Insular dwarfism

{{short description|Form of phyletic dwarfism occurring on islands}} {{other uses|Dwarf (disambiguation)}} [[File:Elephas falconeri 4.JPG|thumb|Skeletons of the extinct ''[[Palaeoloxodon falconeri]]'', native to Sicily and Malta, it is one of the smallest known species of [[dwarf elephant]]. Adult males measured about one meter (3.3 ft) in shoulder height and weighed about {{Convert|250|kg|abbr=on}}. Females were smaller.]]

'''Insular dwarfism''', a form of [[phyletic dwarfism]],<ref name="Prothero1982">{{Cite journal |last1=Prothero |first1=Donald Ross |author-link=Donald Prothero |last2=Sereno |first2=Paul Callistus |author-link2=Paul Sereno |date=Winter 1982 |title=Allometry and Paleoecology of Medial Miocene Dwarf Rhinoceroses from the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/allometry-and-paleoecology-of-medial-miocene-dwarf-rhinoceroses-from-the-texas-gulf-coastal-plain/F52722F0471E07FE01184D92C19E1C61 |journal=[[Paleobiology (journal)|Paleobiology]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=16–30 |doi=10.1017/S0094837300004322 |jstor=2400564 |bibcode=1982Pbio....8...16P |s2cid=88464305|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is the process and condition of large animals evolving or having a reduced body size{{refn | An example of noninsular phyletic dwarfism is the evolution of the dwarfed [[Callitrichidae|marmosets and tamarins]] among New World monkeys, culminating in the appearance of the smallest example, ''[[Cebuella pygmaea]]''.<ref name="Perelman">{{Cite journal | last1= Perelman |first1= P. | year = 2011 | title = A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates | journal = PLOS Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–17 | doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342| pmid=21436896 | pmc=3060065|display-authors=etal |doi-access= free }}</ref> | group = lower-alpha }} when their population's range is limited to a small environment, primarily islands. This natural process is distinct from the intentional creation of dwarf breeds, called [[dwarfing]]. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history, with examples including various species of [[Dwarf elephant|dwarf elephants]] that evolved during the [[Pleistocene]] epoch, as well as more ancient examples, such as the dinosaurs ''[[Europasaurus]]'' and ''[[Magyarosaurus]]''. This process, and other "[[island genetics]]" artifacts, can occur not only on islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This can include [[caves]], desert [[oases]], isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("[[sky island]]s").{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general [[Foster's rule|"island effect" or "Foster's rule"]], which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies ([[island gigantism]]), and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies. This is itself one aspect of [[island syndrome]], which describes the differences in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[ecology]], [[physiology]] and [[ethology|behaviour]] of insular species compared to their continental counterparts.

==Possible causes== [[File:Structure of Insular Dwarfism.png|thumb|Structure of insular dwarfism web]] There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.<ref name = "Van Den Bergh"/><ref name="Raia">{{cite journal |last1=Raia |first1=Pasquale |last2=Meiri |first2=Shai |date=August 2006 |title=The island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=1731–1742 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00516.x |pmid=17017072 |s2cid=26853128}}</ref>

One is a selective process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food periodically declines to a borderline level. The smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, and so are more likely to get past the break-point where population decline allows food sources to replenish enough for the survivors to flourish. Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it entails shorter [[gestation period]]s and [[generation time]]s.<ref name = "Van Den Bergh"/>

In the tropics, small size should make [[thermoregulation]] easier.<ref name = "Van Den Bergh"/>

Among herbivores, large size confers advantages in coping with both competitors and predators, so a reduction or absence of either would facilitate dwarfing; competition appears to be the more important factor.<ref name = "Raia"/>

Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important.<ref name = "Raia"/> In [[tiger snake]]s, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey.<ref name = "Keogh"/>

==Differences of dwarfism and gigantism== The inverse process, wherein small animals breeding on isolated islands lacking the predators of large land masses may become much larger than normal, is called [[island gigantism]]. An excellent example is the [[dodo]], the ancestors of which were normal-sized [[pigeon]]s. There are also several species of [[Papagomys|giant rat]]s, one still extant, that coexisted with both ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' and the dwarf [[stegodont]]s on Flores.

The process of insular dwarfing can occur relatively rapidly by evolutionary standards. This is in contrast to increases in maximum body size, which are much more gradual. When normalized to generation length, the maximum rate of body mass decrease during insular dwarfing was found to be over 30 times greater than the maximum rate of body mass increase for a ten-fold change in mammals.<ref name = "Evans">{{cite journal | last = Evans | first = A. R. | title = The maximum rate of mammal evolution | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] | volume = 109 | issue = 11| pages =4187–4190 | date = 2012-01-30 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1120774109 | pmid = 22308461 |display-authors=etal| pmc = 3306709| bibcode = 2012PNAS..109.4187E | doi-access = free }}</ref> The disparity is thought to reflect the fact that [[pedomorphism]] offers a relatively easy route to evolve smaller adult body size; on the other hand, the evolution of larger maximum body size is likely to be interrupted by the emergence of a series of constraints that must be overcome by evolutionary innovations before the process can continue.<ref name = "Evans"/>

==Factors influencing the extent of dwarfing== For both herbivores and carnivores, island size, the degree of island isolation and the size of the ancestral continental species appear not to be of major direct importance to the degree of dwarfing.<ref name = "Raia"/> However, when considering only the body masses of recent top herbivores and carnivores, and including data from both continental and island land masses, the body masses of the largest species in a land mass were found to scale to the size of the land mass, with slopes of about 0.5 log(body mass/kg) per log(land area/km2).<ref name = "Burness">{{cite journal | last1 = Burness | first1 = G. P. | last2 =Diamond | first2 = J. | author-link2 = Jared Diamond | last3 = Flannery | first3 = T. | author3-link = Tim Flannery | title = Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 98 | issue = 25 | pages = 14518–14523 | date = 2001-12-04 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.251548698 | jstor = 3057309 | issn=0027-8424 | pmid=11724953 | pmc=64714 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...9814518B | doi-access = free }}</ref> There were separate [[regression line]]s for [[endotherm]]ic top predators, [[ectotherm]]ic top predators, endothermic top herbivores and (on the basis of limited data) ectothermic top herbivores, such that food intake was 7- to 24-fold higher for top herbivores than for top predators, and about the same for endotherms and ectotherms of the same [[trophic level]] (this leads to ectotherms being 5 to 16 times heavier than corresponding endotherms).<ref name = "Burness"/>

