erlaubt hätten, müssten wie sie auch jedem anderen europäischen Minister gestatten. Das würde der Hamas-Regierung zusätzliche Legitimität verschaffen", sagte der Sprecher des israelischen Außenministeriums der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622044004/https://www.faz.net/s/RubB30ABD11B91F41C0BF2722C308D40318/Doc~EC7D4C64B72FD48BA8D6156E63AF7E5F1~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|archive-date=22 June 2010|url-status=live}} ("Had we allowed Niebel to enter, we would be under an obligation to allow any other European minister entry. This would confer additional legitimacy to the Hamas government," a spokesperson for the Israeli Foreign Ministry told the Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung.)</ref>

Chris Gunness from UNRWA criticised Israel's move to ease the blockade as not being adequate, saying that {{Blockquote|Even if the blockade is eased it remains illegal under international law as it is a collective form of punishment on a civilian population. Eighty percent of Gaza's population is aid-dependent. Allowing more aid in is perpetuating this dependency and not addressing the issue of self-sufficiency or the root causes of the crisis. What have not been addressed by the easing of the closure are the issues of exports as well as the limited number of crossings open to facilitate the flow of goods. Operation Cast Lead destroyed at least 60,000 homes and structures which need to be urgently repaired and rebuilt. The easing of the blockade is not addressing this adequately.<ref name="easing1">{{cite news|publisher=Inter-Press Service |title=Israel Chokes Gaza Despite Announced Easing|date=15 July 2010|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52161|access-date=16 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717071737/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52161|archive-date=17 July 2010}}</ref>}}

Maxwell Gaylard, UN Deputy Special and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Middle East also criticised Israel, saying "Permitting mayonnaise and potato chips into Gaza is really irrelevant in dealing with the underlying issues. What we need to see is an improvement in Gaza's water, sanitation, power grid, educational and health sectors. Gaza's economy is shot to pieces and its infrastructure is extremely fragile."<ref name="easing1" />

====New blockade policy by Israel==== On 20 June 2010, Israel's Security Cabinet approved a new system governing the blockade that would allow practically all non-military or dual-use items to enter the Gaza strip. According to a cabinet statement, Israel would "expand the transfer of construction materials designated for projects that have been approved by the Palestinian Authority, including schools, health institutions, water, sanitation and more – as well as (projects) that are under international supervision."<ref name="Ynet Cabinet" /> Despite the easing of the land blockade, Israel will continue to inspect all goods bound for Gaza by sea at the port of [[Ashdod]].<ref name="JTA Reaction mixed">{{cite news|last=Oster |first=Marcy |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Reaction mixed to Israeli announcement on easing of Gaza blockade |date=21 June 2010 |url=https://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/21/2739697/israel-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806062346/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/21/2739697/israel-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref>

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the decision enabled Israel to focus on real security issues and would eliminate "Hamas' main propaganda claim,"<ref name="Haaretz Decision" /> and that it would strengthen the case for keeping the sea blockade in place.<ref name="Bloomberg BW Partners">{{cite news|last=Gaouette|first=Nicole|work=Bloomberg Businessweek |title=U.S., Partners Seek 'Fundamental' Gaza Policy Change (Update2)|date=21 June 2010|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-21/u-s-partners-seek-fundamental-gaza-policy-change-update2-.html|access-date=21 June 2010}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He also said the decision would have been coordinated with the United States and with [[Tony Blair]], the representative of the [[Quartet for the Middle East]].<ref name="Haaretz Decision">{{cite news|journal=Haaretz|last=Lis|first=Jonathan|title=Netanyahu: Decision to ease Gaza siege weakens Hamas|date=21 June 2010|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-decision-to-ease-gaza-siege-weakens-hamas-1.297476|access-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624011240/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-decision-to-ease-gaza-siege-weakens-hamas-1.297476|archive-date=24 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Blair characterized the decision as a "very significant step forward", but added that the decision needs to be implemented.<ref name="Ynet Cabinet" /> In a statement, the Quartet said that the situation remained "unsustainable and unacceptable" and maintained that a long-term solution was urgently needed.<ref name="Reuters Quartet">{{cite news|agency=Reuters|title=Quartet of Mideast negotiators: Situation in Gaza still 'unacceptable'|date=22 June 2010|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/quartet-of-mideast-negotiators-situation-in-gaza-still-unacceptable-1.297516|access-date=22 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624011245/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/quartet-of-mideast-negotiators-situation-in-gaza-still-unacceptable-1.297516|archive-date=24 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="JPost UNRWA">{{cite news|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|title=UNRWA wants full blockade lift|date=21 June 2010|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=179085|access-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002751/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=179085|archive-date=25 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The UNRWA called for a complete lift of the Gaza blockade, expressing concern that the new policy would continue to limit Gaza's ability to develop on its own.<ref name="JPost UNRWA" /> The [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|European Union's representative for foreign policy]], [[Catherine Ashton]], welcomed the decision. She called the step "a significant improvement" and expressed the expectation that the measures take effect as soon as possible, adding that "more work remains to be done."<ref>{{cite news|last=Vogel|first=Vogel|journal=European Voice|title=EU welcomes Israeli shift on Gaza|date=21 June 2010|url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2010/06/eu-welcomes-israeli-shift-on-gaza/68305.aspx|access-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811010148/http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2010/06/eu-welcomes-israeli-shift-on-gaza/68305.aspx|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. government welcomed the decision, expressing the belief that the easing would significantly improve the lives of Gaza Strip residents and prevent weapons smuggling.<ref name="Ynet Cabinet" /> It expressed its intention to contribute to an international effort to "explore additional ways to improve the situation in Gaza, including greater freedom of movement and commerce between Gaza and the West Bank."<ref>{{cite news |last=Glick |first=Caroline B. |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=The high price of coalition stability |date=21 June 2010 |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=179088 |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625043649/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=179088 |archive-date=25 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas dismissed the measures as trivial and "media propaganda", and demanded a complete lifting of the blockade, including the removal on all restrictions on the import of construction material.<ref name="Ynet Cabinet">{{cite news |publisher=[[Ynet news]] |last1=Benhorin |first1=Yitzhak |agency=Associated Press |title=Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely |date=20 June 2010 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |archive-date=23 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli Arab member of Knesset [[Hanin Zoabi]] commented that the easing of the blockade would prove that "it is not a security blockade, but a political one," adding that the flotilla "succeeded in undermining the blockade's legitimacy."<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Ynet News]] |last=Nahmias |first=Roee |title=MK Zoabi: Blockade easing proves politics as motivator, not defense |date=20 June 2010 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3908076,00.html |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623012712/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3908076,00.html |archive-date=23 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The U.S., United Nations, European Union and Russia in 2010 were jointly consulting with Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Egypt on additional measures, described by the [[United States Department of State]] as a "fundamental change in policy" toward the Gaza strip.<ref name="Bloomberg BW Partners" />

==== Lieberman Proposal ==== On 2 June 2010 a letter in the London newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' suggested the establishment of a permanent humanitarian sea corridor linking Cyprus with Gaza.<ref name=times-20100602>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/israels-action-exposes-its-gaza-blockade-to-worldwide-scrutiny-pmnbrzkb6q7 |title=Israel's action exposes its Gaza blockade to worldwide scrutiny |newspaper=The Times |location=London |url-access=subscription |date=2 June 2010 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211023152844/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/israels-action-exposes-its-gaza-blockade-to-worldwide-scrutiny-pmnbrzkb6q7 |archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> In July 2010, a similar proposal emerged from Israel's foreign minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] who proposed it as part of an initiative to shift full responsibility over the Gaza Strip to the international community. He announced that he planned to discuss the idea, which was labelled a "personal initiative" with the EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton.<ref>{{cite web |title="Let Gaza go" – Israeli Foreign Minister |website=The Voice of Russia |date=16 July 2010 |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/16/12542079.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304125042/http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/16/12542079.html |archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=foreignpolicy-20100809>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/08/09/an-immodest-and-dangerous-proposal/ |title=An immodest – and dangerous – proposal |last=Siegman |first=Henry |newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=9 August 2010 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318230317/https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/08/09/an-immodest-and-dangerous-proposal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lieberman proposed that units of the [[French Foreign Legion]] and commando units from EU member states be sent in to secure the Gaza border crossings to prevent the smuggling of weapons, and that the border with Israel be sealed. Ships that underwent inspections in [[Cyprus]] or [[Greece]] would be allowed to dock in Gaza and unload humanitarian cargoes. The EU would help improve and build civilian infrastructure, and Gaza would become a fully independent entity.<ref>{{cite news |title=FM presents: 2nd disengagement from Gaza |first=Shimon |last=Shiffer |work=[[Ynet]] |date=16 July 2010 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920724,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719163755/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920724,00.html |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>

Lieberman, then defense minister, proposed a similar maritime corridor plan to Cyprus in 2018,<ref name=dw-20180626>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/israel-asks-cyprus-to-consider-port-for-gaza/a-44411549 |title=Israel asks Cyprus to consider port for Gaza |agency=AFP and Reuters |newspaper=Deutsche Welle |date=26 June 2018 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322151533/https://www.dw.com/en/israel-asks-cyprus-to-consider-port-for-gaza/a-44411549 |url-status=live }}</ref> at a time when a number of such options were being considered in Israel.<ref name=jcpa-20180206>{{cite web |url=https://jcpa.org/article/can-palestinian-ports-developed-gaza-relieve-humanitarian-crisis/ |title=Can Palestinian Ports Be Developed in Gaza to Relieve the Humanitarian Crisis? |last=Inbari |first=Pinhas |publisher=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] |work=Institute for Contemporary Affairs |date=6 February 2018 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=gsge-20190110>{{cite web |url=https://www.asafashar.com/Gaza%20Port%20Alternatives%20%285.0%29.pdf |title=Gaza Ports Alternatives |author1=Gaza Seaport Group of Experts |website=Asaf Ashar |date=10 January 2019 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

==== Humanitarian impact assessment ==== In January and February 2011, the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the effects of the measures to ease the access restrictions.<ref name="ocha201103">{{cite web |title=Easing the blockade – Assessing the humanitarian impact on the population of the Gaza Strip |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory]] |access-date=16 July 2011 |date=March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062323/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> They concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.<ref name="ocha201103" />

They found that a limited reactivation of the private sector resulted from the increased availability of consumer goods and some raw materials but the "pivotal nature of the remaining restrictions" and the effects of three years of strict blockade prevented a significant improvement in livelihoods.<ref name="ocha201103" /> Although the unemployment rate in Gaza fell from 39.3% to 37.4% in the second half of 2010 there were significant food price rises.<ref name="ocha201103" /> There was little or no improvement in food insecurity rates in Gaza which continued to affect 52% of the population.<ref name="ocha201103" /> Few of the 40,000 housing units needed to replace homes lost during [[Operation Cast Lead]] and for natural population growth could be built as a result of the ongoing restrictions on importing building materials.<ref name="ocha201103" /> The approval of over 100 projects funded by international organizations intended to improve the "extremely deteriorated" water and sanitation, education and health services, followed the easing of the blockade.<ref name="ocha201103" /> The implementation of these projects was delayed by the entry approval process for materials and the limited opening of the Karni crossing.<ref name="ocha201103" /> OCHA found that there had been no improvement in the quality of services provided to the population of the Gaza Strip as a result of the projects so far.<ref name="ocha201103" /> There was no significant increase in the number of exit permits granted by Israel to allow access to the outside world including other parts of the Palestinian territories.<ref name="ocha201103" /> Permits continued to be issued by Israel only on an exceptional basis with 106–114 per day being issued during the second half of 2010.<ref name="ocha201103" /> OCHA described Egypt's move to regularly operate its crossing with Gaza for special categories of people as a "significant, albeit limited, improvement".<ref name="ocha201103" />

They concluded that the easing of restrictions was "a step in the right direction" but called on Israel to fully abolish the blockade including removing restrictions on the import of construction materials and the exports of goods, and to lift the general ban on the movement of people between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel in order to comply with what they described as international humanitarian and human rights law obligations.<ref name="ocha201103" />

According to the [[World Health Organization]], the shortage of essential medicines and equipment has been the primary obstacle to providing adequate health care in the Gaza Strip since the 2012 conflict. Gazan hospitals had a shortage of more than 50% of "medical consumables" even before the conflict. Workers in some hospitals reported having to sterilize and re-use single-use equipment due to the lack of critical items. Palestinian hospitals are unable to meet the need of their patients due to economic underdevelopment and the varying strictness of the Israeli blockade.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/wbgs/WHO_Initial_Health_Assessment_Report_Gaza_Strip_-_December_2012.pdf |title=Initial Health Assessment Report: Gaza Strip |date=December 2012 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]], Office of the occupied Palestinian territory |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061645/http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/wbgs/WHO_Initial_Health_Assessment_Report_Gaza_Strip_-_December_2012.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to B'Tselem, [http://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/economy Restrictions on Movement] the blockade, which not only restricts Gazans' access to Israel but also communication between Gaza and the West Bank, has denied Gazan fishermen access to 85% of the waters they have been guaranteed access to.<ref>[[Palestinian freedom of movement]]</ref>

