Irish name

{{short description|none}}  {{more citations needed|date=May 2009}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} A formal '''Irish name''' consists of a given name and a surname. In the Irish language, most surnames are patronymic surnames (distinct from patronyms, which are seen in Icelandic names for example). The form of a surname varies according to whether its bearer is a man, a woman, or a woman married to a man, who adopts his surname.

An alternative traditional naming convention consists of the first name followed by a double patronym, usually with the father and grandfather's names. This convention is not used for official purposes but is generalized in {{lang|ga|Gaeltachtaí}} (Irish-speaking areas) and also survives in some rural non-{{lang|ga|Gaeltacht}} areas. Sometimes the name of the mother or grandmother may be used instead of the father or grandfather.

==Epithets== {{See also|Epithet}} A first name may be modified by an adjective to distinguish its bearer from other people with the same name. '''{{lang|ga|Mór}}''' ("big") and '''{{lang|ga|Óg}}''' ("young") are used to distinguish parent and child, like "senior" and "junior" are used in English, but are placed between the given name and the surname, e.g. {{lang|ga|Seán Óg Ó Súilleabháin}} corresponds to "John O'Sullivan Jr." (anglicised surnames often omit {{vr|O'}}, leaving no trace of original {{lang|ga|Ó}} e.g. "John Sullivan Jr.")

The word '''{{lang|ga|Beag}}''' ("little") can be used in place of {{lang|ga|Óg}}. This does not necessarily indicate that the younger person is smaller in stature, merely younger than their parent or in some cases to imply a baby was small, possibly premature, at birth.

Adjectives denoting hair colour may also be used, especially informally, e.g. {{lang|ga|Pádraig Rua}} ("red-haired Patrick"), {{lang|ga|Máire Bhán}} ("fair-haired Mary").

=== Traditional ''Gaeltacht'' names === Colloquially in {{lang|ga|Gaeltachtaí}} (Irish-speaking areas) and some other areas it remains customary to use a name formed by the first name (or nickname), followed by the father and the paternal grandfather's name, both in the genitive case, e.g. {{lang|ga|Seán Ó Cathasaigh}} (Seán O'Casey), son of {{lang|ga|Pól}}, son of {{lang|ga|Séamus}}, would be known to his neighbours as {{lang|ga|Seán Phóil Shéamuis}}. Occasionally, if the mother or grandmother was a well-known person locally, her name may be used instead. If the mother's name is used, then the maternal grandfather or grandmother may follow it, e.g. {{lang|ga|Máire Sally Eoghain}}.

This system can be particularly useful for distinguishing people who live in the same area and who share a common surname but are not closely related, e.g. two people named John McEldowney might be known as "John Patsy Dan" and "John Mary Philip" respectively. Even the Irish forms sometimes survive in parts of the Sperrins, so that among the principal families of Glenullin some branches are known by father/grandfather forms such as {{lang|ga|Pháidí Shéamais}} or {{lang|ga|Bhrian Dhónaill}}.

==Surnames==

=== Ó and Mac surnames === A man's surname is generally formed by '''{{lang|ga|Ó}}''' ("descendant"; historically {{lang|ga|Ua}}) or '''{{lang|ga|Mac}}''' ("son") followed by a name or definite noun (often a profession) in the genitive case, e.g. {{lang|ga|Ó Dónaill}} (literally "descendant of Dónall") and {{lang|ga|Mac Siúrtáin}} (literally "son of Jordan"). When {{lang|ga|Ó}} is followed by a vowel, a (lowercase) {{vr|h}} is attached to the vowel, e.g. {{lang|ga|Ó hUiginn}} (O'Higgins) or {{lang|ga|Ó hAodha}} (Hughes).

A woman's surname replaces {{lang|ga|Ó}} with '''{{lang|ga|Ní}}''' (reduction of {{lang|ga|Iníon Uí}} "descendant's daughter") and {{lang|ga|Mac}} with '''{{lang|ga|Nic}}''' (reduction of {{lang|ga|Iníon Mhic}} "son's daughter"). In both cases the following name undergoes lenition, except for when {{lang|ga|Nic}} is followed by {{vr|c}} or {{vr|g}}. Thus the daughter of {{lang|ga|Seán Ó Dónaill}} has the surname {{lang|ga|Ní Dhónaill}} and the daughter of {{lang|ga|Pól Mac Siúrtáin}} has the surname {{lang|ga|Nic Shiúrtáin}}. In Ulster it is common for a woman who adopts her husband's name to just use {{lang|ga|Ní}} or {{lang|ga|Nic}} rather than the forms seen below.