It has been suggested that for dwarf elephants, competition was an important factor in body size, with islands with competing herbivores having significantly larger dwarf elephants than those where competing herbivores were absent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van der Geer |first1=Alexandra A. E. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=Gerrit D. |last3=Lyras |first3=George A. |last4=Prasetyo |first4=Unggul W. |last5=Due |first5=Rokus Awe |last6=Setiyabudi |first6=Erick |last7=Drinia |first7=Hara |date=August 2016 |title=The effect of area and isolation on insular dwarf proboscideans |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12743 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |language=en |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1656–1666 |doi=10.1111/jbi.12743 |bibcode=2016JBiog..43.1656V |issn=0305-0270|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Examples == === Non-avian dinosaurs === Recognition that insular dwarfism could apply to dinosaurs arose through the work of [[Ferenc Nopcsa]], a Hungarian-born aristocrat, adventurer, scholar, and paleontologist. Nopcsa studied Transylvanian dinosaurs intensively, noticing that they were smaller than their cousins elsewhere in the world. For example, he unearthed six-meter-long [[sauropods]], a group of dinosaurs which elsewhere commonly grew to 30 meters or more. Nopcsa deduced that the area where the remains were found was an island, [[Hațeg Island]] (now the Haţeg or Hatzeg basin in [[Romania]]) during the [[Mesozoic]] era.<ref name = "Telegraph">{{Cite web | title = Dwarf dinosaur island really did exist, scientists claim | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group]] | date = 2010-02-22 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/dinosaurs/7291186/Dwarf-dinosaur-island-really-did-exist-scientists-claim.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100225003941/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/dinosaurs/7291186/Dwarf-dinosaur-island-really-did-exist-scientists-claim.html | archive-date = 2010-02-25 | access-date = 2010-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Benton2010">{{cite journal|last1= Benton|first1= M. J.|last2= Csiki|first2= Z.|last3= Grigorescu|first3= D.|last4= Redelstorff|first4= R.|last5= Sander|first5= P. M.|last6= Stein|first6= K.|last7= Weishampel|first7= D. B.|title= Dinosaurs and the island rule: The dwarfed dinosaurs from Haţeg Island|journal= [[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]]|volume= 293|issue= 3–4|pages= 438–454|date= 2010-01-28|doi= 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.026|url= http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/dwarf_%20dinos_of_hateg_island_BENTON_et_al_2010.pdf|access-date= 2017-07-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130307/http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/dwarf_%20dinos_of_hateg_island_BENTON_et_al_2010.pdf|archive-date= 2011-07-10|bibcode= 2010PPP...293..438B}}</ref> Nopcsa's proposal of dinosaur dwarfism on Hațeg Island is today widely accepted after further research confirmed that the remains found are not from juveniles.<ref name = "Dyke2011">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1011-80| pmid = 22106812| title = The Dinosaur Baron of Transylvania| journal = Scientific American| volume = 305| issue = 4| pages = 80–83| date = 2011-09-20| last1 = Dyke | first1 = G. | author1-link = Gareth J. Dyke| bibcode = 2011SciAm.305c..80D}}</ref>

==== Sauropods ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Species ! Range ! Time frame ! Continental relative |- | [[File:AmpelosaurusScale.png|120px]] ''[[Ampelosaurus]]'' || ''A. atacis'' || [[Iberian Peninsula|Ibero]]-[[Armorica]]n Island || [[Late Cretaceous]] / [[Maastrichtian]] || [[File:Tapuiasaurus_NT.jpg|120px]] [[Nemegtosauridae|Nemegtosaurids]] |- | [[File:Europasaurus_skull.JPG|120px]] ''[[Europasaurus]]'' || ''E. holgeri'' || [[Lower Saxony]] || [[Late Jurassic]] / Middle [[Kimmeridgian]] || [[File:Giraffatitan_scale.png|120px]] [[Brachiosauridae|Brachiosaurs]] |- | [[File:Magyarosaurus-_human_size.JPG|120px]] ''[[Magyarosaurus]]'' || ''M. dacus'' || [[Hațeg Island]] || Late Cretaceous / Maastrichtian || rowspan="2"|[[File:Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg|120px]] ''[[Rapetosaurus]]'' |- | [[File:Lirainosaurus.jpg|120px]] ''[[Lirainosaurus]]''<ref name="Company2010">{{cite journal|last1= Company|first1= J.|title= Bone histology of the titanosaur ''Lirainosaurus astibiae'' (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Latest Cretaceous of Spain|journal= Naturwissenschaften |volume= 98|issue= 1|year= 2010|pages= 67–78|doi= 10.1007/s00114-010-0742-3|pmid= 21120450|hdl= 10251/148874|s2cid= 31752413|hdl-access= free}}</ref> || ''L. astibiae'' || Ibero-Armorican Island || Late Cretaceous |- | [[File:Paludititan_nalatzsensis.jpg|120px]] ''[[Paludititan]]'' || ''P. nalatzensis'' || [[Hațeg Island]] || Late Cretaceous / Maastrichtian || [[File:Epachtosaurus_sciuttoi.jpg|120px]] ''[[Epachthosaurus]]'' |}

==== Other ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Species ! Range ! Time frame ! Continental relative |- | [[File:Langenburg_theropod_size.png|120px]] [[Europasaurus#Extinction|Langenberg Quarry]] torvosaur (blue) || Unnamed || [[Lower Saxony]] || [[Late Jurassic]] / Middle [[Kimmeridgian]] || [[File:Torvosaurus_gurneyi.png|120px]] ''[[Torvosaurus]]'' |- | rowspan="3" | [[File:Struthiosaurus austriacus size.png|120x120px]] ''[[Struthiosaurus]]''<ref>Carpenter, K. (2001) ''The Armored Dinosaurs.'' Indiana University Press, 526 pages.</ref> || ''S. austriacus'' || rowspan="3" | Ibero-Armorican, Australoalpine, and Hațeg Islands || rowspan="4" | Late Cretaceous || rowspan="3" | [[File:Edmontonia_Scale.svg|120px]] ''[[Edmontonia]]'' |- |''S. transylvanicus'' |- |''S. languedocensis'' |- | [[File:Telmatosaurus_Scale.svg|120px]] ''[[Telmatosaurus]]'' || ''T. transsylvanicus'' || [[Hațeg Island]] || [[File:Hadrosaurus_Scale.svg|120px]] [[Hadrosaurid]]s |- | [[File:Thecodontosaurus_Scale.svg|120px]] ''[[Thecodontosaurus]]''<ref name="Benton2010"/> || ''T. antiquus'' || [[Southern England]] || [[Late Triassic]] / [[Rhaetian]] || [[File:Human-plateosaurus_size_comparison.svg|120px]] [[Plateosauridae|Plateosaurs]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[File:Iguanodontian Sizes.svg|120px]] ''[[Zalmoxes]]''<ref name="Benton2010"/> (purple) || ''Z. robustus'' || rowspan="2" | [[Hațeg Island]] || rowspan="2" | Late Cretaceous || rowspan="2" | [[File:Perot_Museum_Tenontosaurus.jpg|120px]] ''[[Tenontosaurus]]'' |- |''Z. shqiperorum'' |}

In addition, the genus ''[[Balaur (dinosaur)|Balaur]]'' was initially described as a ''[[Velociraptor]]''-sized [[dromaeosaurid]] (and in consequence a dubious example of insular dwarfism), but has been since reclassified as a secondarily flightless stem bird, closer to modern birds than ''[[Jeholornis]]'' (thus actually an example of [[insular gigantism]]).