During the [[2014 Israel-Gaza Conflict|2014 Israel–Gaza Conflict]], 108,000 people were displaced, almost all of whom are still living in UNWRA refugee camps or inadequate improvised shelters. 28 schools, numerous wells, and other important civil infrastructure like major sewage and electricity plants were destroyed during Operation Protective Edge.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/israel-and-palestine |title=World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715082137/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/israel-and-palestine |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since then over 2,000 truckloads of materials for reconstruction have been allowed into Gaza, but according to a UN estimate, 735 truckloads per day, for three years, would be necessary to rebuild all the damaged infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/world/2015/02/13/gaza-misery/ |title=Half a year after devastating war, life in Gaza seems worse than ever. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920195210/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/world/2015/02/13/gaza-misery/ |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Further easing (2011–2013) === Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]], Egypt for some time opened the Rafah border crossing permanently as of 28 May 2011. A limited number of women of all ages and men aged below 18 and above 40 were able to enter Egypt without a visa,<ref name=BBCMAY28>{{cite news |title=Egypt eases blockade at Gaza's Rafah border |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13581141 |access-date=28 March 2013 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529022234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13581141 |archive-date=29 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> although there are still severe restrictions on the movement of personnel and goods to and from Gaza.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |title=Six months on, Egypt's revolt disappoints Gazans |url=https://af.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=AFLDE76O0DT20110726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927073210/https://af.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=AFLDE76O0DT20110726 |archive-date=27 September 2012 |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=26 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Palestine Telegraph">{{cite news |title=No change at Gaza Crossing: Rafah: a return to the status quo?|url=http://paltelegraph.com/palestine/gaza-strip/9533-no-change-at-gaza-crossing-rafah-a-return-to-the-status-quo.html |access-date=4 September 2011 |work=[[The Palestine Telegraph]] |date=1 July 2011 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330223750/http://paltelegraph.com/palestine/gaza-strip/9533-no-change-at-gaza-crossing-rafah-a-return-to-the-status-quo.html |archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012 Egypt started supplying fuel to the Gaza Strip, to help ease a lengthy fuel crisis arising from a dispute between Egypt and the Hamas government in Gaza over whether Gaza can trade with Egypt openly, or only via Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt helps ease Gaza oil crisis |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17487388 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324174722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17487388 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013 Israel eased its regulation on the entering of construction material into Gaza. The regulation was an attempt to reduce rocket fire in the south.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel eases ban on Gaza building material |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/20121230111016471213.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401113951/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/20121230111016471213.html |archive-date=1 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to a Gaza visit, scheduled for April 2013, Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan explained to Turkish newspaper ''[[Hürriyet]]'' that the fulfilment of three conditions by Israel was necessary for friendly relations to resume between Turkey and Israel: an apology for the raid (Prime Minister Netanyahu had delivered an apology to Erdogan by telephone on 22 March 2013), the awarding of compensation to the families affected by the raid, and the lifting of the Gaza blockade by Israel. The Turkish prime minister also explained in the ''Hürriyet'' interview, in relation to the April 2013 Gaza visit, "We will monitor the situation to see if the promises are kept or not."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel 'agrees' to Gaza easing |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/israel-agrees-to-gaza-easing/story-e6frg6so-1226607972165 |access-date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=28 March 2013 |first=John |last=Lyons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327194224/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/israel-agrees-to-gaza-easing/story-e6frg6so-1226607972165 |archive-date=27 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, Netanyahu affirmed that Israel would only consider exploring the removal of the Gaza blockade if peace ("quiet") is achieved in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel flotilla apology 'did not include promise to lift Gaza siege' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9950999/Israel-flotilla-apology-did-not-include-promise-to-lift-Gaza-siege.html |access-date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=24 March 2013 |first=Robert |last=Tait |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328133238/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9950999/Israel-flotilla-apology-did-not-include-promise-to-lift-Gaza-siege.html |archive-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== During the Gaza war === {{Excerpt|Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-5}}

====Famine==== {{Excerpt|Gaza Strip famine|only=paragraphs}}

==Border crossings== {{Main|Gaza–Israel barrier#Crossing points}}

At the end of 2023, there were two open border crossings with Israel ([[Kerem Shalom Crossing|Kerem Shalom border crossing]] and [[Erez Crossing|Erez]]), with an additional option via an Israel-Egypt crossing ([[Nitzana Border Crossing|Nitzana]]), and two border crossings with Egypt ([[Rafah Crossing]] and [[Salah al-Din Gate]] 4 km northwest of Rafah Crossing).<ref name="DC">[https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-gaza-crossing-raises-questions-about-blockade-policies New Gaza Crossing Raises Questions About Blockade Policies], Neri Zilber for [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 23 October 2019. Accessed 7 December 2023.</ref> On 12 March 2024, as a "pilot project", the 96th gate in the security fence (near Kibbutz [[Be'eri]]) was used by a convoy of six trucks taking humanitarian aid to northern Gaza under IDF protection.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/03/12/israel-hamas-war-latest-03-12-2024/43448f52-e03e-11ee-95aa-7384336086f3_story.html "The Latest | Ship with food aid leaves for war-torn Gaza; Israel says 100 rockets fired from Lebanon"], [[Associated Press]] via [[The Washington Post]]. Posted & accessed 13 March 2024.</ref>

==Military impact== The Israeli government justifies the blockade as a security measure. According to [[Sara Roy]], Israeli security officials have said the blockade has limited value against extremist attacks.{{sfn|Roy|2016|p=346}} [[Ghazi Hamad]], a senior Hamas member, said in 2024 that the blockade made importing components for Hamas weapons industry a challenge. Machine tools and explosives were either labeled for civilian use or hidden inside shipments of food or other goods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas built an underground war machine to ensure its own survival |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/10/05/hamas-tunnels-weapons-gaza-war-october-7-attacks/ |access-date=5 October 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=5 October 2024}}</ref> Jerome Slater described the blockade as a form of continuing Israeli control over the Strip,{{sfn|Slater|2020|loc=chpt 18|page=278|ps=: "Israel had not really withdrawn from Gaza, for it had continued to exercise both direct and indirect control and inflict severe suffering on its inhabitants."}} adding that "most Palestinian terrorism almost certainly would have ended" if Israel had ceased to occupy the West Bank and Gaza,{{sfn|Slater|2020|loc=chpt 18|page=279|ps=: "Further, most Palestinian terrorism almost certainly would have ended if Israel had ceased to occupy the West Bank and Gaza—after all, even while the occupation continued, Hamas had not only observed the truces but enforced them on more radical Palestinian terrorist organizations, except for a relatively few retaliations for far larger Israeli attacks."}} and considered it probable that the policy of deliberate impoverization creates as much terrorism as it deters.{{sfn|Slater|2020|loc=chpt 19|page=331|ps=: "Aside from the probability that deliberate impoverization creates as much terrorism as it deters, it is clear that the blockade or siege also has other goals: to keep Hamas dependent on occasional Israeli forbearance and to maintain Israel’s effective control over Gaza—but without the need for a major war and a possible military occupation of the area."}}

==Socioeconomic impact== The worsening economic and humanitarian situation raised great concern abroad. According to the [[UN Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD), in January 2003, the Israeli blockade and closures had drained as much as US$2.4 billion out of the economy of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>Lucy Dean (ed.),''The Middle East and North Africa, 2004'', Routledge 2003 p.925</ref>

Throughout 2006, the [[Karni crossing]] was only partially operational, costing Palestinians $500,000 a day, as less than 10% of the Gaza Strip's minimal daily export targets were achieved. Basic food commodities were severely depleted, bakeries closed and food rationing was introduced.<ref>''Report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People.'' Sixty-first session, Supplement No.35 (A/61/35). October 2005 – October 2006, United Nations Publications, New York, p.8</ref>

The [[World Bank]] estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. Gaza's manufacturing sector, once significant, shrunk by as much as 60% in real terms, due to the wars in the past 20 years and the blockade. Gaza's exports virtually disappeared since the imposition of the 2007 blockade. The World Bank said that "solutions have to be found to enable faster inflow of construction materials into Gaza" while taking into account "legitimate security concerns of neighboring countries."<ref name="worldBankGDP" />

In May 2015, the World Bank reported that the Gaza economy was on the "verge of collapse". 40% of Gaza's population lived in poverty, even though around 80% received some sort of aid. It said the restrictions had to be eased to allow construction materials "to enter in sufficient quantities" and to allow exports. "The economy cannot survive without being connected to the outside world", The World Bank said the tightened restrictions meant the construction sector's output was reduced by 83%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/23/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-economy-on-verge-of-collapse-world-bank-says.html |title=Gaza Strip Economy on 'Verge of Collapse,' World Bank Says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627012621/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/23/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-economy-on-verge-of-collapse-world-bank-says.html |archive-date=27 June 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Role in turning Gaza into an "open-air prison" === Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/palestinians-in-lebanon-ready-to-fight-israel-if-hezbollah-helps-them |title=Palestinians in Lebanon ready to fight Israel, if Hezbollah helps them |date=9 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009161501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/palestinians-in-lebanon-ready-to-fight-israel-if-hezbollah-helps-them |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="open-air prison">Multiple sources: * {{cite news |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Cook |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison-1.304687/ |title=How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220012330/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison |archive-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] |date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live |quote=One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison |title=Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison |archive-date=24 October 2015 |website=[[Truthout]] |date=9 November 2012 |quote=And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison}} * {{cite news |last=Cameron |first=David |author-link=David Cameron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html?_r=0 |title=Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html?_r=0 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 July 2014 |quote=Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel.}} * {{cite news |last=Dawber |first=Alistair |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html |title=Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813080736/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html |archive-date=13 August 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=13 April 2013 |quote=Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why ... Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.}} * {{cite book |last=Chehab |first=Zaki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 |title=Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |date=2007 |page=182 |isbn=978-0-85771-360-5 |quote=The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.}} * Anna Ball, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NX3aAAAAQBAJ 'Impossible Intimacies,'] in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) ''Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular,'' [[Routledge]] 2013 pp71-91 p.73: "...Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",</ref> including the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=11 July 2023 |editor-last=Maclean |editor-first=William |title=Israel occupation makes Palestinian territories 'open-air prison', UN expert says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-occupation-makes-palestinian-territories-open-air-prison-un-expert-2023-07-11/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104141357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-occupation-makes-palestinian-territories-open-air-prison-un-expert-2023-07-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref name="HRW111">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15 |title=Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15 |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]].<ref name="NRC111">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/ |title=Gaza: The world's largest open-air prison |work=[[Norwegian Refugee Council]] |date=26 April 2018 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011184025/https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This characterization was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the [[Gaza-Israel conflict]] and the wider [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Palestinian–Israeli conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/hell-earth-israel-unrest-spotlights-dire-conditions-gaza/story?id=103829699 |title='Hell on earth': Israel unrest spotlights dire conditions in Gaza |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012044104/https://abcnews.go.com/International/hell-earth-israel-unrest-spotlights-dire-conditions-gaza/story?id=103829699 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907912/israel-palestine-conflict-history-explained-gaza-hamas |title=This Gaza war didn't come out of nowhere |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013001255/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907912/israel-palestine-conflict-history-explained-gaza-hamas |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/palestinians-can-t-just-leave-gaza-during-israel-hamas-conflict/21fa3714-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html |title=No, Palestinians Can't Just Leave Gaza |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307223644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/palestinians-can-t-just-leave-gaza-during-israel-hamas-conflict/21fa3714-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/what-is-gaza-strip-the-besieged-palestinian-enclave-under-israeli-assault |title=What is Gaza Strip, the besieged Palestinian enclave under Israeli assault? |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012232725/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/what-is-gaza-strip-the-besieged-palestinian-enclave-under-israeli-assault |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn |title=Analyst: Gaza becomes the biggest open-air prison on earth |work=[[CNN]] |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022308/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TI111">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html |title=Gaza under siege: The 25-mile-long strip with 2.3 million 'prisoners' |work=[[The Independent]] |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202320/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Former British prime minister [[David Cameron]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110 |title=David Cameron describes blockaded Gaza as a 'prison' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 July 2010 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110 |url-status=live }}</ref> US senator [[Bernie Sanders]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10 |title=Bernie Sanders says Israel is violating international law with blockade on 'open-air prison' in Gaza |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012190735/https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> former Israeli diplomat [[Gideon Levy]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tupOEAAAQBAJ |title=The Punishment of Gaza |author=Gideon Levy |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2010 |isbn=9781844676019}}</ref> and Israeli historian [[Ilan Pappe]] have endorsed this characterization as well.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA1GQAACAAJ |title=The Biggest Prison on Earth |author=Ilan Pappe |publisher=One WorldPublications Books |year=2017 |isbn=9781851685875}}</ref>

In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison" due to the blockade and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.<ref name="HRW111"/> The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited [[Healthcare in the State of Palestine|access to healthcare]], and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.<ref name="HRW111"/> It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="HRW111"/> The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professionals were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.<ref name="HRW111"/>

The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018 called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliable electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.<ref name="NRC111"/> It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which suffer from stunted growth.<ref name="NRC111"/>

=== Economic effects === Following the implementation of the blockade, Israel halted all exports from the Gaza Strip. Israeli human rights organization Gisha, the Legal Center for Freedom of Movement, obtained an Israeli government document which says "A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to give economic assistance to the other party to the conflict, or that it wishes to operate using '[[economic warfare]]{{'"}}.<ref name="Frenkel-econowar" /> Sari Bashi, the director of Gisha, said that this showed that Israel was not imposing its blockade for its stated reasons of a security measure to prevent weapons from entering Gaza, but rather as collective punishment for the Palestinian population of Gaza.<ref name="Frenkel-econowar" />

In November 2010, the Israeli government allowed Gaza to resume agricultural exports, while still banning industrial exports. Shortly afterward, Gazan farmers began exporting [[strawberry|strawberries]], [[Bell pepper|peppers]], [[carnation]]s, and [[cherry tomato]]es. The exports travel to Europe via Israel, and Israel then transfers the money to agricultural cooperatives, which in turn pay the Palestinian farmers. The exports were implemented with aid from the [[Netherlands]], which was monitored by the Israeli defense establishment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4035850,00.html |title=Gaza starts exporting tomatoes |work=[[Ynet news]] |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405113140/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4035850,00.html |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=live |last1=Goldstein |first1=Tani}}</ref>

It is estimated that in November, less than 20,000 liters of fuel per week entered Gaza via the tunnels, compared to nearly 1 million liters per day until June 2013. The [[Gaza Power Plant]] (GPP), which had been supplying 30 percent of the electricity available in Gaza, has been exclusively dependent on Egyptian diesel smuggled through the tunnels, since early 2011. On 1 November, after depleting its fuel reserves, the GPP was forced to shut down, triggering power outages of up to 16 hours per day, up from 8–12 hours prior to that.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5D4CBD90BC8A8D4F85257C30005F790D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307212611/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5D4CBD90BC8A8D4F85257C30005F790D |archive-date=7 March 2014 |title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza fuel crisis – OCHA situation report (26 November 2013)}}</ref>

The World Bank estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. Gaza's manufacturing sector, once significant, shrunk by as much as 60 percent in real terms, due to the wars in the past 20 years and the blockade. Gaza's exports virtually disappeared since the imposition of the 2007 blockade. The World Bank said that "solutions have to be found to enable faster inflow of construction materials into Gaza" while taking into account "legitimate security concerns of neighboring countries."<ref name="worldBankGDP">{{cite web |title=Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/05/27/090224b082eccb31/5_0/Rendered/PDF/Economic0monit0oc0liaison0committee.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710131541/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/05/27/090224b082eccb31/5_0/Rendered/PDF/Economic0monit0oc0liaison0committee.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Movement of people === {{further |Palestinian freedom of movement |Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip}}