If a woman marries a man, she may choose to take his surname. In this case, {{lang|ga|Ó}} is replaced by '''{{lang|ga|Bean Uí}}''' ("descendant's wife") and {{lang|ga|Mac}} by '''{{lang|ga|Bean Mhic}}''' ("son's wife"). In both cases {{lang|ga|Bean}} may be omitted, which results in '''{{lang|ga|Uí}}''' or '''{{lang|ga|Mhic}}'''. In both cases the following name undergoes lenition, except for when {{lang|ga|Mhic}} is followed by {{vr|c}} or {{vr|g}}. Thus a woman marrying {{lang|ga|Seán Ó Dónaill}} may choose to adopt {{lang|ga|Bean Uí Dhónaill}} or {{lang|ga|Uí Dhónaill}} as her surname and a woman marrying {{lang|ga|Pól Mac Siúrtáin}} may choose to adopt {{lang|ga|Bean Mhic Siúrtáin}} or {{lang|ga|Mhic Siúrtáin}} as her surname.

{{lang|ga|Mag}}, {{lang|ga|Nig}}, and {{lang|ga|Mhig}} are sometimes used instead of {{lang|ga|Mac}}, {{lang|ga|Nic}}, and {{lang|ga|Mhic}} before a vowel or {{vr|fh}} (which is silent) followed by a vowel.

=== Other surnames === Norman surnames formed by {{lang|ga|de}} (always lowercase; "of") followed by a name, e.g. {{lang|ga|de Búrca}} (Burke), {{lang|ga|de Paor}} (Power), or {{lang|ga|de hÍde}} (Hide, Hyde).

Some names consist of {{lang|ga|Mac Giolla}} ("servant's son") or {{lang|ga|Ó Maoil}} ("follower's descendant") followed by a name in the genitive case, e.g. {{lang|ga|Mac Giolla Phádraig}}, {{lang|ga|Ó Maoil Eoin}}.

{| class="wikitable" |+Summary of section contents |- ! colspan="5" |Irish ! rowspan="3" |Anglicisation ! rowspan="3" |Example |- ! rowspan="2" |Base ! rowspan="2" |Person ! colspan="2" |Case ! rowspan="2" |Meaning |- !nom. !gen./voc. |- ! rowspan="3" |Ó !Man | Ó |Uí |descendant|| rowspan="3" | O' or omitted || Pól Ó Murchú |- !Wife |[Bean] Uí |Bhean Uí |descendant's [wife] |Mairéad [Bean] Uí Mhurchú |- !Woman | colspan="2" |Ní |descendant's daughter |Gráinne Ní Mhurchú |- ! rowspan="3" |Mac !Man |Mac |Mhic |son | rowspan="3" |Mc, Mac, M', Mag, or omitted |Seán Mac Mathúna |- !Wife |[Bean] Mhic |Bhean Mhic |son's [wife] |Máire [Bean] Mhic Mhathúna |- !Woman | colspan="2" |Nic |son's daughter |Aoife Nic Mhathúna |- ! rowspan="3" |Mag !Man |Mag |Mhig |son|| rowspan="3" | Mag, Mc, Mac, M' or omitted | Muirchearthach Mag Uidhir |- !Wife |[Bean] Mhig |Bhean Mhig |son's [wife] |Siobhán [Bean] Mhig Uidhir |- !Woman | colspan="2" |Nig |son's s daughter |Róisín Nig Uidhir |- !de !All | colspan="2" |de |of |de or omitted |Séamus de Búrca |}