=== Birds === {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative ! Insular / mainland length or mass ratio |- | rowspan="2"|[[File:Apteribis_sp._(5212794163).jpg|120px]] [[Hawaii]]an [[flightless bird|flightless]] [[ibis]]es || ''[[Apteribis]] glenos'' || [[Molokai]] || rowspan="2"|Extinct (Late [[Quaternary]]) || rowspan="2"|[[File:White_Ibis_in_Florida.jpg|120px]] [[Eudocimus|American ibises]] || |- | ''Apteribis brevis'' || [[Maui]] || |- | Cozumel curassow<ref name="Cuaron"/> || ''Crax rubra griscomi'' || [[Cozumel]] || Unknown || [[File:Crax_rubra_(Great_Curassow)_-_female.jpg|120px]] [[Great curassow]] || |- | [[File:Baudin emus.jpg|120px]] [[Kangaroo Island emu]]<ref>Parker S (1984) The extinct Kangaroo Island Emu, a hitherto-unrecognised species. [[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]] 104: 19–22.</ref> || ''Dromaius novaehollandiae baudinianus'' || [[Kangaroo Island]], South Australia || Extinct (c. AD 1827) || rowspan="2"|[[File:Emu_RWD1.jpg|120px]] [[Emu]] || |- | [[File:Emu_size.png|120px]] [[King Island emu]]<ref name=Heupink>{{cite journal|author1=Heupink, T. H. |author2=Huynen, L. |author3=Lambert, D. M. | year=2011|title=Ancient DNA Suggests Dwarf and 'Giant' Emu Are Conspecific|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|volume=6|issue=4 |article-number= e18728| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018728|pmid=21494561|pmc=3073985|bibcode=2011PLoSO...618728H |doi-access=free }}</ref> (black) || ''Dromaius novaehollandiae minor'' || [[King Island (Tasmania)|King Island]], Tasmania || Extinct (AD 1822) || LR ≈ 0.48{{efn | Based on the heights in Fig. 1 of Heupink ''et al.'', 2011<ref name=Heupink />}} |- | [[Yellow-eyed penguin|Dwarf yellow eyed penguin]]<ref>Cole, Theresa L., et al. "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation." Molecular biology and evolution 36.4 (2019): 784-797.</ref> || ''Megadyptes antipodes richdalei'' || [[Chatham Islands]], New Zealand || Extinct (after 1300 AD) || [[File:Megadyptes_antipodes_-Otago_Peninsula,_Dunedin,_New_Zealand_-family-8.jpg|120px]] [[Yellow-eyed penguin]] || |- | [[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.128765_2_-_Toxostoma_guttatum_(Ridgway,_1885)_-_Mimidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg|120px]] [[Cozumel thrasher]]<ref name="Cuaron"/> || ''Toxostoma gluttatum'' || [[Cozumel]] || Critically endangered || [[File:Curve-billed_Thrasher.jpg|120px]] [[Toxostoma|Other thrashers]] || |}

=== [[Squamates]] === {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative ! Insular / mainland length or mass ratio |- | [[File:20150510-IMG_0786.jpg|120px]] [[Brookesia minima|Madagascar dwarf chameleon]] || ''Brookesia minima'' || [[Nosy Be]] island, Madagascar || Endangered || rowspan="2"|[[File:Brookesia_species_male_female_(Journal.pone.0031314.g010).png|120px]] [[Brookesia|Madagascar leaf chameleons]] |- | [[File:Brookesia micra on a match head.jpg|120px]] [[Brookesia micra|Nosy Hara chameleon]]<ref name = "Glaw">{{cite journal | last = Glaw | first = F. |author2=Köhler, J. |author3=Townsend, T. M. |author4=Vences, M. | title = Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (''Brookesia'') from Northern Madagascar | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | article-number = e31314 | date = 2012-02-14 | doi =10.1371/journal.pone.0031314 | pmid=22348069 | pmc=3279364| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731314G | doi-access = free }}</ref> || ''Brookesia micra'' || [[Nosy Hara]] island, Madagascar || Vulnerable || |- | Roxby Island tiger snake<ref name="Keogh">{{cite journal|last=Keogh|first=J. S.|author2=Scott, I. A. W.|author3=Hayes, C.|date=January 2005|title=Rapid and repeated origin of insular gigantism and dwarfism in Australian tiger snakes|journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]]|volume=59|issue=1|pages=226–233|doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00909.x|pmid=15792242|s2cid=58524|doi-access=free}}</ref>||''Notechis scutatus'' || Roxby Island, [[South Australia]] || rowspan="3" | Unknown || [[File:Tiger_snake_2.jpg|120px]] [[Tiger snake]] || |- | [[Dwarf Burmese python]] || ''Python bivittatus progschai'' || [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Sumbawa]] and [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia || [[File:Burmese_python_(6887388927).jpg|120px]] [[Burmese python]] || LR ≈ 0.44{{efn | Based on maximum lengths of 2.5 m for the dwarf form<ref name="LangVogel">de Lang R, Vogel G (2005). ''The Snakes of Sulawesi: A Field Guide to the Land Snakes of Sulawesi with Identification Keys''. Frankfurt Contributions to Natural History Band 25, Edition Chimaira 2005. {{ISBN|3-930612-85-2}}. pp. 23–27, 198–201.</ref> and 5.74 m for the mainland form<ref name="Barker2012">{{cite journal|last1= Barker|first1= D.G.|last2= Barten|first2= S.L.|last3= Ehrsam|first3= J.P.|last4= Daddono|first4= L.|title= The Corrected Lengths of Two Well-known Giant Pythons and the Establishment of a New Maximum Length Record for Burmese Pythons, ''Python bivittatus''|journal= Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society|volume= 47|issue= 1|pages= 1–6|date= 2012|url= http://www.vpi.com/sites/default/files/Barker-et-al_CorrectPythonLengths_2.pdf|access-date= 2020-03-02|archive-date= 2022-10-09|archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.vpi.com/sites/default/files/Barker-et-al_CorrectPythonLengths_2.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>}} |- | Tanahjampea reticulated python<ref name = "Auliya2002">{{cite journal | last = Auliya | first = M. |author2=Mausfeld, P. |author3=Schmitz, A. |author4=Böhme, W. | title = Review of the reticulated python (''Python reticulatus'' Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia | journal = [[Naturwissenschaften]] | volume = 89 | issue = 5 | pages = 201–213 | date = 2002-04-09 | doi = 10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4 | pmid = 12135085 | bibcode = 2002NW.....89..201A | s2cid = 4368895 }}</ref> || ''Python reticulatus jampeanus'' || [[Selayar Islands|Tanahjampea]], between Sulawesi and Flores || [[File:Python_reticulatus_сетчатый_питон-2.jpg|120px]] [[Reticulated python]] || LR ≈ 0.41, males LR ≈ 0.49, females{{efn | Based on maximum Tanahjampea python total lengths (TL) of 2.10 m for males and 3.35 m for females<ref name = "Auliya2002" /> and maximum southern Sumatra python snout to vent lengths (SVL) of 4.5 m for males and 6.1 m for females<ref name=Shine1998>{{cite journal|author1=Shine, R.|author2= Harlow, P.S.|author3= Keogh, J.S.|author4= Boeadi, N.I.|year= 1998|title=The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, ''Python reticulatus ''|journal= Functional Ecology|volume= 12|issue= 2|pages= 248–258|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00179.x|doi-access= free|bibcode= 1998FuEco..12..248S}}</ref> with SVLs corrected to TLs by multiplying by a factor of 1.127, derived from the average relative tail length (0.113) of African and Indian rock pythons<ref name="Sheehy2016">{{cite journal|last1=Sheehy|first1= C.M.|last2= Albert|first2= J.S.|last3= Lillywhite|first3= H.B.|last4= Van Damme|first4= R.|title= The evolution of tail length in snakes associated with different gravitational environments|journal= Functional Ecology|volume= 30|issue= 2|year= 2016|pages= 244–254|doi= 10.1111/1365-2435.12472|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2016FuEco..30..244S}}; see Table S1</ref>}} |}