Because of the widespread violence within Israel during the [[Second Intifada]] that began in September 2000, Israel closed all entry points between Israel and the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, and closed the [[Gaza International Airport]]. On 9 October 2001, all movement of people and goods between Israel and the Palestinian territories was halted, and a complete internal closure came into effect on 14 November 2001.<ref>'Palestinian goods were subsequently denied passage through the West Bank border crossings with Jordan. Gaza's Rafah crossings with Egypt and Israeli transit facilities. Thousands of truck-loads of goods were impounded in Israeli ports. After 14 November, the Israeli army imposed an almost complete internal closure on the territories. The economic blockade deprived the PA of the taxes in goods and salaries of those Palestinians employed in Israel'. Lucy Dean (ed.)''The Middle East and North Africa, 2004'', Routledge, London 2003 p.924</ref>

[[File:ErezTurnstiles.jpg|thumb|Palestinian workers wait at the [[Erez Crossing]] to enter the Gaza Strip, July 2005.]] The Intifada came to an end in February 2005, and Israel forces and settlers left the Gaza Strip by 1 September 2005 as part of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]]. To improve the movement of people and economic activity in the Gaza Strip, Israel and the PA on 15 November 2005 signed an "[[Agreement on Movement and Access]]" (AMA). The AMA provided for the reopening of the [[Rafah crossing]] with Egypt, which was to be monitored by the PA and the [[European Union]]. Only people with [[Palestinian identity card]]s or foreign nationals, subject to Israeli oversight, were to be permitted to cross.<ref name=AMA-docs>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C9A5AA5245D910BB852570BB0051711C ''Agreed documents by Israel and Palestinians on Movement and Access from and to Gaza''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232023/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C9A5AA5245D910BB852570BB0051711C |date=4 October 2013}}. "Agreement on Movement and Access" and "Agreed Principles for Rafah Crossing", 15 November 2005</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Tanya |last=Reinhart |title=The Road to Nowhere |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London |date=2006 |pages=134–135}}</ref> In mid-November 2005, Israel started allowing some workers and traders to enter Israel via the [[Erez crossing]], if they had Israeli-issued permits, but until 21 January 2006, the crossing was open on less than 50% of working days on average.<ref name="december">[https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ochaSR_GazaAccess_Dec05.pdf The Gaza Strip: Access Report December 2005] United Nations</ref><ref name="unfebruary" />

Palestinians were invariably banned from traveling between Gaza and the West Bank. Following the [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]] in September 2005, Israel "[established] a domestic legal framework apparently aimed at sealing off Gaza from Israel and from the West Bank"<ref name="gisha">[https://www.gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications_english/Disengagement_Danger_6feb_06.pdf Disengagement Danger: Israeli Attempts to Separate Gaza from the West Bank] Gisha: Center for the Legal Protection of Freedom of Movement. February 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2022</ref> Israel had previously agreed, as part of the Oslo Accords, to treat Gaza and the West Bank as a single territorial unit, a position upheld by the Israeli High Court.<ref name="gisha" /> But after the 2005 disengagement, Israel adopted the position that Gaza residents have "no vested right" to cross into the West Bank; and that although there is "a certain connection" between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, it "does not give Gaza residents a right to enter [the West Bank]".<ref name="gisha" /> Gaza residents who did not try to cross the territory of Israel proper but instead traveled around it, using the "long and expensive" route via Egypt and Jordan to travel from Gaza to the West Bank, were still turned back by Israeli border personnel at the [[Allenby Bridge]] when attempting to enter the West Bank from Jordan.<ref name="gisha" /> This policy was still in place as of 2014: Gaza residents, except in rare "humanitarian" cases, are not allowed to enter the West Bank – even if they do not travel via Israel proper but around it, trying to enter via the Allenby Bridge.<ref name="btselem">{{cite book |editor-last=Stein |editor-first=Yael |publisher=[[B'tselem]] |url=https://www.btselem.org/download/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far_eng.pdf |title=So near yet so far: Implications of Israeli-Imposed Seclusion of Gaza Strip on Palestinians' Right to Family Life |date=January 2014 |access-date=10 December 2022 |isbn=978-965-7613-09-2 |archive-date=20 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120085001/https://www.btselem.org/download/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

AMA stipulated the opening hours of crossings between Gaza and Israel and the number of trucks/truckloads to pass through them.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|pp=428–429}} It also stipulated that bus convoys, carrying Palestinians from Gaza to the West Bank and vice versa, would start on 15 December 2005; and truck convoys, carrying goods on the same route, would start on 15 January 2006.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|p=430}} This agreement was not upheld, as neither bus nor truck convoys started by their respective dates.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|p=430}} Israel first announced that according to its interpretation, Israel was only obliged to run a "test" or "pilot" bus route and only for Palestinians meeting certain Israeli-specified requirements, then delayed this pilot project "indefinitely".<ref name="gisha" /> The part of the agreement concerning opening hours and throughput of border crossings was not implemented either.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|pp=428–429}}<ref name="daily">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-194494/ |title=Gaza Strip: Situation Report (3 May 2006) – OCHA report |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133621/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-194494/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Palestinians claim that Israel did not honor AMA in relation to movement of people between Gaza and the West Bank. The bus convoys between Gaza and the West Bank (which were to start on 15 December 2005) never started.{{sfn|Wolfensohn|2010|p=430}}<ref name="gisha" />

Gazans are invariably banned from entering the West Bank, and Israel adopted the position that they have no legal right to do so. This position has not changed since 2005.<ref name="gisha" /><ref name="btselem" />

=== Land blockade === The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in the Egyptian parliament wished to open trade across the border with Gaza in 2012, a move said to be resisted by Egypt's [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi|Tantawi]] government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's rulers resist Muslim Brotherhood's push to open Gaza border |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-rulers-resist-muslim-brotherhood-s-push-to-open-gaza-border-1.420035 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=21 March 2012 |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322025015/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-rulers-resist-muslim-brotherhood-s-push-to-open-gaza-border-1.420035 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Goods blocked ==== In the "Failing Gaza"<ref name="failing-gaza">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Failing-Gaza-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812044843/https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Failing-Gaza-Report.pdf |url-status=live |title=Failing Gaza: no rebuilding, no recovery, no more excuses |date=December 2009 |archive-date=2024-08-12|publisher=[[Amnesty International]] UK}}</ref> report, [[Amnesty International]] and other organizations wrote that cement, glass, steel, bitumen, wood, paint, doors, plastic pipes, metal pipes, metal reinforcement rods, aggregate, generators, high voltage cables and wooden telegraph poles were "high priority reconstruction materials currently with no or highly limited entry into Gaza through official crossings."<ref name="failing-gaza" /> A 2009 UN report by Kevin M. Cahill called the restrictions "Draconian", and said that reconstruction efforts were being undermined by Israel's refusal to permit the importation of steel, cement or glass, among other [[building materials]], and its policy of restricted importation of [[lentil]]s, pasta, [[tomato paste]] and juice, as well as batteries for hearing aids for deaf children. He said that despite the restrictions, UNRWA had been able to provide a basic food supply to over a million refugees in the Gaza Strip. He added that he "visited a food station where hundreds of displaced persons waited to collect their meager staples of rice, sugar, lentils and cooking oil. While this program may save people from starvation, it is a diet that does not prevent the highest level of [[anemia]] in the region, with alarming rates of childhood stunting due to inadequate nutrition."<ref name=UNGazaReport>{{cite web |first=Kevin M. |last=Cahill |date=22 February 2009 |title=Gaza – Destruction and Hope |url=https://www.un.org/ga/president/63/news/GazaReport.pdf |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319185815/http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/news/GazaReport.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Palestinians who negotiated the 2008 cease-fire believed that commerce in Gaza was to be restored to the levels preceding Israel's 2005 withdrawal and Hamas's electoral victory.<ref name="revive">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html |title=Gaza Truce May Be Revived by Necessity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722030124/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html |archive-date=22 July 2016 |first=Ethan |last=Bronner |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="nichols" /> Israeli policy tied the easing of the blockade to success in reducing rocket fire.<ref name="bare">{{cite news |first=Aleem |last=Maqbool |date=19 August 2008 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7570605.stm |title=Truce barely eases Gaza embargo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7570605.stm |archive-date=28 January 2015 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Israel permitted a 20% increase in goods trucked into Gaza in the pre-lull period, up from 70 to 90 truckloads a day,<ref name="revive" /> including not only humanitarian supplies but also clothes, shoes, refrigerators, and construction materials.<ref name="guide">{{cite news |first=Heather |last=Sharp |date=11 November 2008 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm |title=Guide: Gaza under blockade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090128132819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm |archive-date=28 January 2009 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Fuel supplies increased from 55 [[megawatt|MW]] worth to 65 MW worth.<ref name="guide" /> [[BBC News]] reported on 11 November that Gaza was then receiving only 28% of the amount of goods traded before the Hamas takeover.<ref name="guide" />

Over the one-month period from 4 November to 8 December, approximately 700 truck loads of goods went into Gaza, accounting for approximately 1/40th of estimated pre-blockade commerce.<ref name="nichols">{{cite news |first=John |last=Nichols |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/jimmy-carter-unnecessary-war |title=Jimmy Carter on "An Unnecessary War |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013020507/http://www.thenation.com/blog/jimmy-carter-unnecessary-war |archive-date=13 October 2010 |work=[[The Nation]] |date=8 January 2009}}</ref>

Israel said that food imports into the Strip were limited by its inability to operate at border checkpoints.<ref name="guide" /> It accused Hamas of exacerbating fuel shortages by leading labor union strikes by power plant workers.<ref name="guide" /> It has also accused Hamas of underfunding the [[Gaza strip#Health|Gaza health care system]], and then blaming the situation on Israel despite supposed free trade of medical supplies. Shipments of permitted medical supplies have [[Shelf life|expired]] due to the lengthy process required for passage through border crossings, requiring their destruction.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&Do=&ID=39137 Egyptian authorities forced to burn expired Gaza aid] [[Ma'an News Agency]] 10 July 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727154442/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&Do=&ID=39137 Archived] 23 July 2009.</ref> Israel said that travel restrictions on Gazans are necessary to protect national security, citing the cases of three Gazans who claimed to require medical attention in Israel but were in fact planning attacks in Israel.<ref name="guide" />

==== Tunnels ==== [[File:Smuggling tunnel in Rafah (2009).jpg|thumb|right|Smuggling tunnel in Rafah, 2009]] {{Main|Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels}}

The Gaza smuggling tunnels are mainly located at [[Rafah]], on the border with Egypt. The tunnels connect the Egyptian town of Rafah with the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[refugee camp]] of Rafah. As a result of the blockade, these tunnels became a vital supply artery for Gaza.<ref name="AJ_Gaza_tunnels">{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2014/04/gaza-tunnels-201441772150756893.html |title=An inside look at the tunnels under Gaza and the men who risk their lives to bring in essential supplies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423033007/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2014/04/gaza-tunnels-201441772150756893.html |archive-date=23 April 2014 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=21 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="reuterstunnels" /> They are used for various purposes, such to transport people (in and out) and commercial materials like medicine, food and clothes, cigarettes, alcohol, and vehicle parts into Gaza.<ref name="IDF strikes Gaza smuggling tunnel">{{cite news |work=[[YNet News]] |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3895876,00.html |title=IDF strikes Gaza smuggling tunnel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602070432/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3895876,00.html |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8650468.stm |title=Four Palestinians die in Gaza-Egypt 'tunnel collapse' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605100633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8650468.stm |archive-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> They are also used to smuggle illegal arms (including rockets, mortars and explosives) to Gaza militants.<ref name="IDF strikes Gaza smuggling tunnel" /><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" /> Often cars are sliced into four parts and transported across and re-assembled in Gaza.<ref name="reuterstunnels">{{cite news |last=al-Mughrabi |first=Nida |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLJ94474 |title=Israel, Egypt squeeze Gaza tunnel business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018092359/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLJ94474 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ahead of the Islamic festival, [[Eid al-Adha]], they were used to transport live cattle.<ref name="reuterstunnels" />

According to a tunnel operator, Israel bombards tunnels from the air, while Egypt either pumps poisonous gases and water or detonates explosives to destroy tunnels. During the Gaza War, Israel destroyed most of the tunnels, reducing their number to 150 (from 3,000) as of late 2009.<ref name="reuterstunnels" /> Egypt is constructing an [[Egypt-Gaza barrier|underground steel barrier]] to prevent circumvention of the blockade through tunnels.

The UN estimates unemployment has risen from 32.5% in September, to around 40%. In addition to people directly employed by tunnels, the shortage of materials has stopped the majority of construction projects in Gaza and left many jobless.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/gaza-egypt-tunnel-closures-add-economic-crisis-2014330144848664175.html |title=Gaza tunnel closures add to economic crisis |first=Nigel |last=O'Connor |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709151635/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/gaza-egypt-tunnel-closures-add-economic-crisis-2014330144848664175.html |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|removal]] of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi from office, Egypt's military had destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels used for smuggling food, weapons and other goods into Gaza.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304 Egypt bans Hamas activities in Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025194409/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304 |date=25 October 2014}}. Reuters. 4 March 2014.</ref> After protest sit-ins in Egypt supporting Morsi [[August 2013 Rabaa Massacre|were dispersed]], the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely'.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html |title=Rafah crossing closed after Egypt violence – Middle East |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119080010/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Buffer zone===== In October 2014, days after an attack in which 33 Egyptian soldiers were killed, Egypt announced it may create a buffer zone between Palestinian Rafah and Egyptian Rafah, where most tunnels were believed to be.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt may relocate thousands of Bedouin to widen buffer zone near Gaza border|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622751|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=26 October 2014|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224124221/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622751|archive-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Palestinian militants from Gaza behind Sinai attacks, Egyptian official says|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622854|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|quote=Beshadi stressed that the "only solution" for putting an end to the attacks by alleged Palestinian militants was to establish a "safe zone" between the Gaza Strip and Sinai, by relocating residents in other areas.|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102094952/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622854|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially, the width of the buffer zone was 500 meter but on 18 November 2014, Egypt said it would expand it to 1 km.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt to expand Gaza buffer zone to 1 km; 12 new tunnel openings found|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.627017|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=18 November 2014|quote=the Egyptian army will widen the zone from 500 meters in order to improve national security, after Egyptian security forces uncovered tunnels that were 800 to 1,000 meters long going deep into Egyptian territory.|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117132200/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.627017|archive-date=17 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 December 2014, the buffer zone was extended again to 5 km.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaza buffer zone to increase to 5 km: North Sinai governor|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/29/north-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km/|newspaper=[[Daily News Egypt]]|date=29 December 2014|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108032405/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/29/north-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km/|archive-date=8 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Egyptian authorities began implementing phase two in the flattening of large swaths of Egyptian Rafah where over 2,000 families lived, and widened the buffer zone. According to Egyptian reports, the second phase involved destroying everything standing across an additional 500 meters from the border area, on top of the 500 meters already cleared several months earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/2015-01-12/ty-article/.premium/over-2-000-more-rafah-homes-to-go/0000017f-dba8-d856-a37f-ffe851980000|title=Egypt to Raze 2,000 More Homes for Gaza Buffer Zone|first=Jack|last=Khoury|date=6 January 2018|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429080044/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.636538|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Effects of land blockade on Gaza==== There have been several reports and studies analysing the effect of the blockade on Gaza.