==Examples of first names and surnames==

===Notable examples of first names and surnames===  Many Irish people use English (or anglicised) forms of their names in English-language contexts and Irish forms in Irish-language contexts. The Irish names of some people more famous under their English names include: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! English/Anglicised name ! Irish name ! class=unsortable | Notes |- | Thomas Ashe | Tomás Ághas | Gaelic League member |- | Moya Brennan | Máire Ní Bhraonáin<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6301871.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100604053743/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6301871.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 June 2010 | title = Surge in deed poll name changes | date = 2009-05-17 | first = Colin | last = Coyle | work = The Sunday Times | location = London | access-date = 2010-05-05}}</ref> | Irish-language spelling as birth name |- | Turlough O'Carolan | Toirdhealbhach Ó Cearbhalláin | Irish harpist and composer |- | Michael Collins | Mícheál Ó Coileáin | signed Anglo-Irish Treaty with Irish-language name |- | Patrick S. Dinneen | Pádraig Ua Duinnín | was an Irish lexicographer and historian, and a leading figure in the Gaelic revival |- | Enya (Enya Patricia Brennan) | Eithne Pádraigín Ní Bhraonáin | Irish singer, songwriter and musician |- | Arthur Griffith | Art Ó Gríobhtha | Gaelic League member; Sinn Féin founder and leader; bilingual signature on Anglo-Irish Treaty |- | Michael D. Higgins | Micheál Ó hUigínn | 9th President of Ireland |- | Douglas Hyde | Dubhghlas de hÍde | 1st President of Ireland; CnaG founder |- | Mary McAleese | Máire Mhic Ghiolla Íosa | née Mary Leneghan/Máire Ní Lionnacháin |- | Liam Mellows | Liam Ó Maoilíosa<ref name="oir-f-19190121-3">{{citation|title=Dáil Debates - Díospóireachtaí Dála|date=1919-01-21|volume=F|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119184338/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.F.O.191901210004.html|chapter=3. AN ROLLA|chapter-url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.F.O.191901210004.html|publisher=Dáil Éireann|access-date=2010-05-05|archive-date=2007-11-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Irish politician |- | Kevin O'Higgins | Caoimhín Ó hUiginn<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://museum.limerick.ie/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/51671|title=Limerick City and County Museum|website=museum.limerick.ie|at=Signature of Caoimhín Ó hUiginn|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> | Minister for Justice and Vice-President |- | Seán T. O'Kelly | Seán T. Ó Ceallaigh<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=36&lang=ire | title = Beathnaiséisí: Séan T O'Ceallaigh | language = Irish | publisher = Áras an Uachtaráin/President of Ireland | location = Dublin | access-date = 2010-05-05 }}</ref> | Vice-President, first Tánaiste, President of Ireland |- | Thomas Francis O'Rahilly | Tomás Phroinsias Ó Rathaille<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/folklore/james_delargy_and_storymen/delargy_stiofain_ohealaoire.htm | title = James Delargy and the Storymen of North Clare | first = Michael | last = MacMahon | date = 2009-07-01 | access-date = 2010-05-05 | publisher = Clare County Library | location = Ennis, County Clare }} Originally from: {{cite journal | first = Michael | last = MacMahon | title = James Delargy and the Storymen of North Clare | journal = The Other Clare | volume = 33 | year = 2009 | pages = 63–70 | publisher = Shannon Archaeological & Historical Society | issn = 0332-088X | location = Shannon, County Clare }}</ref> | scholar of Celtic language and culture; sometimes also "Rahilly" or "Rahily" |- | Patrick Pearse | Pádraig Mac Piarais | CnaG; ''An Claidheamh Soluis'' editor; St. Enda's School founder |- | Joseph Plunkett | Seosamh Máire Pluincéad{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} | Gaelic League member; an Easter Rising leader |- | Mary Robinson | Máire Bean Mhic Róibín | (née Máire de Búrca) |- | Gerard Toal | Gearóid Ó Tuathail<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.toal.net/ | title = Faculty Page: Dr Gerard Toal, Virginia Tech. | first = Gerard | last = Toal | author-link = Gerard Toal | date = 2006-11-29 | access-date = 2010-05-06 | archive-date = 27 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211227230918/http://toal.net/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> | |} Other people are generally better known by their Irish name than by their English name, including the following:

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Irish name ! English/Anglicised form ! class=unsortable | Notes |- | Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh | Dudley Forbes | though neither Dubhaltach or Fibrisigh correspond to the Anglicised forms |- | Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh | Roderick O'Flaherty | |- | Flaithrí Ó Maolconaire | Florence Conry | (1560–1629, Archbishop of Tuam) |- | Gráinne Ní Mháille | Grace O'Malley | many other Irish-language and English-language respellings of her name also exist |- | Seán Bán Breathnach | "White" John Walsh | |- | Séamus Ó Grianna | James Greene | though Grianna does not correspond etymologically to the English name "Green" or "Greene" |- | Gráinne Seoige | Grace Joyce | |- | Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin | Ellen Cullen | |- | Antoine Ó Raifteiri | Anthony Raftery | |- | Proinsias De Rossa | Frank Ross | |- | Pádraig Harrington | Patrick Harrington | Golfer; three-time major winner |- | Pádraig Ó Riain | Patrick Ryan | |- | Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha | Patrick O'Sugrue | |- | Padraig Ó Síocháin | P. A. Sheehan | |- | Pádraig Ó Fiannachta | Patrick Finnerty | |- | Lorcán Ua Tuathail | Laurence O'Toole | |- | Dara Ó Briain | Darragh O'Brien | |- | Doireann Ní Bhriain | Doreen O'Brien | |- | Cathal Brugha | Charles William St. John Burgess | |- | Éamon de Valera | Edward De Valera | 2nd Taoiseach (1937–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959); 3rd President (1959–1973) |- | Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh | Mairead Mooney |"Margaret", another English equivalent of "Mairéad", is rarely used. |} {{unreferenced section|date=May 2010}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *[http://braesicke.de/ainm.htm Names - Nualeargas] *[http://www.libraryireland.com/Names.php Irish Names] at LibraryIreland.com *[http://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/magazine/surname The Origins of Irish Surnames] at IrishTimes.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160314005311/https://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/magazine/surname/ Archive]) *[http://www.dubliner.com/ireland/irish-family-names Find Irish Family Names] at Dubliner.com *[http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/Woulfe/index.shtml 16th & 17th Century Anglicized Irish Surnames from Woulfe] by MedievalScotland.org

Name Category:Names by country