=== Mammals === ==== [[Pilosans of the Caribbean|Pilosans]] ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | [[File:Bradypus_pygmaeus.jpg|120px]] [[Pygmy three-toed sloth]] || ''Bradypus pygmaeus'' || [[Isla Escudo de Veraguas]], Panama || Critically endangered || [[File:Bradypus variegatus, the Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth (12687597105).jpg|120px]] [[Brown-throated sloth]] |- | rowspan="3" | [[File:Habanocnus.JPG|120px]] ''[[Acratocnus]]'' || ''A. antillensis'' || rowspan="3" | [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]] and [[Puerto Rico]]|| rowspan="3" | Extinct (c. 3000 BC) || rowspan="7" |[[File:Megalonyx_size.svg|120px]] Continental [[ground sloth]]s |- |''A. odontrigonus'' |- |''A. ye'' |- | ''[[Imagocnus]]'' || ''I. zazae'' || [[Cuba]]|| Extinct ([[Early Miocene]]) |- | rowspan="2" | [[File:Megalocnus.jpg|120px]] ''[[Megalocnus]]'' || ''M. rodens'' || rowspan="3" | [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct (c. 2700 BC) |- |''M. zile'' |- | [[File:Synocnus_comes.jpg|120px]] ''[[Neocnus]]'' || ''Neocnus'' spp. || Extinct (c. 3000 BC) |}

==== [[Proboscidean]]s ==== {{main article|Dwarf elephant}} {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | [[Elephas celebensis|Sulawesi dwarf elephant]] || ''Elephas celebensis'' || [[Sulawesi]] || Extinct (Early Pleistocene) || rowspan=2| [[File:Indian-Elephant-444.jpg|120px]] [[Asian elephant]] |- |Cabarruyan dwarf elephant|| ''[[Elephas beyeri]]'' || [[Luzon]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct |- | [[Mammuthus creticus|Cretan dwarf mammoth]] || ''Mammuthus creticus'' || [[Crete]] || [[File:Mammuthus Size comparison.png|120px]] ''[[Mammuthus]]'' |- | [[File:M._exilis_skeletal.png|120px]] [[Pygmy mammoth|Channel Islands mammoth]] || ''Mammuthus exilis'' || [[Santa Rosae]] island || rowspan="2" | Extinct ([[Late Pleistocene]]) || [[File:M. columbi skeletals.png|120px]] [[Columbian mammoth]] |- | [[File:Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png|120px]] [[Mammuthus lamarmorai|Sardinian mammoth]] | ''Mammuthus lamarmorai'' || [[Sardinia]] || rowspan="2" | [[File:Steppe mammoth size 2.jpg|120px]] [[Steppe mammoth]] |- |Taiwan mammoth<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cheng-Han |first=Sun |last2=Yi-Yang |first2=Cho |date=2025-04-23 |title=Rediscovering Mammoths in Taiwan: The Type Specimens of Mammuthus armeniacus taiwanicus (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/mammal-study/volume-50/issue-3/ms2024-0028/Rediscovering-Mammoths-in-Taiwan--The-Type-Specimens-of-Mammuthus/10.3106/ms2024-0028.full |journal=Mammal Study |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=329-336 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref>||''Mammuthus trogontherii taiwanicus''||[[Taiwan]]||Extinct |- | Saint Paul Island woolly mammoth<ref>Schirber, Michael. ''[http://www.livescience.com/14-surviving-extinction-woolly-mammoths-endured.html Surviving Extinction: Where Woolly Mammoths Endured]''. Live Science. Imaginova Corporation. Retrieved 2007-07-20.</ref><ref>The mammoths of [[Wrangel Island]], north of [[Siberia]], are no longer considered dwarfs. See: Tikhonov, Alexei; Larry Agenbroad; Sergey Vartanyan (2003). ''[http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/search?identifier=538695 Comparative analysis of the mammoth populations on Wrangel Island and the Channel Islands]''. DEINSEA 9: 415–420. ISSN 0923-9308</ref> || ''Mammuthus primigenius'' || [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|Saint Paul Island]], Alaska || Extinct (c. 3750 BC) || [[File:M._primigenius.png|120px]] [[Woolly mammoth]] |- | rowspan="4" | [[File:Elephas_skeleton.JPG|120px]] Siculo-Maltese elephants || ''Palaeoloxodon antiquus leonardi'' || rowspan="4" | [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]] || rowspan="6" | Extinct || rowspan="10" |[[File:Palaeoloxodon-Species-Scale-Diagram-SVG-Steveoc86.svg|150px]] [[Straight-tusked elephant]] (left) |- |''[[Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis|P. mnaidriensis]]'' |- |''P. melitensis'' |- |''[[Palaeoloxodon falconeri|P. falconeri]]'' |- | rowspan="2" | Cretan elephants || ''[[Palaeoloxodon chaniensis]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Crete]] |- |''[[Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi|P. creutzburgi]]'' |- | [[File:Elephas_cypriotes_Tusk_and_Molar.jpg|120px]] [[Cyprus dwarf elephant]] || ''Palaeoloxodon cypriotes'' || [[Cyprus]] || Extinct (c. 9000 BC) |- | Naxos dwarf elephant || ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' sp. || [[Naxos]] || rowspan="3" | Extinct |- | Tilos dwarf elephant || ''[[Palaeoloxodon tiliensis]]'' || [[Tilos]] |- |Rhodes dwarf elephant |''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' sp. |[[Rhodes]] |- | Bumiayu dwarf sinomastodont<ref name="Aziz"/> || ''[[Sinomastodon]] bumiajuensis'' || Bumiayu Island (now part of [[Java]]) || rowspan="4" | Extinct ([[Early Pleistocene]])|| [[File:Sinomastodon.png|120px]] ''[[Sinomastodon]]'' |- | rowspan="3" | [[File:のんほいパーク - アケボノゾウ.jpg|120px]] Japanese stegodont<ref name = "Sondaar">{{cite journal | last = Sondaar | first = P. Y. |author2=A.A.E. van der Geer | title = Evolution and Extinction of Plio-Pleistocene Island Ungulates | journal = International Journal of the French Quaternary Association | volume = 2 | pages = 241–256 | date = 2005 | language = en | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242279220 | access-date = 2017-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aiba |first1=Hiroaki |last2=Baba |first2=Katsuyoshi |last3=Matsukawa |first3=Masaki |date=2010-03-10 |title=A new species of Stegodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Kazusa Group (lower Pleistocene), Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan and its evolutionary morphodynamics: STEGODON PROTOAURORAE SP. NOV. AND MORPHODYNAMICS |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00953.x |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=471–490 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00953.x|s2cid=128161878 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>|| ''Stegodon miensis'' || rowspan="3" | [[Japan]] (Also [[Taiwan]] for ''S. aurorae'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Bergh |first1=Gert D. |last2=de Vos |first2=John |last3=Sondaar |first3=Paul Y. |title=The Late Quaternary palaeogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian Archipelago |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=25 September 2000 |volume=171 |issue=3–4 |pages=385–408 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00255-3 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1291330178.pdf}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | [[File:Stegodon_skeletal.png|120px]] [[China|Chinese]] ''[[Stegodon]]'' |- |''[[Stegodon]] protoaurorae'' |- |''[[Stegodon aurorae]]'' |- | Greater Flores dwarf stegodont<ref name="Van Den Bergh">{{cite journal |last1=Van Den Bergh |first1=Gerrit Dirk |last2=Awe |first2=Rokhus Due |last3=Morwood |first3=Michael John |author-link3=Mike Morwood |last4=Sutikna |first4=Thomas |author5=Jatmiko |author6=Wahyu Saptomo, E. |date=May 2008 |title=The youngest ''Stegodon'' remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=16–48 |bibcode=2008QuInt.182...16V |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.001}}</ref>|| ''Stegodon florensis'' || [[Flores]] || Extinct (Late Pleistocene) || rowspan="9" |[[File:Stegodon’s_ivory_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg|120px]] [[Sundaland]] ''Stegodon'' |- | rowspan="3" | Javan dwarf stegodonts || ''Stegodon hypsilophus''<ref name="Aziz">{{cite journal | last = Aziz | first = F. |author2=van den Bergh, G. D. | title = A dwarf ''Stegodon'' from Sambungmacan (Central Java, Indonesia) | journal = Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. V. Wetensch. | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 229–241 | date = September 25, 1995 | language = en | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275753718 | access-date = 2017-07-31}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | [[Java]] || rowspan="3" | Extinct ([[Quaternary]]) |- |''S. semedoensis''<ref>Siswanto, S., & Noerwidi, S. (2014). PROBOSCIDEA FOSSIL FROM SEMEDO SITE: Its Correlation With Biostratigraphy and Human Arrival in Java. Berkala Arkeologi, 34(2).</ref> |- |''S.'' sp.<ref name="Aziz" /> |- | Mindanao pygmy stegodont<ref name="Fleagle2010">{{cite book|editor1-last= Fleagle|editor1-first= J. G |editor2-last= Shea|editor2-first= J. J. |editor3-last= Grine|editor3-first= F. E. |editor4-last= Baden|editor4-first= A. L.|editor5-last= Leakey|editor5-first= R. E. |title= Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CO5zfl460CEC |contribution= Geological Evidence for the Earliest Appearance of Hominins in Indonesia |contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CO5zfl460CEC&pg=PA106 |last1= Zaim|first1= Y.|date= 20 August 2010|publisher= Springer Science & Business Media|isbn= 978-90-481-9036-2|oclc= 668096676|page= 106}}</ref> || ''Stegodon mindanensis'' || [[Mindanao]] and [[Sulawesi]] || Extinct (Middle Pleistocene) |- | Sulawesi dwarf stegodont<ref name="Aziz"/> || ''Stegodon sompoensis'' || [[Sulawesi]] || Extinct |- | Lesser Flores dwarf stegodont<ref name="Van Den Bergh"/> || ''Stegodon sondaari'' || [[Flores]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct (Middle Pleistocene) |- | Sumba dwarf stegodont<ref>{{cite web |last1=Setiyabudi |first1=Erick |last2=Kurniawan |first2=Iwan |last3=Van Den Bergh |first3=Gerrit |title=Fossils of Stegodon and Varanus komodoensis Sumba and Flores: a Pleistocene landbridge |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=3055&context=smhpapers |publisher=Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health}}</ref> || ''Stegodon sumbaensis'' || [[Sumba]], Indonesia |- | Timor dwarf stegodont<ref name="Aziz"/> || ''Stegodon timorensis'' || [[Timor]] || Extinct |- | Dwarf stegolophodont<ref name="Saegusa2008">{{cite journal|last1= Saegusa|first1= H.|title= Dwarf ''Stegolophodon'' from the Miocene of Japan: Passengers on sinking boats |journal= Quaternary International |volume= 182|issue= 1|year= 2008|pages= 49–62|doi= 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.001|bibcode= 2008QuInt.182...49S}}</ref> || ''Stegolophodon pseudolatidens'' || [[Japan]] || Extinct ([[Miocene]]) || [[File:Stegolophodon_latidens.JPG|120px]] ''[[Stegolophodon]]'' |}