In July 2008, an [[UNRWA]] report on the situation in Gaza stated that "the number of households in Gaza below the consumption poverty line continued to grow, reaching 51.8% in 2007 (from 50.7% in 2006)".<ref>{{cite news |title=Poverty in Gaza Hits 'Unprecedented' Level |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43318 |publisher=Inter Press Service |first=Omid |last=Memarian |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610221017/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43318 |archive-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> In the same year, a Palestinian Bureau of Statistics study concluded that 80% of families in Gaza were living below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite news |title=Study shows 80% of families in Gaza live below poverty line |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm |work=USA Today |date=May 2008 |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035317/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[World Health Organization]] assessment conducted in 2009 claimed that the level of anemia in babies (9–12 months) was as high as 65%, while a Socio-economic and Food Security Survey Report stated that 61% of Gazans are food insecure and reliant on humanitarian aid. Of those that are food insecure, 65% are children under 18 years. Lastly, a [[European Network of Implementing Development Agencies]] (EUNIDA) report notes that, because of the security buffer zone imposed around Gaza as part of the blockade, as of June 2009, 46% of agricultural land was either inaccessible or out of production.<ref name="un20100525"/>

On 14 June 2010, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] noted that the increasing scarcity of items has led to rises in cost of goods while quality has fallen.<ref name="icrcBlockade">{{cite web |author=Dwyer Arce |url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/06/gaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php |title=Gaza blockade violates international law: ICRC |date=14 June 2010 |publisher=JURIST – Paper Chase |access-date=16 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929040620/http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/06/gaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php |archive-date=29 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is also "an acute electricity crisis", where electricity supplies are "interrupted for seven hours a day on average". As a consequence, they note that public services, particularly health services, have suffered, posing "a serious risk to the treatment of patients". In addition, medical equipment is difficult to repair, and medical staff cannot leave to gain more training. Lastly, the ICRC note that sanitation is suffering, because construction projects lack the equipment needed, or the equipment is of poor quality. Only 60% of the population is connected to a sewerage collection system, with the rest polluting the Gaza aquifer. As a result, water is largely "unfit for consumption".<ref name="Gaza closure: not another year!">{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-update-140610 |title=Gaza closure: not another year! |publisher=ICRC |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615191747/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-update-140610 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 25 May 2010 [[UNDP|United Nations Development Programme]] report stated that, as a result of the blockade, most of Gaza's manufacturing industry has closed, and unemployment stood at an estimated 40%, a decrease on previous years. The blockade has also prevented much needed construction, noting that almost "none of the 3,425 homes destroyed during Cast Lead have been reconstructed, displacing around 20,000 people". Less than 20% "of the value of the damages to educational facilities has been repaired", only "half of the damage to the power network has been repaired", "no repair has been made to the transport infrastructure", "a quarter of damaged farmland has been rehabilitated and only 40% of private businesses have been repaired".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669 |title=One year after report |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003539/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

An August 2012 report by UNRWA of the blockade's effects and general trends in Gaza forecasted that the region's population growth would outpace developments in economic infrastructure. In its press release, UN humanitarian coordinator Maxwell Gaylard said, "Gaza will have half a million more people by 2020 while its economy will grow only slowly. In consequence, the people of Gaza will have an even harder time getting enough drinking water and electricity, or sending their children to school."<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaza in 2020: A livable place?| work=UNRWA |url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/gaza-2020-liveable-place?id=1423|publisher=United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214947/http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/gaza-2020-liveable-place?id=1423|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A UN [[OCHA]] 2015 report stated that "longstanding access restrictions imposed by Israel have undermined Gaza's economy, resulting in high levels of unemployment, food insecurity and aid dependency," and that "Israeli restrictions on the import of basic construction materials and equipment have significantly deteriorated the quality of basic services, and impede the reconstruction and repair of homes."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade|url=http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/07/the-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade/|publisher=United Nations OCHA|access-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711164500/http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/07/the-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade/|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Naval blockade=== {{see also|2010 Gaza flotilla raid#UN Palmer Report|l1=Palmer Report|Maritime Exclusion Zone}} The [[Israeli Navy]] enforces a maritime [[blockade]] of the [[Port of Gaza]] and the coastline.<ref name="gov-20130418">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/publications/reports/mariners-1-2009 |title=Notices to Mariners – NO. 1/2009 Blockade of Gaza Strip |via=gov.il |publisher=Ministry of Transport and Road Safety (Israel) |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823105923/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/publications/reports/mariners-1-2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-08|title=Special Notice Gaza Maritime Area|url=https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lnms/LNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608202600/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lnms/LNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-08|access-date=2020-09-13|publisher=United States Coast Guard|quote=Gaza Maritime Area- All U.S. vessels and mariners are advised that Israel is currently enforcing a blockade in the "Gaza Maritime Area". The area is closed to all maritime traffic and the blockade is being enforced by the Israeli Navy. The Gaza Maritime Area is enclosed by the following coordinates: 31°35.71'N, 34°29.46'E; 31°46.80'N, 34°10.01'E; 31°19.39'N, 34°13.11'E; 31°33.73'N, 33°56.68'E U.S. vessels and mariners intending to enter the area are likely to face enforcement action by the Israeli Navy. The Department of State has also advised against travel by U.S. citizens to Gaza by any means, including by sea. Previous attempts to enter Gaza by sea have resulted in violent incidents and the detention and deportation of those involved. U.S. mariners are also reminded that procedures exist for the delivery of humanitarian cargo to Gaza via the Israeli port of Ashdod or the Egyptian port of El-Arish, where cargo can be screened.}}</ref>

Under the [[Oslo II Accord]], activities of the [[Palestinian Naval Police]] are restricted to {{convert|6|nmi|km}} from the coast.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karsh|first1=Efraim|title=Israel: the First Hundred Years: Volume II: From War to Peace?|date=2013|page=216}}</ref> Under the 1994 [[Gaza–Jericho Agreement]], which was not implemented, Palestinian fishing was to be permitted up to {{convert|20|nmi|km}} offshore.<ref name="jps" /> In 2007, Israel restricted fishermen travel to {{convert|6|nmi|km}} offshore. Israeli officials said the restrictions were necessary because of past incidents of Palestinians using fishing boats for smuggling and attacks. Israeli [[patrol boat]]s regularly patrol Gaza's coastline and fire on Palestinian fishing vessels that go beyond the permitted distance from shore.<ref name="jps">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Linda |year=2009 |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |volume=38 |issue=3. Spring 2009 |page=93 |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/10336.pdf |access-date=2 May 2010 |doi=10.1525/jps.2009.xxxviii.3.93 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516084345/http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/10336.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |title=Gaza at a Glance}}</ref> In July 2018, Israel further restricted the Gaza fishing space to {{convert|3|nmi|km}}.<ref name="jpost160718">{{cite news |first1=Tovah |last1=Lazaroff |first2=Khaled Abu |last2=Toameh |date=16 July 2018 |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/israel-halts-flow-of-gas-and-fuel-into-gaza-562682 |title=Hamas condemns Israeli ban of gas and fuel into Gaza |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

Israel has intercepted a number of vessels attempting to bring supplies into Gaza, claiming that they may be providing goods that may be used to build arms. A humanitarian mission organised by the [[Free Gaza Movement]], with [[Cynthia McKinney]] and [[Mairead Maguire]] on board, was intercepted by Israel attempting to sail to Gaza. They were deported but the supplies were later delivered to Gaza over land by truck.

On 29 April 2014, ''Gaza's Ark'', a vessel being converted in Gaza from a fishing boat to carry cargo to Europe, was sunk by an explosion following a telephone warning to the guard, who was uninjured.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza's Ark Attacked |url=http://www.gazaark.org/2014/04/28/gazas-ark-attacked/ |publisher=Gaza's Ark |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430014244/http://www.gazaark.org/2014/04/28/gazas-ark-attacked/ |archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mysterious blast hits Europe-bound Gaza ship |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mysterious-blast-targets-europe-bound-gaza-ship/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430030951/http://www.timesofisrael.com/mysterious-blast-targets-europe-bound-gaza-ship/ |archive-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The organisers of the project suspect that Israel forces are responsible.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blast sinks Gaza's Ark protest boat in port |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/04/29/Blast-sinks-Gaza-s-Ark-protest-boat-in-port.html |access-date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=[[Al Arabiya News]] |date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430014448/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/04/29/Blast-sinks-Gaza-s-Ark-protest-boat-in-port.html |archive-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 2000 and 2018, [[Al Mezan Center for Human Rights]] has documented 1,283 incidents involving Palestinian fishermen, including 1,192 shooting incidents that led to the death of 8 fishermen and to the injury of 134 fishermen. During these incidents, 656 fishermen were detained, and 209 boats were confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fisherman Killed by Israeli Naval Forces, Two Others Injured and Detained|url=http://www.mezan.org/en/post/22452|access-date=28 February 2018|work=EuroPal Forum|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225032/http://www.mezan.org/en/post/22452|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2019}}

====Effect on the fishing industry==== [[File:Al Jazeera - Gaza Fishing.ogv|thumb|''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' report on the effects on the fishing industry]]

The sea blockade has caused damage to Gaza fishing industry.

The [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] has estimated that Gaza fishermen need to journey at least 12–15 nautical miles from shore to catch larger shoals, and sardines in particular are {{convert|6|nmi|km|abbr=on}} offshore. Shoals closer to shore have been depleted. The total catch pre-blockade in 1999 was nearly 4,000 tons, this was reduced to 2,700 tons in 2008. In the 90s, the Gaza fishing industry was worth $10 million annually or 4% of the total Palestinian economy; this was halved between 2001 and 2006. 45,000 Palestinians were employed in the fishing industry, employed in jobs such as catching fish, repairing nets and selling fish. Fish also provided much-needed animal protein to Gazans' diet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0701/p06s02-wome.html |title=How Israel's naval blockade denies Gazans food, aid |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Mel |last=Frykberg |access-date=12 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703065059/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0701/p06s02-wome.html |archive-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] also notes that "90% of Gaza's 4000 fishermen are now considered either poor (with a monthly income of between US$100 and US$190) or very poor (earning less than US$100 a month), up from 50% in 2008." Nezar Ayyash, head of Gaza's fishermen's union, is quoted as saying that he has been arrested and his boat confiscated several times.<ref name="Gaza closure: not another year!" /> According to the Palestinian Fishermen's Syndicate, there are 3,800 registered fishermen in the Gaza Strip. Only 2,000 of them are currently working as a result of restrictions, constant attacks and growing cost of fishing equipment.

===Energy restrictions=== {{see also|Gaza electricity crisis}}

Almost all of Gaza's liquid fuel and about half of its electricity are supplied by Israel, while Gaza's sole power plant runs on crude diesel imported via Israel. In normal times, Israel exempts from the blockade fuel for the power plant as well as for essential services such as hospitals, and does not cut electricity supplies. But during times of conflict, Israel has disrupted supplies. In late October 2007, in response to persistent rocket fire on southern Israel, Israel cut diesel exports to Gaza by 15% and gasoline exports by 10%, and created targeted electrical outages for 15 minutes after a rocket attack. According to Israeli officials, the energy flow to hospitals and Israeli shipments of crude diesel to Gaza's sole power plant was unaffected. The Israeli government argued that these limited energy cuts were a nonviolent way to protest Hamas rocket attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7068239.stm |title=Israel's Gaza fuel cuts alarm UN |publisher=BBC News |date=29 October 2007 |access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref>

The next day, [[Attorney General of Israel]] [[Menachem Mazuz]] suspended the electricity cuts, and the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]] gave the government three days to justify its energy cuts policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7068956.stm |title=Gaza electricity cuts suspended |publisher=BBC News |date=30 October 2007 |access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref>

On 1 December 2007, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the electricity cuts were unlawful, and ordered the Israeli military to stop them by the following day, but also allowed Israel to continue reducing its diesel and gasoline shipments to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Macintyre|first1=Donald|title=Court halts Gaza electricity cuts but fuel reductions stay |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/court-halts-gaza-electricity-cuts-but-fuel-reductions-stay-761712.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 December 2007 |access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113808/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/court-halts-gaza-electricity-cuts-but-fuel-reductions-stay-761712.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Control of Gazan air space=== The Oslo Accords interim peace agreements expressly give Israel security control over Gazan airspace and coastal waters.<ref name="law">JCPA Global Law Forum, International Law and the Fighting in Gaza, Justus Reid Weiner and Avi Bell, 05/01/2009 [http://www.globallawforum.org/ViewPublication.aspx?ArticleId=87] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817080439/http://globallawforum.org/viewpublication.aspx?articleid=87|date=17 August 2011}}</ref> Gazan air space is controlled by radar.<ref name="jps" /> There are regular overflights by Israeli fighter jets and a surveillance balloon is tethered near the Erez crossing. [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]]s patrol the sky for surveillance,<ref name="jps" /> also engaging in missile strikes targeting people and infrastructure; these drones produce a nearly constant buzzing noise audible from the ground and are therefore referred to by Palestinians in Gaza as ''[[zanana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=28 November 2013 |title=Gaza: Life and death under Israel's drones |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/28/gaza-life-and-death-under-israels-drones |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104101320/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/28/gaza-life-and-death-under-israels-drones |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Limitation of basic goods=== Israel allows limited [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian supplies]] from aid organizations into the Gaza Strip, but not dual-use items, which can also be used for military purposes. According to the [[Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories]] of the Israel Defense Forces, in May 2010, this included over 1.5 million litres of diesel fuel and gasoline, fruits and vegetables, wheat, sugar, meat, chicken and fish products, dairy products, animal feed, hygiene products, clothing and shoes.<ref name="IDF Spokesperson's Unit">{{cite web|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/10/05/0503.htm |title=Summary of the weekly transfer of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip by the IDF Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (CoGAT) |date=5 May 2010 |publisher=[[IDF Spokesperson's Unit]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507112222/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/10/05/0503.htm |archive-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

According to [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]], items that have at various times been denied importation into Gaza in 2010 include ordinary consumer goods such as jam, candles, books, musical instruments, shampoo, A4 paper, and livestock such as chicken, donkeys, and cows.<ref>[http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf '' Partial List of Items Prohibited/Permitted into the Gaza Strip,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704110657/http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf |date=4 July 2010}} [[Gisha]] May 2010</ref><ref>Andrew Sanger, 'The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla,' in M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack(eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA401 ''Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2010''], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731133032/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA401 |date=31 July 2018}} Spreinger/T.M. C. Asser Press 2011 pp.397ff., p.401.</ref> The [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (COGAT) also lists [[wheelchair]]s, dry food items, [[crayon]]s, [[stationery]], and [[soccer ball]]s as shipments that Israeli authorities have prevented from entering Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza strip |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2010_04_english.pdf |work=The Humanitarian Monitor |date=April 2010 |page=8 |publisher=[[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] – occupied Palestinian territory |access-date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706013519/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2010_04_english.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifeline4gaza.org/crisis/ |title=The Crisis |publisher=Lifeline 4 Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602001838/http://www.lifeline4gaza.org/crisis/ |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/85c3efa5c2b5ae080ee3d27d53c2dacf.htm |title=News |publisher=AlertNet |access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref> International aid group [[Mercy Corps]] said it was blocked from sending 90 tons of macaroni and other foodstuffs. After international pressure, Israeli authorities said that they were giving the shipment a green light.<ref name="Archived">Dion Nissenbaum. [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/62797.html "Israel Blocks Pasta Shipment to Gaza, and Tensions Boil"]. [[McClatchy Newspapers]]. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103059/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/62797.html Archived] 23 July 2009.</ref> Israel was also reported to have prevented aid groups from sending in other items, such as paper, art supplies, tomato paste and lentils.<ref>{{cite news |title=Depletion of wheat stocks and shortage of basic food items |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_2008_12_23_english.pdf |work=Protection of Civilians Weekly Report |issue=290 (17–23 December 2008) |date=December 2008 |page=2 |publisher=[[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] – occupied Palestinian territory |access-date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706072623/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_2008_12_23_english.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref> Because of an Israeli ban on the importation of construction materials such as cement and steel, which could be used to build bunkers for military use by Hamas, the UN Relief and Works Agency started to build mud brick homes.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN builds mud brick homes for homeless Gazans |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/un-builds-mud-brick-homes-for-homeless-gazans-1.2271 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=12 December 2009 |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024172727/http://www.haaretz.com/news/un-builds-mud-brick-homes-for-homeless-gazans-1.2271 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aid agencies say that while food and other essential supplies pile up in warehouses and await trucks at crossing points, Israel's COGAT, which controls access to Gaza, routinely rejects or delays shipments, often without explanation. Humanitarian workers and officials describe the approval process as arbitrary and sometimes contradictory. Even minor issues, such as a single item deemed problematic, can result in the entire truck being turned back, forcing it to restart a lengthy clearance process that may take weeks. Items have been rejected as "luxuries", including chocolate croissants, or flagged as potential dual-use goods: a truckload of green sleeping bags was turned away because COGAT associated the color with the military.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Qiblawi |first1=Tamara |last2=Goodwin |first2=Allegra |last3=Elbagir |first3=Nima |last4=Faraj |first4=Caroline |last5=Khadder |first5=Kareem |title=Anesthetics, crutches, dates: The aid Israel is arbitrarily keeping from Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/01/middleeast/gaza-aid-israel-restrictions-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=27 June 2025 |date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240302044031/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/01/middleeast/gaza-aid-israel-restrictions-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Masih |first1=Nina |title=Crutches and chocolate croissants: Gaza aid items Israel has rejected |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/11/israel-aid-gaza-banned-blocked/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=27 June 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240423220655/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/11/israel-aid-gaza-banned-blocked/ |archive-date=23 April 2024 |date=11 April 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since early January 2026, Israel has permitted certain commercial traders to import and sell items classified as dual-use in Gaza while humanitarian organisations remain prohibited from bringing in the same goods. Under this system, private-sector shipments of items such as generators and metal pallets have been allowed to enter Gaza through Israeli-controlled crossings. Aid officials and humanitarian agencies have said this has made essential items available primarily through commercial markets, where they are sold at significantly higher prices, limiting access for much of the civilian population. Dual-use items barred since the start of the Gaza war include wheelchairs, walkers, crutches, solar panels, and smoke detectors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |title=Israel allowing traders to bring into Gaza 'dual-use' items barred from aid organisations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/01/israel-allowing-traders-to-bring-into-gaza-dual-use-items-barred-from-aid-organisations |website=The Guardian |access-date=11 January 2026 |date=1 January 2026}}</ref> Critics of these restrictions, including United Nations agencies and human rights organisations, say their broad scope has impeded repairs to critical civilian infrastructure, including water and sanitation systems, worsening the humanitarian situation. They argue that restrictions on reconstruction materials have had a greater documented impact on civilian life than allegations of diversion cited by Israeli authorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2013 World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade Facilitation: Israel's obligations towards Palestinian Trade |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/gdsapp2015d2_en.pdf |website=[[UN Trade and Development]] |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>

====Limitation system==== In September 2007, the Israeli cabinet voted to tighten the restrictions on the Gaza strip. The cabinet decision stated, "the movement of goods into the Gaza Strip will be restricted; the supply of gas and electricity will be reduced; and restrictions will be imposed on the movement of people from the Strip and to it."<ref name="Haaretz">Hass, Amira. [https://www.haaretz.com/2012-10-17/ty-article/.premium/israels-gaza-quota-2-279-calories-a-day/0000017f-e0f2-d7b2-a77f-e3f755550000 "2,279 calories per person: How Israel made sure Gaza didn't starve."] ''Haaretz Newspaper'', 17 October 2012.</ref>

In January 2010, the Israeli group [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]] took Israeli authorities to court, forcing them to reveal which goods were permitted and which goods were not. The Israeli government replied that canned fruit, fruit juices and chocolate are blocked, while at the same time canned meat, canned tuna, mineral water, [[tahini|sesame paste]], tea and coffee are allowed into the Gaza Strip.<ref>Franks, Tim. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8654337.stm Details of Gaza blockade revealed in court case] ," ''[[BBC News]]''.</ref> Banned items also included coriander, shampoo and shoes.<ref name="Haaretz" /><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Mouin Rabbani |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n15/mouin-rabbani/israel-mows-the-lawn |title=Israel mows the lawn |magazine=London Review of Books |volume=36 |issue=15 |page=8 |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722211719/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n15/mouin-rabbani/israel-mows-the-lawn |archive-date=22 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2010, papers were released which revealed a system to maintain the minimum level of basic goods entering the Strip. It contained upper and lower warning lines, identifying surpluses and shortages of listed products in Gaza.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-releases-papers-detailing-formula-of-gaza-blockade-1.321154 ''Israel Releases Papers Detailing Formula of Gaza Blockade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117052217/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-releases-papers-detailing-formula-of-gaza-blockade-1.321154 |date=17 November 2015}}. Amira Hass, Haaretz, 26 October 2010</ref>

In October 2012, an Israeli court forced Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) to release a document that detailed "red lines" for "food consumption in the Gaza strip" during the 2007 blockade. According to the COGAT, the document was a rough draft, and never actually implemented. He want on further to say that there was never even any discussion after the document had been drafted. The document calculates the minimum number of calories necessary to keep Gazans from malnutrition and avoid a humanitarian crisis. This number was converted to a number of daily truckloads, the number being decreased to account for food produced in Gaza, and further on the basis of "culture and experience" of the Gazans. This reduction, if implemented, would have resulted in an increase in sugar and a decrease in fruits, vegetables, milk, and meat.<ref name="Haaretz" /> [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]], an Israeli human-rights group, said that in fact the number of truckloads allowed into Gaza was less than stipulated in the calculation. The UN said that if the policy was intended to cap food imports, it would go against humanitarian principles. The body responsible for the calculation said its intent was to ensure no shortages occur, not to cap food imports. Israeli officials now acknowledge the restrictions were partly meant to pressure Hamas by making the lives of Gazans difficult.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel forced to release study on Gaza blockade|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19975211|access-date=28 March 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=17 October 2012|agency=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203064832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19975211|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Israel limits the amount of load the trucks may carry, ostensibly for security reasons. In the past, the total height of goods stacked on trucks was not allowed to exceed 1.2 meters. The Israeli authorities did not explain why they did not use to its full potential the scanner, donated by the Dutch government and calibrated according to the military's specifications, which can scan at a height of 2 meters. In February 2016, the allowed height was increased to 1.5 meters.<ref>[http://gisha.org/updates/4943 ''An inch at a time''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229141202/http://gisha.org/updates/4943 |date=29 February 2016}}. Gisha, 11 February 2016</ref>

==Legality of the blockade== {{see also|Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid}} While the blockade's legality has not been adjudicated in court, several non-judicial entities have expressed opinions. International law regards a blockade as an act of war.<ref name="Bisharat 2009 p59">{{cite journal |first=George |last=Bisharat |title=Israel's Invasion of Gaza in International Law |page=59 |url=https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2001&context=faculty_scholarship |display-authors=etal |journal=Denver Journal of International Law & Policy |volume=38 |number=1 |year=2009 |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192257/https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=2001&context=faculty_scholarship |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Laws of war define a blockade as encirclement of an area and prevention of access to it with the aim to make the enemy surrender through deprivation and isolation. It is a legitimate means of warfare. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373|Security Council Resolution 1373]], adopted on 28 September 2001 after the [[September 11 attacks]] on the United States, obliges all member states to prohibit making resources available to militant organizations. The [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] allows humanitarian assistance to be denied if there is a serious concern that it will be delivered to those who are not innocent civilians and create an advantage for the enemy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/law/article/163890 | title=הדרך לניצחון בעזה בראי הדין הבינלאומי | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref>

Former [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC),<ref name="unhchr.ch">{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/9B63490FFCBE44E5C1257632004EA67B?opendocument |title=UN Fact Finding Mission finds strong evidence worried that war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Gaza conflict; calls for end to impunity |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531095843/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/9B63490FFCBE44E5C1257632004EA67B?opendocument |archive-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and other human rights organizations have criticized the blockade. In 2011, a panel of UN experts concluded that the naval blockade of Gaza constituted [[collective punishment]] and in doing so violated international law, contradicting a previous [[Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)#UN Inquiry|UN investigation]] that declared it was legal.<ref name="reuters-OHCHR"/>

The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) termed Israel's blockade of Gaza "collective punishment" in violation of international humanitarian law. In 2010 it also called the blockade a violation of the Geneva Conventions and called for its lifting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-blockade-icrc/israels-gaza-blockade-breaks-law-says-icrc-idUSTRE65D00R20100614 |title=Israel's Gaza blockade breaks law, says ICRC |first=Stephanie |last=Nebehay |publisher=[[Reuters]] |year=2010 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192455/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-blockade-icrc/israels-gaza-blockade-breaks-law-says-icrc-idUSTRE65D00R20100614 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2010 [[UNHRC]] Report on the Flotilla Incident also noted that the naval blockade and other travel restrictions imposed on the Gaza Strip had tripled "abject poverty" among refugees in the territory, making 61 per cent of households food insecure causing "disproportionate damage to the civilian population".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://webjcli.org/index.php/webjcli/article/view/207/277#_ftnref248 |title=The Legality of the Israeli Naval Blockade of the Gaza Strip |first=Elizabeth |last=Spelman |date=2013 |journal=[[European Journal of Current Legal Issues]] |volume=19 |issue=1}}</ref>

In 2009, George Bisharat argued that when the blockade was tightened in 2007, Israel constituted an occupying power under customary international law and therefore had an affirmative duty to provide food and medical supplies under Article 55 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. He further claimed that the tightening constituted a collective punishment of the population of Gaza for Hamas's 2006 electoral victory, violating Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.<ref name="Bisharat 2009 p59" />

A 2011 policy paper by [[Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research]] stated that the "arguments that conditions required for declaring a blockade are actually met in the case of Israeli blockade of Gaza" were both inadequate and a misinterpretation of international law. In addition, Israel's overarching argument directed at Gazans that "you have elected Hamas, now endure its consequences" amounted to collective punishment and was illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mavimarmara.co/uploads/files/a-raid-from-the-sea-the-gaza-flotilla-attack-and-blockade-under-legal-scrutiny2011-10-01-1.pdf |title=A Raid from the Sea: The Gaza Flotilla Attack and Blockade under Legal Scrutiny |first=Ufuk |last=Ulutaş |date=2011 |issue=55}}</ref>

Law professor [[Noura Erakat]] wrote in 2012 that Israel's blockade was "illegal pursuant to international humanitarian law because it contravenes its obligations towards a civilian population living under its occupation" and said this had been covered at length by various commentators and human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Erakat |first=Noura |date=2012 |title=It's Not Wrong, It's Illegal: Situating the Gaza Blockade Between International Law and the UN Response |volume=11 |issue=37 |journal=UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2214163}}</ref>