==== [[Primates]] ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | Nosy Hara dwarf lemur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150812-tiny-lemur-may-be-worlds-rarest | title=New group of dwarf lemurs may be world's rarest primate}}</ref> || ''Cheirogaleus sp.'' || [[Nosy Hara]] island off Madagascar || Unknown || [[File:Cheirogaleus-medius.jpg|120px]] [[Dwarf lemur]]s |- | [[File:Specimen_LB1.jpg|120px]] [[Flores Man]]<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/12/17/1266916.htm Scientist to study Hobbit morphing], abc.net.au</ref> || ''Homo floresiensis'' || [[Flores]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct (Late Pleistocene) || rowspan="2"|[[File:Homme_de_Tautavel_01-08.jpg|100px]] ''[[Homo erectus]]'' |- | [[File:LuzonensisMolars.jpg|120px]] [[Callao Man]] || ''Homo luzonensis''<ref name = "Wade2019">{{cite journal |last1= Wade|first1= L.|title= New species of ancient human unearthed in the Philippines|journal= Science|volume= 364|date= 2019-04-10|doi= 10.1126/science.aax6501|s2cid= 189045520}}</ref><ref name="Détroit2019">{{cite journal|last1= Détroit|first1= F.|last2= Mijares|first2=A. S.|last3= Corny|first3= J.|last4= Daver|first4= G.|last5= Zanolli|first5= C.|last6= Dizon|first6= E.|last7= Robles|first7= E.|last8= Grün|first8= R.|last9= Piper|first9=P. J.|title=A new species of ''Homo'' from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines|journal= Nature|volume= 568|issue= 7751|year= 2019|pages= 181–186|doi= 10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9|pmid= 30971845|bibcode= 2019Natur.568..181D|s2cid= 106411053|url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02296712/file/Detroit_%26_al_2019_Nature_postprint.pdf}}</ref> || [[Luzon]], Philippines |- | [[Rampasasa|Modern pygmies of Flores]]<ref name = "Tucci2018">{{cite journal|author= Tucci, S.|display-authors=etal|title= Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia|doi= 10.1126/science.aar8486|pmid= 30072539|journal= Science|volume= 361|issue= 6401|pages= 511–516|date= 2018-08-03|pmc= 6709593|bibcode=2018Sci...361..511T}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | ''Homo sapiens'' || [[Flores]] || Extant || rowspan="3"|other members of ''Homo sapiens'' |- | Early Palau modern humans (disputed)<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080901182323/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/08/080827-palau-humans.html Ancient Small People on Palau Not Dwarfs, Study Says]". ''National Geographic News''. August 27, 2008.</ref> || [[Palau]] || Extinct (?) |- | [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]]<ref name="Mondal2016">{{cite journal|last1= Mondal|first1= M.|last2= Casals|first2= F.|last3= Xu|first3= T.|last4= Dall'Olio|first4=G. M.|last5= Pybus|first5= M.|last6= Netea|first6=M. G.|last7= Comas|first7= D.|last8= Laayouni|first8= H.|last9= Li|first9= Q.|last10= Majumder|first10=P. P.|last11= Bertranpetit|first11= J.|title= Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation|journal= Nature Genetics|volume= 48|issue= 9|year= 2016|pages= 1066–1070|doi= 10.1038/ng.3621|pmid= 27455350|hdl= 10230/34401|s2cid= 205352099|url= http://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/10230/34401/1/Mondal_NG_Gen.pdf|hdl-access= free}}</ref> || [[Andaman Islands]] || Extant |- | [[File:Macaca_majori.JPG|120px]] [[Macaca majori|Sardinian macaque]]<ref name = "Rook2008">{{cite journal|author= Rook, L.|title= The first workshop on European fossil primate record (Siena and Grosseto, September 11-13, 2008) with an update on Italian studies in Paleoprimatology|journal= Atti Muss. Stor. Nat. Maremma|issue= 22|pages= 129–143|date= 2008-12-31|url= http://museonatura.comune.grosseto.it/fileadmin/templates/pdf/ATTI_DEL_MUSEO/Volume_n.22/Rook_atti_22_129-143.pdf|access-date= 2019-06-20|archive-date= 2019-06-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190620163406/http://museonatura.comune.grosseto.it/fileadmin/templates/pdf/ATTI_DEL_MUSEO/Volume_n.22/Rook_atti_22_129-143.pdf}}</ref> || ''Macaca majori'' || [[Sardinia]] || Extinct (Pleistocene) || [[File:Barbary_macaques_of_Gibraltar_in_search_of_food.jpg|120px]] [[Barbary macaque]] |- | [[File:Red_Colobus_7.jpg|120px]] [[Zanzibar red colobus]] || ''Piliocolobus kirkii'' || [[Unguja]] || Endangered || [[File:Udzungwa_Red_Colobus_Stevage.JPG|120px]] [[Udzungwa red colobus]] |}