The Global International Humanitarian Law Centre of Diakonia published in 2014 that: {{blockquote|... as outlined by the Hague Regulations (1899/1907), a territory is considered occupied when it is placed under the effective control of a hostile army. The Gaza Strip remains under belligerent occupation as Israel continues to retain effective control over significant aspects of civil life in the Gaza Strip on a daily basis as well as directly exercising certain elements of governing control over the territory and the people of the Gaza Strip. For as long as Israel maintains effective control over the Gaza Strip, it must fully comply with its obligations under IHL and IHRL, as the occupying power. This includes providing for the welfare of the occupied Palestinian population therein.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.diakonia.se/globalassets/blocks-ihl-site/ihl-file-list/ihl---briefs/status-of-the-gaza-strip-final.30.9.2014.pdf |title=The Gaza Strip: Status under international humanitarian law |author=IHL Resource Centre |publisher=Diakonia |year=2014 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109154723/https://www.diakonia.se/globalassets/blocks-ihl-site/ihl-file-list/ihl---briefs/status-of-the-gaza-strip-final.30.9.2014.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Filippo Grandi]], Commissioner General of the [[UNRWA]], said in 2014 that "Israel's blockade is illegal and [it] must be lifted ... the siege on the Gaza Strip which has been imposed on the Gaza Strip for more than half a decade is considered the longest in history; longer than that of Sarajevo, Berlin and Leningrad", adding that "the world should not forget about the security of the people of Gaza ... Their security is worth the same as everybody else's security so we appeal to the humanitarian sense of all."<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/10%20-%20KHALID%20BUTT%20-%20ANAM_v23_1_16.pdf |title=Blockade on Gaza Strip: A Living Hell on Earth |first1=Khalid Manzoor |last1=Butt |first2=Anam Abid |last2=Butt |journal=[[Journal of Political Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |date=2016 |pages=157–182}}</ref>

UNRWA also referred to the blockade as illegal as it entered its tenth year in June 2016, saying that it was one of "the principle causes of the socio-economic and psychosocial crisis in Gaza".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unrwa.org/what_the_Gaza_blockade_means |title=What the Gaza Blockade means |work=UNRWA }}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] called in 2017 for the lifting of the "illegal blockade", warning of a "looming humanitarian catastrophe".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2017/06/gaza-looming-humanitarian-catastrophe-highlights-need-to-lift-israels-10-year-illegal-blockade/ |title=Gaza: Looming humanitarian catastrophe highlights need to lift Israel's 10-year illegal blockade |date=14 June 2017 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref>

== Reactions == {{see also|Reactions to the Gaza flotilla raid}}

=== Palestinian === ==== Fatah ==== Linked with the [[Fatah–Hamas conflict|conflict following his party's loss in the 2006 election]], Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas approved the Egyptian border restrictions by the new regime, purportedly aimed at protecting Egypt from danger. In 2014 and subsequent years, Abbas supported Egypt's crackdown on [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels|smuggling tunnels]] and welcomed the flooding of the tunnels by Egypt in coordination with the PA.<ref name="aljazeera1214">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/abbas-supports-egypt-action-gaza-tunnels-2014121265210713278.html ''Abbas 'supports' Egypt action on Gaza tunnels''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111953/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/abbas-supports-egypt-action-gaza-tunnels-2014121265210713278.html |date=7 March 2016}}. Al Jazeera, 12 December 2014</ref><ref name="memo_tunnels_flooded">[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/21303-sisi-says-gaza-tunnels-flooded-in-coordination-with-pa ''Sisi says Gaza tunnels flooded in coordination with PA''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105614/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/21303-sisi-says-gaza-tunnels-flooded-in-coordination-with-pa |date=4 March 2016}}. MEMO, 28 September 2015</ref><ref name="haaretz_abbas">[https://www.haaretz.com/2014-12-01/ty-article/.premium/abbas-egypt-right-to-create-gaza-buffer-zone/0000017f-e3a2-d568-ad7f-f3eb85430000 ''Abbas: Egypt Right to Create Buffer Zone on Gaza Border''] . Jack Khoury, Haaretz, 1 December 2014 (premium).<br />"Abbas believed the destruction of the tunnels was the best solution. The Palestinian president said he had recommended previously the sealing or destruction of the tunnels by flooding them and then punishing the owners of the homes that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their homes."</ref>

In 2010, Abbas declared that he opposed lifting the Israeli naval blockade of the Gaza Strip because this would bolster Hamas. Egypt also supported this position.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/abbas-to-obama-i-m-against-lifting-the-gaza-naval-blockade-1.295771 ''Abbas to Obama: I'm against lifting the Gaza naval blockade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227101816/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/abbas-to-obama-i-m-against-lifting-the-gaza-naval-blockade-1.295771 |date=27 February 2014}}. Barak Ravid, Haaretz, 13 June 2010</ref>

In 2016, Abbas objected to the entrance of Qatari fuel to the Gaza electricity plant via Israel, because his PA would be unable to collect taxes on the fuel.<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23968-yaalon-abbas-objected-to-qatari-fuel-entering-gaza-through-ashdod ''Ya'alon: Abbas objected to Qatari fuel entering Gaza through Ashdod''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124216/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23968-yaalon-abbas-objected-to-qatari-fuel-entering-gaza-through-ashdod |date=7 March 2016}}. MEMO, 17 February 2016</ref>

In 2016 most Palestinian parties welcomed Turkish initiatives to end the strict Israeli siege on the Gaza Strip by building a [[Gaza Seaport plans|seaport]] for the movement of people and goods. This step was condemned by Fatah and the PA, a senior Fatah leader saying that his movement would not allow this to happen, while the Fatah Executive Committee said this was an Israeli trick to separate Gaza from the West Bank. In turn a Hamas official condemned the PA's position; "This position proves that the PA is part of the Israeli-led siege which has been imposed on Gaza for ten years".<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/24242-palestinian-factions-welcome-turkish-efforts-to-lift-gaza-siege ''Palestinian factions welcome Turkish efforts to lift Gaza siege''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124636/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/24242-palestinian-factions-welcome-turkish-efforts-to-lift-gaza-siege |date=7 March 2016}}. MEMO, 1 March 2016</ref>

In 2017, the PA government imposed its own sanctions against Gaza, including, among other things, cutting off salaries to thousands of PA employees, as well as financial assistance to hundreds of families in the Gaza Strip. The PA initially said it would stop paying for the electricity and fuel that Israel supplies to the Gaza Strip, but after a year partially backtracked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/palestinian-authority-rejects-israeli-us-ideas-to-help-gaza-560921|title=Palestinian Authority rejects Israeli, U.S. ideas to help Gaza|work=The Jerusalem Post|archive-date=20 October 2023|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020135417/https://www.jpost.com//arab-israeli-conflict/palestinian-authority-rejects-israeli-us-ideas-to-help-gaza-560921|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Israel === {{flag|Israel}} Since 2005, Israel asserts that it ended its occupation of Gaza when it [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengaged from the coastal strip in 2005]].<ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092456/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza%3A_The_Assault_on_Israel%E2%80%99s_Right_to_Self-Defense |date=6 March 2012}}, [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]], Vol. 7, No. 29, 28 January 2008.</ref> After [[Israel's unilateral disengagement|Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]] from the Gaza strip, Israel no longer has troops stationed within Gaza. Israel has retained control over Gaza's airspace and coastline, and over its own border with the territory. Egypt has control of its border with Gaza. Israel and Egypt also control the flow of goods in and out. Israel controls fuel imports to Gaza, and also controls the majority of electricity used in Gaza (approximately 60%), which it supplies from the Israeli electrical grid.<ref name="sanctions_legal" /><ref>Israel court backs Gaza fuel cuts [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL3012543120071130?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews], 30 November 2007</ref> There have been a series of attacks by Israeli ground forces such as the [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict]], as well as [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]] on Israel and cross-border attacks by Gazan militant groups against Israeli troops.

In September 2007, citing an intensification of [[Qassam rocket]] attacks, Israel restricted the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. Israel said the blockade's purpose was to pressure Hamas into ending the rocket attacks and to deprive them of the supplies necessary for the continuation of rocket attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel Pressures Hamas Ahead of Rice's Arrival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 September 2007 |first1=Steven |last1=Erlanger |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531060214/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israel declares Gaza 'hostile territory'|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/19/africa/mideast.php|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune|IHT]]|date=19 September 2007|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009125531/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/19/africa/mideast.php|archive-date=9 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet declares Gaza 'hostile territory'|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/905561.html|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=20 September 2007|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220091324/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/905561.html|archive-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Israel argues that it is not legally responsible for Gaza beyond whatever is necessary to avoid a humanitarian crisis.<ref name="sanctions_legal" />

According to a US Congressional Research Service report:{{Blockquote|While there are differing views in Israel concerning the Gaza blockade ... most Israelis equate security with survival and peace. Israel's leaders appear to believe that the blockade of the Gaza Strip [among other security and deterrence measures], have brought about a quiet. ... As of the date of the Gaza flotilla incident, no Israeli had been killed in a terrorist or in a cross-border rocket attack in more than a year. Therefore, the Israeli government is reluctant to abandon the blockade tactic ... from its perspective.<ref name="crs">[[Congressional Research Service]], 23 June 2010: [http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41275_20100623.pdf CRS Report for Congress: Israel's Blockade of Gaza, the Mavi Marmara Incident, and Its Aftermath] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122201/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41275_20100623.pdf |date=7 August 2011}}, pp. 4–5</ref>}}

Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu maintained that the blockade is necessary to prevent weapons from reaching Gaza, saying, "it's our obligation—as well as our right in accordance to international law and to common sense—to prevent these weapons from entering by air, sea, and land." Of the [[2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla|Gaza Freedom Flotilla]], he said: "Had the blockade been breached, this flotilla would have been followed by dozens, by hundreds of ships. The amount of weapons that can be transported aboard a ship is totally different from what we saw get through the tunnels." He argued that the consequences of Israel's failure to maintain the blockade would be "an Iranian port in Gaza, only a few dozen kilometers from Tel Aviv and Jerusalem."<ref name="crs" />

According to an Israeli government document: {{blockquote|A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to give economic assistance to the other party to the conflict, or that it wishes to operate using 'economic warfare'.<ref name="Frenkel-econowar">{{cite news |author=Sheera Frenkel |title=Israeli document: Gaza blockade isn't about security |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/06/09/95621/israeli-document-gaza-blockade.html |publisher=[[McClatchy Newspapers]] |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612001046/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/06/09/95621/israeli-document-gaza-blockade.html |archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>}} An Israeli government spokesman added in 2010 that the blockade is intended to bring about a political goal and that Israel "could not lift the embargo altogether as long as Hamas remains in control" of Gaza.<ref name="Frenkel-econowar" />

Speaking in 2006, Dov Weisglass, an advisor to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, allegedly said that, "The idea is to put the Palestinians on a diet, but not to make them die of hunger."<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza on brink of implosion as aid cut-off starts to bite |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/16/israel |work=[[The Observer]] |location=London |date=16 April 2006 |first1=Conal |last1=Urquhart |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108063641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/16/israel |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although this quote is widely reported, the original quote appears to have been: "It's like an appointment with a dietician. The Palestinians will get a lot thinner, but won't die."<ref>{{cite news |title=US backs Israel on aid for humanitarian groups, not Hamas |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/u-s-backs-israel-on-aid-for-humanitarian-groups-not-hamas-1.180287 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=16 February 2006 |first1=Aluf |last1=Benn |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705213202/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/u-s-backs-israel-on-aid-for-humanitarian-groups-not-hamas-1.180287 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Weisglass has denied this report.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas sworn in – Israel to cut off funds |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3216790,00.html |access-date=10 June 2010 |newspaper=[[YNet]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012150/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3216790,00.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to US diplomatic cables obtained by the [[WikiLeaks]] organization, diplomats stationed in the US embassy in Tel Aviv were briefed by Israelis on the blockade of the Gaza Strip. One of the cables states that "as part of their overall embargo plan against Gaza, Israeli officials have confirmed (...) on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy on the brink of collapse without quite pushing it over the edge".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE7041GH20110105 |title=Israel said would keep Gaza near collapse: WikiLeaks |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=5 January 2011 |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115140636/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE7041GH20110105 |archive-date=15 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Egypt=== {{flag|Egypt}} Egypt's argument is that it cannot open Rafah crossing unless the Palestinian Authority headed by [[Mahmoud Abbas]] controls the crossing and international monitors are present. Egypt Foreign Minister [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]] said Hamas wants the border opened because it would represent Egyptian recognition of the group's control of Gaza. "Of course this is something we cannot do," he said, "because it would undermine the legitimacy of the Palestinian Authority and consecrate the split between Gaza and the West Bank."<ref name="egypt">{{cite news |title=Egypt FM: Hamas Gave Israel the Excuse to Launch Gaza Attacks |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/egypt-fm-hamas-gave-israel-the-excuse-to-launch-gaza-attacks-1.267251 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130121744/http://www.haaretz.com/news/egypt-fm-hamas-gave-israel-the-excuse-to-launch-gaza-attacks-1.267251 |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to Sharif Elmusa, Associate Professor of Political Science at the American University in Cairo, Israel wants Gaza to fade into Egypt. Egyptian authorities are determined to avoid opening the Rafah crossing without ending the Israeli siege, which would ultimately serve Israel's goal of displacing the Gaza problem onto Egypt. Secondly it is Cairo's concern that under Hamas rule violence can spill into Sinai and threaten tourism, leaving Egypt vulnerable to US and Israeli accusations of ineffectively fighting terrorism.<ref>[http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/new-palestine-strategy-egypt ''A new Palestine strategy for Egypt''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221175922/http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/new-palestine-strategy-egypt |date=21 February 2014}}. Sharif S. Elmusa, Egypt Independent, 6 July 2010</ref>

Following the events of the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|Gaza flotilla raid]] in May 2010, after Egypt opened its borders with Gaza, it was reported that former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was caught between the need to appease growing public anger at Israel's actions and the necessity of maintaining his close relationship with Israel. This friendship was needed to secure more than $2bn of American aid annually, money on which many analysts believe Mubarak's former regime depended.<ref name="mubarakopen" />

While Israel contends that the blockade is necessary to prevent smuggling of weapons into Gaza, Egypt argues that it is needed to prevent smuggling of them from Gaza into the Sinai.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/In-Gaza-sewage-stains-beaches-and-piles-of-garbage-mount-on-streets-360915 ''In Gaza, sewage stains beaches and piles of garbage mount on streets''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630075134/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/In-Gaza-sewage-stains-beaches-and-piles-of-garbage-mount-on-streets-360915 |date=30 June 2014}}. [[Reuters]], 30 June 2014</ref>

In the [[2014 Israel-Gaza conflict]], Israel claimed that over 30 underground attack tunnels were discovered under the [[Gaza-Israel border]] which are used by militants in order to infiltrate Israel. It also claimed that over 600,000 tons of cement required to construct the tunnels was originally designated for humanitarian aid and diverted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rudoren |first1=Judi |last2=Barnard |first2=Anne |title=Despite Israeli Push in Gaza, Hamas Fighters Slip Through Tunnels |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/world/middleeast/gaza-israel.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216141803/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/world/middleeast/gaza-israel.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United States === Although the United States officially supports the blockade,<ref name="NYT20100601">[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/world/middleeast/01policy.html Israeli Raid Complicates U.S. Ties and Push for Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404053913/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/world/middleeast/01policy.html |date=4 April 2017}} by Helene Cooper and Ethan Bronner. [[The New York Times]]. Published (with correction) 31 May 2010.</ref> in February 2010 Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] urged Israeli minister of defence [[Ehud Barak]] to ease it. The US has long pressed Israel to ease restrictions on Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61P5DL20100226 |title=Clinton presses Israel to ease Gaza blockade |date=27 February 2010 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026174850/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61P5DL20100226 |archive-date=26 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Of the Gaza flotilla raid on 31 May 2010, Clinton said, "The situation in Gaza is unsustainable and unacceptable."<ref>{{cite news|title=Press Availability with Romanian Foreign Minister Teodor Baconschi After Their Meeting|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/06/142460.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604064911/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/06/142460.htm|archive-date=2010-06-04}}</ref> Of the impending second Gaza flotilla, she said, "the Gaza flotilla is not necessary or useful."<ref>{{cite news|title=Hillary Clinton: Gaza flotilla is not necessary or useful|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/50786/hillary-clinton-gaza-flotilla-not-necessary-or-useful|access-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094436/http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/50786/hillary-clinton-gaza-flotilla-not-necessary-or-useful|archive-date=10 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, Clinton said the humanitarian needs in the Hamas-controlled area must be met along with legitimate Israeli security concerns.<ref name="voanews01">{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/clinton-urges-caution-in-aftermath-of-gaza-flotilla-raid-95359634/118694.html|title=Clinton Urges Caution in Aftermath of Gaza Flotilla Raid|date=2 June 2010|access-date=2 June 2010|publisher=Voice of America|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604003845/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Clinton-Urges-Caution-in-Aftermath-of-Gaza-Flotilla-Raid-95359634.html|archive-date=4 June 2010}}</ref>

===The United Nations=== On 24 January 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] released a statement calling for Israel to lift its siege on the Gaza Strip, allow the continued supply of food, fuel, and medicine, and reopen border crossings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/7A7B2B76C0F3C3F6C12573DA00529096?opendocument |title=SIXTH SPECIAL SESSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL CONCLUDES WITH CALL ON ISRAEL TO END SIEGE IMPOSED ON OCCUPIED GAZA STRIP |publisher=United Nations |date=24 January 2008 |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516073752/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/7A7B2B76C0F3C3F6C12573DA00529096?opendocument |archive-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', this was the 15th time in less than two years the council had condemned Israel for its human rights record regarding the Palestinian territories.<ref name="UNHRCslams">{{cite news |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1201070783680&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=UNHRC slams Israel's actions in Gaza |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813151626/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1201070783680&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel and the United States boycotted the proceedings. Before that, U.N. Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs [[John Holmes (British diplomat)|John Holmes]] called the blockade "collective punishment", saying, "We all understand the security problems and the need to respond to that but collective punishment of the people of Gaza is not, we believe, the appropriate way to do that."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN18343083 |title=Collective punishment for Gaza is wrong -U.N. |work=Reuters |date=18 January 2008 |first=Louis |last=Charbonneau |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831152911/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN18343083 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 December 2008, after a statement in which he called the embargo on Gaza a [[Crimes against humanity|crime against humanity]], [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] [[Richard A. Falk]] was prevented from entering the Palestinian territories by Israeli authorities and expelled from the region.<ref name="Falk">{{cite news|title=U.N. Rights Investigator Expelled by Israel|work=The New York Times|author=Isabel Kershner|date=15 December 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/world/middleeast/16mideast.html|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132015/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/world/middleeast/16mideast.html|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyeontheun.org/assets/attachments/documents/4835_Israel_on_OPT_at_HRC.pdf |title=Statement by H.E. permanent resident Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon, 22 March 2007 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726044400/http://www.eyeontheun.org/assets/attachments/documents/4835_Israel_on_OPT_at_HRC.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> said the Special Rapporteur's mandate was "hopelessly unbalanced", "redundant at best and malicious at worst".<ref>[https://archive.today/20090101213057/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/2ee9468747556b2d85256cf60060d2a6/0da4ba56ade85249852574190058d462!OpenDocument Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], United Nations press release, 26 March 2008.</ref>

In August 2009, U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay criticised Israel for the blockade in a 34-page report, calling it a violation of the rules of war.<ref name="Navi">{{cite news|title=U.N. Human Rights Chief: Israel's Blockade of Gaza Strip Is Illegal|agency=Associated Press|date=14 August 2009|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,539363,00.html|access-date=14 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201213945/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,539363,00.html|archive-date=1 February 2011}}(AP) – GENEVA – U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay has accused Israel of violating the rules of war with its blockade stopping people and goods from moving in and out of the Gaza Strip.</ref>

In March 2010, [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] said the blockade was causing "unacceptable suffering" and that families were living in "unacceptable, unsustainable conditions".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8578611.stm |title=UN chief says Gaza suffering under Israeli blockade |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322053516/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8578611.stm |archive-date=22 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A UN Fact Finding mission in September 2009 led by South African Judge [[Richard Goldstone]] (the [[Goldstone report]]) concluded that the blockade was possibly a crime against humanity, and recommended that the matter be referred to the [[International Criminal Court]] if the situation had not improved in six months.

In May 2010, the UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] said that Gaza's formal economy had collapsed since the imposition of the blockade,<ref name="ocha2010-05-25">{{cite web|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_agriculture_25_05_2010_press_release_english.pdf|title=PRESS STATEMENT – UN HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR:GAZA BLOCKADE SUFFOCATING AGRICULTURE SECTOR, CREATING FOOD INSECURITY|date=25 May 2010|publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, oPt (OCHA)|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705085437/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_agriculture_25_05_2010_press_release_english.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> adding that the "restrictions imposed on the civilian population by the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip amount to collective punishment, a violation of international humanitarian law."<ref name="un20100525">{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B |title=Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 25 May 2010) |publisher=Unispal.un.org |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015051/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2010, United Nations envoy to the Middle East and former UK prime minister [[Tony Blair]] said: {{Blockquote| The policy of Gaza is counter-productive and what [Israel] should be doing is allow material in to rebuild homes and sanitation and power and water systems and allow business to flourish. Nor do we in fact do damage to the position of Hamas by harming people in Gaza. People are harmed when the quality of service is poor and people cannot work.<ref name=Haaretz2Jun2010></ref>}} He also called for Hamas to stop the "terrorism coming out of Gaza".<ref name=Haaretz2Jun2010>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800 |title=Israel faces growing world pressure to lift Gaza blockade |date=2 June 2010 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605024205/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800 |archive-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same month, Robert Serry, the UN special envoy for Middle East peace process, said: {{Blockquote|The flotilla crisis is the latest symptom of a failed policy. The situation in Gaza is unsustainable and the current policy is unacceptable and counter-productive, and requires a different, more positive strategy. The closure and blockade of the Gaza Strip needs to come to an end. There is now a welcome international consensus on Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-to-unveil-measures-to-ease-gaza-blockade-1.296393 |title=Israel to unveil measures to ease Gaza blockade |date=15 June 2010 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130701/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-to-unveil-measures-to-ease-gaza-blockade-1.296393 |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

In the September 2011 [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid#UN Palmer Report|Palmer Report]], the UN investigative committee for the 2010 Flotilla to Gaza said that Israel's naval blockade of Gaza was legal under [[international law]], but criticised the nature of the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|Israeli raid]].<ref name="nytimes-palmer">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/world/middleeast/02flotilla.html |title=Report Finds Naval Blockade by Israel Legal but Faults Raid |work=The New York Times |date=2 September 2011 |first1=Neil |last1=MacFarquhar |first2=Ethan |last2=Bronner |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331132908/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/world/middleeast/02flotilla.html |archive-date=31 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="un-palmer">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/middle_east/Gaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf |title=UN Palmer Report |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704061603/http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/middle_east/Gaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, five independent U.N. rights experts reporting to the U.N. Human Rights Council rejected that conclusion, saying the blockade had subjected Palestinians in Gaza to collective punishment in "flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law".<ref name="reuters-OHCHR">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913|title=U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal|newspaper=Reuters|date=13 September 2011|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615210724/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913|archive-date=15 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===European Union=== In May 2011, EU [[European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response|commissioner for humanitarian aid]] [[Kristalina Georgieva]] said the European Union and the [[United Nations]] were "calling for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons" after she and UN [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator|under secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief]] [[Valerie Amos]] had met with Israeli defence minister [[Ehud Barak]] in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref name="Georgieva2011-05-17a">{{Cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-583_en.htm?locale=en|title=Commissioner Kristalina Georgieva calls for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of Gaza Strip crossings|publisher=[[European Commission]], [[Brussels]]|date=17 May 2011|access-date=27 August 2014|quote=After meeting with Israeli defence minister E. Barak in [[Tel Aviv]], together with UN Under Secretary-General [[Valerie Amos]], Commissioner [[Kristalina Georgieva|Georgieva]] said: "The [[EU]] and the [[UN]] continue to draw attention to the difficult humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip, and are calling for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons. This is in the interest of the people, but can also serve peaceful development and stability. This is the message we conveyed to Israeli Defence Minister E. Barak".|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080007/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-583_en.htm?locale=en|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> She then said in an interview with Israel's [[Ynet]] that she believed the "humanitarian crisis...was artificially created because of the blockade" but added that a flotilla was not the correct response: "We are not in favor of attempts to help people in this way".<ref name="Georgieva2011-05-18a">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4070269,00.html |title=EU official: No restrictions – no Gaza crisis |author=Ronen Medzini |publisher=[[Ynet]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519223838/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4070269,00.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Turkey=== Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] harshly criticised the blockade, especially after the Gaza flotilla raid. Erdoğan raised the possibility of trying to forcibly breach the blockade by sending the [[Turkish Navy]] to escort any future flotilla or by trying to visit Gaza himself. The Turkish government made clear that it opposed the blockade and regarded it as illegal, and before the flotilla raid, issued a demand for safe passage. Turkish foreign minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] said that Turkey was willing to normalize relations with Israel if it lifted the blockade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3898032,00.html |title=Turkey to normalize Israel ties if Gaza blockade ends – Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805011723/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3898032,00.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> When Israel eased the blockade, the Turkish Foreign Ministry called it "a positive but insufficient step" and said, "Turkey considers that Israel's inhuman blockade of Gaza represents a threat to regional peace and stability and considers that the blockade must be entirely lifted."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-says-israels-easing-of-gaza-blockade-insufficient-2010-06-23 |title=Turkey says Israel's easing of Gaza blockade 'insufficient' – Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review |work=Hurriyet Daily News |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810232656/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-says-israels-easing-of-gaza-blockade-insufficient-2010-06-23 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ireland=== After visiting Gaza in March 2010, Irish foreign minister [[Micheál Martin]] called the Israeli blockade of Gaza "inhumane and unacceptable" and called on the European Union and other countries to increase pressure on Israel to lift the blockade. Martin was the first EU foreign minister to enter Gaza in over a year. He said that all the blockade achieved was to "enrich Hamas and marginalize even further the voices of moderation".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1154408.html |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |title=Irish FM urges EU to pressure Israel to end Gaza blockade |date=5 March 2010 |access-date=12 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308201835/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1154408.html |archive-date=8 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===United Kingdom=== During [[Prime Minister's Questions]], [[UK prime minister]] [[David Cameron]] said, "Friends of Israel – and I count myself a friend of Israel – should be saying to the Israelis that the blockade actually strengthens Hamas's grip on the economy and on Gaza, and it's in their own interests to lift it and allow these vital supplies to get through. ... We should do everything we can through the UN, where resolution 1860 is absolutely clear about the need to end the blockade and to open up Gaza."<ref name="ukposition2">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/flotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html|title=Flotilla attack 'completely unacceptable' says Cameron|date=2 June 2010|work=The Independent |location=UK|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/flotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2010, Cameron called on Israel to relax the blockade. He said "Humanitarian goods and people must flow in both directions. Gaza cannot and must not be allowed to remain a prison camp."<ref name="Cameron" /><ref>{{cite book |first1=Andrew |last1=Hsiao |first2=Audrea |last2=Lim |title=The Verso Book of Dissent: From Spartacus to the Shoe-Thrower of Baghdad |year=2010 |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=978-1-84467-448-0 |page=325}}</ref> In response, [[Ephraim Sneh]], former Israeli minister, said: "Cameron is right – Gaza is a prison camp, but those who control the prison are Hamas. I'm totally against the double standards of a nation which fights the Taliban but is showing its solidarity with their brothers, Hamas."<ref name="Cameron">{{cite news|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|title=David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp|access-date=26 March 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 July 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911094600/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp|archive-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Nick Clegg]], the [[deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom]] speaking after the Gaza flotilla raid, criticized the blockade saying "So the events of the last 24/48 hours confirm in my mind, as they do if you hear what [[William Hague]] and [[David Cameron]] have done and everyone in Government, the view that the blockade on Gaza is neither sustainable nor tenable in its present form."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/flotilla-activist-expulsions-underway-1.1032163|title=Flotilla activist expulsions underway|date=2 June 2010|access-date=2 June 2010|publisher=The Herald Newspaper |location=Scotland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605233755/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/flotilla-activist-expulsions-underway-1.1032163|archive-date=5 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> He also commented that "If we needed any confirmation about the unjustified and untenable blockade of Gaza, we have been reminded overnight of the need to lift this blockade. What is going on in Gaza is a humanitarian catastrophe. While of course Israel has every right to defend itself and its citizens from attack, we must now move towards lifting the blockade from Gaza as soon as possible."<ref name="ukposition1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10200517|title=UK leader David Cameron 'deplores' Gaza aid ship deaths|date=1 June 2010|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