==== [[Carnivorans]] ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative ! Insular / mainland length or mass ratio |- | [[File:Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png|120px]] [[Sicilian wolf]] || ''Canis lupus cristaldii'' || [[Sicily]] || Extinct (AD 1970) || rowspan="2"|[[File:Canis_lupus_Europe.jpg|120px]] [[Wolf|Gray wolf]] || |- | [[File:Honshu-wolf4.jpg|120px]] [[Japanese wolf]] || ''Canis lupus hodophilax'' || [[Japan]] (excluding [[Hokkaido]]) || Extinct (AD 1905) || |- | [[File:Adaptations_of_the_Pleistocene_island_canid_Cynotherium_sardous_(2006)_Fig._1.png|120px]] [[Sardinian dhole]] (forward) || ''Cynotherium sardous'' || [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] || Extinct (c. 8300 BC) || rowspan="2"|[[File:Xenocyon_lycanoides_restoration.jpg|120px]] ''[[Xenocyon]]'' || |- | [[Trinil dog]] || ''Mececyon trinilensis'' || [[Java]] || Extinct (Pleistocene) || |- | [[Cozumel Island coati]]<ref name="Cuaron">{{cite journal|last1= Cuarón|first1=A. D.|last2= Martínez-Morales|first2= M. A.|last3= McFadden|first3= K. W.|last4= Valenzuela|first4= D.|last5= Gompper|first5=M. E.|title= The status of dwarf carnivores on Cozumel Island, Mexico |journal= Biodiversity and Conservation|volume= 13|issue= 2|pages= 317–331| date = 2004|doi= 10.1023/b:bioc.0000006501.80472.cc|bibcode=2004BiCon..13..317C |citeseerx=10.1.1.511.2040|s2cid=25730672}}</ref> || ''Nasua narica nelsoni'' || [[Cozumel]] || Critically endangered || [[File:White_nosed_Coati.jpg|120px]] [[Yucatan]] [[white-nosed coati]] || |- | [[File:Zanzibar_Leopard_2.JPG|120px]] [[Zanzibar leopard]] || ''Panthera pardus pardus'' || [[Unguja]] || Critically endangered or Extinct || [[File:Male_leopard_samburu_2,_crop.jpg|120px]] [[African leopard]] || |- | Taiwan leopard <ref>{{cite journal |author=Tzu-Chin Chi|author2=Yi Gan|author3=Tzu-Ruei Yang|author4=Chun-Hsiang Chang|date=2021-08-23|title=First report of leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan|url=https://peerj.com/articles/12020/|journal=PeerJ|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date= }}</ref>|| ''Panthera pardus'' || [[Taiwan]] || Extinct (Pleistocene) || [[File:LeopardusJaponensisWolf.jpg|120px]] [[Amur leopard]] || |- | [[File:Bali_tiger_zanveld.jpg|120px]] [[Bali tiger]] || rowspan="2"|''Panthera tigris sondaica'' || [[Bali]] || Extinct (c. AD 1940) || rowspan="2"|[[File:Panthera_tigris_sumatrae_(Sumatran_Tiger)_close-up.jpg|120px]] [[Sumatran tiger]] |- | [[File:Panthera_tigris_sondaica_01.jpg|120px]] [[Javan tiger]] || [[Java]] || Extinct (c. AD 1975) || |- | [[File:Cozumel_Raccoon2.jpg|120px]] [[Cozumel raccoon]] || ''Procyon pygmaeus'' || [[Cozumel]] || Critically endangered || [[File:Raccoon-10.png|120px]] [[Common raccoon]] || |- | [[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|120px]] [[Island fox]] || ''Urocyon littoralis'' || Six of the [[Channel Islands of California]] || Near Threatened || rowspan="2"|[[File:Grey_Fox_(Urocyon_cinereoargenteus).jpg|120px]] [[Gray fox]] || LR ≈ 0.84{{efn | For nearby mainland gray foxes<ref name = "Parfit2020">{{cite web |url= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/04/santa-cruz-island-foxes/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200417220523/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/04/santa-cruz-island-foxes/|archive-date= April 17, 2020|title= The uplifting tale of these tiny island foxes, nearly wiped out by disaster|last1= Parfit|first1= M.|last2= Groo|first2= M.|date= 22 April 2020|website= NationalGeographic.com|publisher= [[National Geographic]] |access-date= 2020-04-23}}</ref>}} LR ≈ 0.75{{efn | For mainland gray foxes in general<ref name="Morris">{{cite journal |author1=Moore, C.M. |author2=Collins, P.W. |year=1995 |title=Mammalian Species – ''Urocyon littoralis'' |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-489-01-0001.pdf |volume=489 |pages=1–7 |access-date=2011-09-16 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122003600/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-489-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-22 }}</ref>}} |- | [[Cozumel fox]] || ''Urocyon'' sp. || [[Cozumel]] || Critically endangered or Extinct || |}