[[William Hague]], the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|foreign secretary]], said in a prepared speech to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] that the blockade of Gaza was "unacceptable and unsustainable", and that it was "the view of the British government, including the previous government, that restrictions on Gaza should be lifted – a view confirmed in United Nations security council resolution 1860 which called for sustained delivery of humanitarian aid and which called on states to alleviate the humanitarian and economic situation", and that "current Israeli restrictions are counterproductive for Israel's long term security".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/william-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement|title=Full text: William Hague's statement to the Commons on the Gaza flotilla raid|date=2 June 2010|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192605/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/william-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Acting Labour Leader Harriet Harman also said, "This blockade must end."<ref name="ukposition2" />

===Humanitarian organizations=== [[Human Rights Watch]] argues that Israel is still an occupying power and is responsible for Gaza under the ''1949 Fourth Geneva Convention'', which seeks to protect the civilian population.<ref name="sanctions_legal" /><ref name="HRW111" />

Amnesty International said, "The blockade constitutes collective punishment under international law and must be lifted immediately", and that as the occupying power, Israel has a duty under international law to ensure the welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, including their rights to health, education, food and adequate housing.<ref>Amnesty International Israel's Gaza blockade continues to suffocate daily life 18 January 2010 [https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israel039s-gaza-blockade-continues-suffocate-daily-life-20100118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210181542/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israel039s-gaza-blockade-continues-suffocate-daily-life-20100118|date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

On 7 March 2008, several international aid groups, including [[Amnesty International]], [[CARE International|CARE International UK]], and [[Oxfam]], issued a report saying that the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip was more acute than at any time since the beginning of the Israeli occupation in 1967. While critical of Palestinian militants firing rockets from Gaza into Israel, and acknowledging that "Israel has the right and obligation to protect its citizens", they said that as the "occupying power in Gaza" it also has a legal duty to ensure Gaza civilians have access to food, clean water, electricity and medical care. They urged Israel to lift the blockade, characterizing it as [[collective punishment]] against the territory's 1.5 million residents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Human crisis in Gaza 'is worst for 40 years'|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|author=Tim Butcher|author-link=Tim Butcher|date=7 March 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/06/wgaza106.xml|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412102633/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F06%2Fwgaza106.xml|archive-date=12 April 2008}}</ref>

According to the ICRC, "The hardship faced by Gaza's 1.5 million people cannot be addressed by providing humanitarian aid. The only sustainable solution is to lift the closure."<ref name="Gaza closure: not another year!" /> The ICRC also called the blockade "a collective punishment imposed in clear violation of Israel's obligations under international humanitarian law".<ref name="Gaza closure: not another year!" />

In May 2015, the [[Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor]] issued a report on the situation in Gaza nine months after the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. The report noted that the cost of relief, recovery, and reconstruction due to the war had reached $4 billion, but that of the $3.5 billion international donors pledged for Gaza's reconstruction, only $954 million had been disbursed as of early April. The report also shed light on the UNRWA financial crises that threatened the stability of its operation in Gaza and probably the humanitarian situation there. It accused Egyptian authorities of joining Israel in imposing a siege on Gaza. According to the report, Egypt had closed Rafah crossing 66% of the time in 2014, 100 days from the beginning of 2015 to May of the same year. As the world's attention had shifted away to other pressing issues, the report warned that, if the international community did not resume its responsibilities, Gaza would blow up into another war. The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called on the international community to take practical steps to end the blockade, on the Egyptian government to open Rafah crossing without any restrictions, and for support for the Palestinian call for a commercial seaport in Gaza that guaranteed free import and export of goods and private international travel.<ref name="emhrm_strangled">{{cite report|url=http://euromedmonitor.org/uploads/reports/Strangled_En.pdf|title=''Strangled: Gaza collapsing in the grip of a humanitarian crisis''|publisher=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor|location=Geneva|date=May 2015|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125044151/http://euromedmonitor.org/uploads/reports/Strangled_En.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Non-governmental organizations=== [[Justus Weiner]] and [[Avi Bell]] of the pro-Israeli lobby group [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|JCPA]] said that Israel's combat actions and blockade cannot be considered collective punishment. They cite Article 75(4)(b) of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, which says the bar on collective punishment forbids the imposition of criminal-type penalties on individuals or groups on the basis of another's guilt, or the commission of acts that would otherwise violate the rules of distinction and/or proportionality.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dore Gold |url=http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=573&PID=0&IID=4195 |title=Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza Is Legal, Necessary 10/6/2010 |publisher=Jcpa.org |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094811/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=573&PID=0&IID=4195 |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> According to Weiner and Bell, the blockade does not "involve the imposition of criminal-type penalties or the violation of the rules of distinction and proportionality."<ref name="weiner">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, International Law and the Fighting in Gaza, Justus Reid Weiner and Avi Bell, 2008, [http://www.jcpa.org/text/puzzle1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014839/http://jcpa.org/text/puzzle1.pdf|date=13 June 2010}}</ref>

The [[Islamic Action Front]] (IAF), a [[Jordan]]ian [[Islamist]] group, criticized Egypt for the blockade and accused it of "collaborating" with Israel and the United States. "The Egyptian authorities are ...increasing the suffering of the Palestinians in Gaza by building the steel wall and closing the border crossings with Gaza," said Hamzah Mansour, a member of the Shura Council of the IAF.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/10/content_12786978.htm IAF slams Egypt's building of steel wall along borders with Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163657/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/10/content_12786978.htm |date=9 June 2011}}, 10 January 2010</ref>

[[Gideon Rose]] of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] has written that the blockade serves a secondary aim, which is to undermine Hamas by making life unpleasant for Gaza's residents.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Foreign Affairs |isbn=978-0-87609-606-2 |last=Rose |first=Gideon |title=Clueless in Gaza |date=2014-10-06}}</ref>

===Individuals=== * Former U.S. president [[Jimmy Carter]] – In June 2009, Carter met with Hamas leaders in Gaza for three hours. Before his meeting with former Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh and other Hamas officials, Carter spoke forcefully against the economic blockade of Gaza. He told a crowd at an awards ceremony for UN refugee school pupils:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/16/carter-hamas-gaza-israel |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Carter challenges Gaza blockade as he meets Hamas leaders |first=Rory |last=McCarthy |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906194051/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/16/carter-hamas-gaza-israel |archive-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Blockquote|The responsibility for this terrible human rights crime lies in Jerusalem, Cairo, Washington, and throughout the international community. This abuse must cease; the crimes must be investigated; the walls must be brought down, and the basic right of freedom must come to you.}} * [[Pope Benedict XVI]] – During a May 2009 visit to [[Bethlehem]], Benedict mentioned Gazans, saying: "Please be assured of my solidarity with you in the immense work of rebuilding which now lies ahead and my prayers that the embargo will soon be lifted."<ref name="Prusher">{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0513/p06s13-wome.html |title=Pope's urging brings Gaza blockade to forefront |date=13 May 2009 |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Ilene R. |last=Prusher |access-date=12 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517003503/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0513/p06s13-wome.html |archive-date=17 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> * In August 2014, at the height of the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]], Carter and former president of Ireland [[Mary Robinson]] called for a UN-mandated lifting of the blockade.<ref name="CarterRobinson">{{cite news|title=Former U.S. President and ex-Human Rights Council chief call for ICC probe into Gaza war|url=http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/224472251|access-date=7 August 2014|publisher=Herald Globe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808113633/http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/224472251|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

== International relief == Following the [[2014 Gaza War]], a donors conference was held in Egypt where different countries committed to donate total sum of US$5.4 billion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donors pledge $5.4bn for Palestinians at Cairo summit|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29586636|publisher=BBC News|date=12 October 2014|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404144621/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29586636|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, Turkey proposed sending a [[powership]] to Gaza to ease the shortage of electricity,<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey plans to send power-generating ship to Gaza|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613912|newspaper=Haaretz|date=3 September 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109152953/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613912|archive-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> but in December 2014 Israel rejected the proposal stating that the infrastructure in Gaza was not compatible with the ship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel refuses Turkish offer to supply Gaza with electricity|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121359/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==See also== {{Portal|Politics|Israel|Palestine}} * [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]] * [[Criticism of Israel]] * [[Egypt–Gaza border]] * [[Egypt–Israel relations]] * [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] * [[Gaza–Israel conflict]] * {{slink| Gaza Strip #History }} * [[Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid]] * [[Operation Bringing Home the Goods]] * [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel]]

==Notes== {{reflist|group="note"}}<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Works cited=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite report |last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |title=Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |date=25 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]] |author-link1=Francesca Albanese}} * {{cite report |author=Amnesty International |author-link=Amnesty International |year=2024 |title='You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza |url=https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121850/https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite report |author=B'Tselem |author-link1=B'Tselem |date=July 2025 |title=Our Genocide |url=https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202507_our_genocide_eng.pdf}} * {{cite book |last1=Dumper |first1=Michael |last2=Badran |first2=Amneh |doi=10.4324/9781003031994 |title=Routledge Handbook on Palestine |date=2024 |editor-last1=Dumper |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Badran |editor-first2=Amneh |isbn=978-1-003-03199-4 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge}} * {{cite news|last1=van Laarhoven |first1=Kasper |last2=Peek |first2=Eva |last3=Walters |first3=Derk |date=14 May 2025 |title=Zeven gerenommeerde wetenschappers vrijwel eensgezind: Israël pleegt in Gaza genocide |trans-title= |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/05/14/zeven-gerenommeerde-wetenschappers-vrijwel-eensgezind-israel-pleegt-in-gaza-genocide-a4893293 |access-date=27 May 2025 |newspaper=[[NRC (newspaper)|NRC]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515114020/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/05/14/zeven-gerenommeerde-wetenschappers-vrijwel-eensgezind-israel-pleegt-in-gaza-genocide-a4893293 |archive-date=15 May 2025}} * {{Cite news |last1=Mohyeldin |first1=Ayman |last2=Hamdan |first2=Basel |date=10 December 2024 |url=https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |title=Why Amnesty International and other experts say Israel is committing genocide in Gaza |work=[[MSNBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703062158/https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |archive-date=3 July 2025}} * {{cite news |last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |date=25 October 2024 |title=Is Israel committing genocide? Reexamining the question, a year later. |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241027004251/https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |archive-date=27 October 2024}} * {{cite book | last=Roy | first=Sara |author-link =Sara Roy|title=The Gaza Strip | publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Inc | publication-place=Washington, DC | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-88728-321-5}} * {{cite book|first=Jerome |last=Slater |title=Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917 ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mythologies_Without_End&pg=PA|publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-045908-6}} * {{cite news |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=20 December 2024 |title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza |work=Guardian |access-date=23 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220112141/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza |archive-date=20 December 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan |date=30 July 2025 |title=Leading genocide scholars see a genocide happening in Gaza |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/07/30/israel-genocide-gaza-scholars-historians |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2 August 2025}} * {{cite book |last1=Traverso |first1=Enzo |author-link=Enzo Traverso |year=2024 |title=Gaza Faces History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8PEQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-63542-555-0 |publisher=Other Press}} * {{Cite journal |last1=De Vogli |first1=Roberto |last2=Montomoli |first2=Jonathan |last3=Abu-Sittah |first3=Ghassan |last4=Pappé |first4=Ilan |author4-link=Ilan Pappé |date=2025 |title=Break the selective silence on the genocide in Gaza |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=406 |issue=10504 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7 |at=[https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7/attachment/e415fdee-02dc-4495-8515-f587976a5bb3/mmc1.pdf Supplementary appendix pp. 3–4] |pmid=40752501 }} * {{cite book |last=Wolfensohn |first=James |author-link=James Wolfensohn |date=2010 |title=A Global Life}} {{refend}}

==Further reading== * {{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Benjamin |title='Trucks are stopped, people are dying': Top EU diplomat claims Israel is using starvation as weapon of war |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-03-18-24/h_afad01e49a4f0473ec78987500e0aede |work=[[CNN]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321034213/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-03-18-24/h_afad01e49a4f0473ec78987500e0aede |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine |last1=Larson |first1=Nina |title=Israel May Be Using Starvation As 'Weapon Of War': UN |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-may-be-using-starvation-as-weapon-of-war-a-war-crime-un-d7d671d5 |magazine=[[Barron's]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321184420/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-may-be-using-starvation-as-weapon-of-war-a-war-crime-un-d7d671d5 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=David Cameron accuses Israel of blocking key aid crossing in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/21/david-cameron-accuses-israel-of-blocking-key-aid-crossing-in-gaza |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152742/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/21/david-cameron-accuses-israel-of-blocking-key-aid-crossing-in-gaza |url-status=live}}

==External links== {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.gisha.org/ Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094534/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=442&PID=0&IID=7368&TTL=The_Gaza_Flotillas_to_Come%3A_Some_Ground_Rules_before_Setting_Out%2F The Gaza Flotillas to Come: Some Ground Rules before Setting Out] – Jerusalem Issues Brief *[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm Guide: Gaza under blockade] and [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle+east-10520844 Guide: Eased Gaza blockade] – BBC News *[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-report-260609 Gaza: 1.5 million people trapped in despair] – International Committee of the Red Cross *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021117/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Ocha_opt_Gaza_impact_of_two_years_of_blockade_August_2009_english.pdf LOCKED IN: THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF TWO YEARS OF BLOCKADE ON THE GAZA STRIP] – UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory *[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/560?OpenDocument San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994] *[http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf Partial List of Items Prohibited/Permitted into the Gaza Strip as of May 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704110657/http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf |date=4 July 2010 }}, Gisha *[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rania-al-abdullah/the-hard-line-on-grocery_b_603225.html The Hard-Line on Grocery Items] by [[Queen Rania of Jordan]], ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', 7 June 2010 *[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127886050 Pressure Mounts On Israel To Ease Gaza Blockade] – audio report by ''[[NPR]]'', 16 June 2010 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232640/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/EU_and_the_Gaza_blockade.pdf The EU and the Gaza Blockade] by Esra Bulut and Carolin Goerzig – [http://iss.europa.eu/ European Union Institute for Security Studies] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120311173915/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=442&PID=0&IID=4402&TTL=The_Legal_Basis_of_Israel%E2%80%99s_Naval_Blockade_of_Gaza "The Legal Basis of Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza" by Ruth Lapidoth. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 13 March 2011.]

{{whole Gaza Strip}} {{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}} {{2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict}} {{2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}} {{Gaza war|state=collapsed}} {{Gaza crisis}} {{Israeli-occupied territories|state=expanded}}

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