==== Non-ruminant [[ungulate]]s ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | [[File:Eumaiochoerus etruscus mandible.jpg|120px]] ''[[Eumaiochoerus]]'' || ''Eumaiochoerus etruscus''|| [[Baccinello]], [[Montebamboli]] || Extinct ([[Miocene]]) || [[File:Microstonyx skull.jpg|120px]] [[Microstonyx]] |- |- | rowspan="3" | [[File:Hippo1_final.jpg|120px]] [[Malagasy hippopotamus|Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus]]es || ''[[Hippopotamus laloumena]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Madagascar]] || rowspan="3" | Extinct (c. AD 1000) || rowspan="3" | [[File:Nijlpaard.jpg|120px]] [[Common hippopotamus]] |- |''[[Hippopotamus lemerlei|H. lemerlei]]'' |- |''[[Hippopotamus madagascariensis|H. madagascariensis]]'' |- | Bumiayu dwarf hippopotamus<ref name="Aziz"/> || ''Hexaprotodon simplex'' || Bumiayu Island (now [[Java]]) || Extinct ([[Early Pleistocene]]) || [[File:Hexaprotodon_sivalensis.jpg|120px]] [[Hexaprotodon|Asian hippopotamuses]] |- | [[File:Hippopotamus_cruetzburgi.JPG|120px]] [[Cretan dwarf hippopotamus]] || ''Hippopotamus creutzburgi'' || [[Crete]] || Extinct ([[Middle Pleistocene]]) ||[[File:Museo_di_paleologia,_scheletro_di_hippopotamus_antiquus,_recuperato_presso_figline_valdarno.JPG|120px]] ''[[Hippopotamus antiquus]]'' |- | [[File:Hippopotamus_amphibius_Linn_at_Ghar_Dalam,_Malta.png|120px]] [[Hippopotamus melitensis|Maltese dwarf hippopotamus]] || ''Hippopotamus melitensis'' || [[Malta]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct (Pleistocene) | rowspan="2" |[[File:Nijlpaard.jpg|120px]] [[Common hippopotamus]] (''H. amphibius'') |- | [[File:Hippopotamus_pentlandi_3.JPG|120px]] [[Hippopotamus pentlandi|Sicilian dwarf hippopotamus]] || ''Hippopotamus pentlandi'' || [[Sicily]] |- | [[File:Hippo-Cyprus.JPG|120px]] [[Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus]] || ''Hippopotamus minor'' || [[Cyprus]] || Extinct (c. 8000 BC) |Unclear, either ''H. amphibius'' or ''H. antiquus''. |- | Cozumel collared peccary<ref name="Cuaron"/> || ''Pecari tajacu nanus'' || [[Cozumel]] || Unknown || [[File:Running_Javelina.jpg|120px]] [[Collared peccary]] |}

==== [[Bovid]]s ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | Sicilian bison<ref name="Sondaar"/> || ''Bison priscus siciliae'' || rowspan="2" | [[Sicily]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct (Late Pleistocene) || [[File:Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg|120px]] [[Steppe bison]] |- | Sicilian aurochs<ref name="Vuure2005">{{cite book|last=van Vuure|first= Cis |title= Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cyFFAAAAYAAJ&q=Sicily|year= 2005|publisher= Coronet Books Incorporated|isbn= 978-954-642-235-4|oclc= 472741798}}</ref> || ''Bos primigenius siciliae''<ref name="Sondaar"/> || [[File:Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg|120px]] [[Aurochs|Eurasian aurochs]] |- | [[Bubalus cebuensis|Cebu tamaraw]] || ''Bubalus cebuensis'' || [[Cebu]], Philippines || Extinct || rowspan="5"|[[File:Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee by Dr Raju Kasambe IMG 0347 (11) (cropped).jpg|120px]] [[Wild water buffalo]] |- | [[File:Lowland anoa.jpg|120px]] [[Lowland anoa]] || ''Bubalus depressicornis'' || [[Sulawesi]] and [[Buton]], Indonesia || Endangered |- | ''[[Bubalus grovesi]]'' || ''Bubalus grovesi'' || [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia || Extinct |- | [[File:Bubalus_mindorensis_by_Gregg_Yan_01.jpg|120px]] [[Tamaraw]] || ''Bubalus mindorensis'' || [[Mindoro]], Philippines || Critically endangered |- | [[File:Buablus_quarlesi2.jpg|120px]] [[Mountain anoa]] || ''Bubalus quarlesi'' || [[Sulawesi]] and [[Buton]], Indonesia || Endangered |- | [[File:Myotragus_balearicus.JPG|120px]] [[Balearic Islands cave goat]] || ''Myotragus balearicus'' || [[Mallorca]] and [[Menorca]] || Extinct (after 3000 BC) || rowspan="2"|''Gallogoral'' |- | ''Nesogoral''<ref name="Geer2011">{{cite book|last1=van der Geer|first1= A.|last2= Lyras|first2= G|last3= de Vos|first3= J.|last4= Dermitzakis|first4= M.|title=Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands|chapter= Sardinia and Corsica|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JmSsNuwMAxgC| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JmSsNuwMAxgC&q=Chapter+Nine+Sardinia|date=14 February 2011|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn= 978-1-4443-9128-2|oclc= 894698082}}</ref> || ''Nesogoral'' spp. || [[Sardinia]] || Extinct |- | Dahlak Kebir gazelle<ref name=Chiozzi2014>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/bij.12239| title = Just another island dwarf? Phenotypic distinctiveness in the poorly known Soemmerring's Gazelle, ''Nanger soemmerringii'' (Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae), of Dahlak Kebir Island| journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society| volume = 111| issue = 3| pages = 603–620| year = 2014| last1 = Chiozzi | first1 = G. | last2 = Bardelli | first2 = G. | last3 = Ricci | first3 = M. | last4 = De Marchi | first4 = G. | last5 = Cardini | first5 = A. | doi-access = free | hdl = 11380/1061537 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> || ''Nanger soemmerringi'' ssp. || [[Dahlak Kebir]] island, Eritrea || Vulnerable || [[File:The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella soemmerringi (white background).png|120px]] [[Soemmerring's gazelle]] |- |- | [[File:Tyrrhenotragus gracillimus mandible.jpg|120px]] ''[[Tyrrhenotragus]]'' || ''Tyrrhenotragus gracillimus'' || [[Baccinello]] || Extinct || [[Antilopinae]] sp. |- |}

==== [[Cervid]]s and relatives ==== {| class=wikitable |- ! Example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | [[File:Candiacervus_ropalophorus.jpg|120px]] Cretan deer{{refn | Like ''Hoplitomeryx'', ''Candiacervus'' appears to be an unusual case in that members of this genus evolved into insular species of a wide range of sizes, not only dwarf forms but also some that might be considered giants.<ref name = "Mazza2015" /><ref name="Geer2018">{{cite journal|last1=van der Geer|first1= A.A.E.|title= Uniformity in variety: Antler morphology and evolution in a predator-free environment|journal= Palaeontologia Electronica|year= 2018|issue= 21.1.9A|pages= 1–31|doi= 10.26879/834|doi-access= free}}</ref> | group = lower-alpha }} || ''[[Candiacervus]]'' spp. || [[Crete]] || Extinct (Pleistocene) ||Unknown |- | [[File:Praemegaceros_cazioti_A6_digital.jpg|150px]] Sardinian deer<ref name="Benton2010"/> || ''[[Praemegaceros cazioti]]'' || [[Sardinia]] || Extinct (c. 5500 BC) |''[[Praemegaceros]]'' |- | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cervus astylodon.jpg|120px]] [[Ryukyu dwarf deer]]<ref name="Kaifu2015">{{cite book|editor1-last= Kaifu|editor1-first= Y.|editor2-last= Izuho|editor2-first= M. |editor3-last= Goebel|editor3-first= T.|editor4-last= Sato|editor4-first= H.|editor5-last= Ono|editor5-first= A.|title= Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AsgbBgAAQBAJ|contribution= Pleistocene Seafaring and Colonization of the Ryukyu Islands, Southwestern Japan|contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AsgbBgAAQBAJ&q=Cervus+astylodon|last1= Kaifu|first1= Y.|last2= Fujita|first2= M.|last3= Yoneda|first3= M.|last4= Yamasaki|first4= S.|date=15 February 2015|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn= 978-1-62349-277-9|oclc= 985023261}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | ''Cervus astylodon'' || rowspan="2" | [[Ryukyu Islands]] || rowspan="2" | Extinct || [[File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Manchurian_sika_white_background.png|120px]] [[Sika deer]] (?) |- |''Cervus praenipponicus'' (?) |- | Jersey red deer population<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lister | first = A. M. | title = Rapid dwarfing of red deer on Jersey in the Last Interglacial | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 342 | issue = 6249| pages = 539–542 | date = 1989-11-30 | doi = 10.1038/342539a0 | pmid = 2685610 | bibcode = 1989Natur.342..539L | s2cid = 4343091 }}</ref> || ''Cervus elaphus jerseyensis'' || [[Jersey]] || Extinct (Pleistocene) || rowspan="3"|[[File:Rothirsch.jpg|120px]] [[Red deer]] |- | [[File:CervusElaphusCorsicanus-pjt.jpg|120px]] [[Corsican red deer]] || ''Cervus elaphus corsicanus'' || [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] || Near Threatened |- | Sicilian red deer<ref name="Sondaar"/> || ''Cervus siciliae'' || [[Sicily]] || Extinct (Late Pleistocene) |- | [[File:Hoplitomeryx_matthei.jpg|120px]] ''[[Hoplitomeryx]]''{{refn | ''Hoplitomeryx'' is evidently quite an unusual case, because members of this genus apparently evolved into both dwarf and giant insular forms on the same island(s).<ref name = "Mazza2015">{{cite journal |last1= Mazza|first1= P.P.A.|last2= Rossi|first2= M.A.|last3= Agostini|first3= S.|title= Hoplitomerycidae (Late Miocene, Italy), an Example of Giantism in Insular Ruminants|journal= Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume= 22|issue= 2|pages= 271–277|date= 2015|doi= 10.1007/s10914-014-9277-2|s2cid= 16437411}}</ref> | group = lower-alpha }} || ''Hoplitomeryx'' spp. || [[Gargano Island]] || Extinct ([[Early Pliocene]]) || [[File:Antilocapra_americana_male_(Wyoming,_2012).jpg|120px]] [[Pecora]]ns |- | Sicilian fallow deer || ''Dama carburangelensis'' || [[Sicily]] || Extinct (Late Pleistocene) || [[Fallow deer]] |- | [[File:Key_deer_male.jpg|120px]] [[Key deer|Florida Key deer]] || ''Odocoileus virginianus clavium'' || [[Florida Keys]] || Endangered || [[File:White-tailed_deer.jpg|120px]] [[Virginia deer]] |- | [[File:Spitsbergen_reindeer01.jpg|120px]] [[Svalbard reindeer]] || ''Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus'' || [[Svalbard]] || rowspan="2" | Vulnerable || [[File:Fjellrein.jpg|120px]] [[Reindeer]] |- | [[File:Rusa_marianna_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg|120px]] [[Philippine deer]] || ''Rusa marianna'' || [[Philippines]] || [[File:Sambar (Rusa unicolor cambojensis) (7109798353).jpg|120px]] [[Sambar deer]] |}

=== [[Plant]]s === {| class=wikitable |- ! Possible example ! Binomial name ! Native range ! Status ! Continental relative |- | [[File:El Tecolote.JPG|120px]] Insular elephant cacti<ref name = "Wilder2010">{{cite journal |last1= Wilder|first1= B.T.|last2= Felger|first2= R.S.|title= Dwarf Giants, Guano, and Isolation: Vegetation and Floristic Diversity of San Pedro Mártir Island, Gulf of California, Mexico|journal= Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History |volume= 42|pages= 1–24; see pp. 9–13|date= 30 September 2010|url= https://brccapi.sdnhm.org/files/8213/7106/5625/Proceedings42_COLOR1.pdf|access-date= 2020-01-05 |quote = (p. 12) The dwarfing of the San Pedro Mártir plants seems to be due to a selection for shorter individuals to survive fierce tropical storms, possible root competition in such a dense forest, and the undefined effect of high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus from the abundant guano that might stunt growth. Genetic studies have not been undertaken...}}</ref><ref name = "Burns2019">{{cite book | last= Burns | first= K.C. | title= Evolution in Isolation: The Search for an Island Syndrome in Plants | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | date= May 2019| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wbOQDwAAQBAJ | pages= 174–177 |doi= 10.1017/9781108379953 | isbn = 978-1-108-37995-3 | s2cid= 186536407 | oclc= 1108160200 |quote = (pp. 174-175) ... the extent to which its dwarfed stature is genetically determined, and an explanation for why insular dwarfism might be selectively advantageous, awaits additional study.}}</ref> || ''[[Pachycereus pringlei]]'' || Remote islands in the [[Sea of Cortez]] (e.g. [[Isla Santa Cruz (Baja California Sur)|Santa Cruz]], [[San Pedro Mártir Island|San Pedro Mártir]]) || Not evaluated || [[File:Pachycereus_pringlei_cardon_sahueso.JPG|120px]] Mainland elephant cacti |}

==See also== {{wikinews|Bones of "small-bodied humans" found in cave}}

* [[Island gigantism]] * [[Island syndrome]] * [[Island tameness]] * [[Pleistocene extinctions]]

== Notes == {{reflist | group = lower-alpha }}

==References== {{reflist|2}}

==External links== *[https://www.theguardian.com/life/science/story/0,12996,1340300,00.html Strange world of island species October 31, 2004 The Observer ]

[[Category:Animal size]] [[Category:Evolutionary biology]] [[Category:Insular ecology|Dwarfism]]