{{short description|Species of plant}} {{Infraspeciesbox |image = Iris pseudopallida jadranska perunika 0409.jpg |genus = Iris |species = pallida |subspecies = illyrica |authority = (Tomm. ex Vis.) K.Richt.<ref name=POWO_77189425-1/> |synonyms = {{Species list |Iris cengialti subsp. illyrica|(Fiori) Poldini |Iris illyrica|Tomm. ex Vis. |Iris pallida f. dalmatica|(Pamp.) Pamp. |Iris pseudopallida|Trinajstic |Iris pseudopallida f. dalmatica|(Pamp.) Trinajstic |Iris pseudopallida f. transiens|Trinajstic }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_77189425-1>{{cite web |title=((''Iris pallida'' subsp. ''illyrica'' (Tomm. ex Vis.) K.Richt.)) |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77189425-1 |access-date=2021-12-25 }}</ref> }}
'''''Iris pallida'' subsp. ''illyrica''''', synonym '''''Iris pseudopallida''''',<ref name=POWO_77189425-1/> (the southern Adriatic iris) is a subspecies of ''Iris pallida''. It is a rhizomatous perennial from Croatia. It has flat, curved of sickle-shaped leaves, tall slender stems, 3–8 fragrant flowers, in shades of violet, or pale violet flowers, mauve, lavender, purple, yellow or white, between May and June. The iris was originally thought to be a separate species, but later classified as subspecies of ''Iris pallida'', although in Croatia, it is still known as ''Iris pseudopallida''. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, especially in the Balkan regions.
==Description== It has a bluish coloured rhizome,<ref name=njuskalo>{{cite web |title=IRIS – PERUNIKA – sjeme |url=http://www.njuskalo.hr/sjeme-sadnice/iris-perunika-sjeme-oglas-8994361 |publisher=njuskalo.hr |language=hr |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> and has flat, curved,<ref name=njuskalo/> or sickle-shaped leaves.<ref name=review>{{cite journal |last=Mitic |first=Bozena |date=2014 |title=Irises – divine flowers |url=http://www.matica.hr/hr/434/Perunike.božanski.cvjetovi/ |journal=Croatian Review |language=hr |publisher=matica.hr |volume=4 |access-date=23 November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The leaves can grow up to {{convert|35|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=review/> and up to 3 cm wide.<ref name=njuskalo/> They can survive the winter.<ref name=review/> It has a slender stem or peduncles, that can grow up to between {{convert|60|-|100|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name=review/><ref name=kelways>{{cite web |title=Iris pallida subsp. pallida (Tall Bearded Flag Iris) |url=http://www.kelways.co.uk/product/iris-pallida-subsp-pallida-tall-bearded-flag-iris-/5053/ |publisher=kelways.co.uk |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> It has branches (or pedicels) near top of the plant.<ref name=njuskalo/><ref name=review/> The stem has (scarious) membranous,<ref name=njuskalo/> (or translucent) spathes (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=review/> Similar to ''Iris illyrica'', the spathes can have a dirty, rusty markings.<ref name=review/><ref name=american>{{cite web|first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris pseudopallida Trinajsti |date=29 November 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecPseudopallida |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The stems (and the branches) hold between 3 and 8 flowers,<ref name=njuskalo/><ref name=review/> between May and June.<ref name=njuskalo/> The fragrant flowers,<ref name=njuskalo/><ref name=kelways/> come in shades of violet, or pale violet flowers,<ref name=american/> mauve,<ref name=review/> lavender,<ref name=kelways/> purple, yellow or white.<ref name=njuskalo/> Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }}</ref>{{rp|17}} The falls are bent backwards, they have a light brown edge and reddish purple veins.<ref name=review/> They also have a thick strip of yellow hairs (the 'beard') in the centre.<ref name=njuskalo/><ref name=review/> The flowers has dry, spheroidal pollen, that are 51–100 μm large.<ref name=paldat>{{cite web |last=Halbritter |first=H. |last2=Mitić |first2=B. |title=Iris pseudopallida |date=23 January 2013 |url=https://www.paldat.org/pub/Iris_pseudopallida/213823 |publisher=paldat.org |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that has 5 mm long seeds.<ref name=njuskalo/>
===Biochemistry=== In 2001, a karyologic study was carried out on various irises in the Alpine-Dinaric region (relating to the Dinaric Alps mountain chain), which included in addition ''Iris cengialti'', ''Iris illyrica'' and ''Iris pallida''. It found that the mitotic number of chromosomes of most species was 2n=24.<ref name=dinaric>{{cite journal |last=Mitić |first=Bożena |last2=Nikolić |first2=Toni|last3=Trinajstić |first3=Ivo |last4=Pavletić |first4=Zinka |date=2001 |title=Karyological Analyses of the Alpine-dinaric Populations Of The Genus Iris L., Pallidae Series (A. Kern.) Trinajstić (Iridaceae) |url=http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/Sauteria_11_0395-0414.pdf |journal=Sauteria |publisher=Biotopkartierung in Bergregionen |volume=11 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>{{rp|18}}
In 2003, a study was carried out on flavonoids within the leaves of ''Iris illyrica'' and ''Iris pallida'' subsp. ''illyrica''. It found significant quantitative differences in the leaf flavonoid patterns.<ref name=Rusak>{{cite journal |last=Rusak |first=Gordana |last2=Mitić |first2=Božena |last3=Liber |first3=Zlatko |date=2003 |title=Flavonoid differentiation of Croatian endemic species Iris illyrica Tomm. and I. pseudopallida Trinajstić (Iridaceae) |url=https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?lang=EN&rad=140636 |language=hr |journal=Hrvatski Biološki Kongres S Međunarodnim Sudjelovanjem |volume=8 |pages=150–151 |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053304/https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?lang=EN&rad=140636 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Taxonomy== [[File:Iris pseudopallida II, credit to Pavle Cikovac.jpg|thumb|Wild plant growing near Niksic in Montenegro]] It is commonly known as the southern Adriatic iris,<ref name=somatic/><ref name=sladana>{{cite journal |last=Jevremović |first=Slađana |last2=Lojić |first2=Milena |last3=Jeknić |first3=Zoran |last4=Trifunović-Momčilov |first4=Milana |last5=Antonić |first5=Dragana |last6=Petrić |first6=Marija |last7=Subotić |first7=Angelina |last8=Radojević |first8=Ljiljana |date=2015 |title=In vitro propagation of Iris reichenbachii Heuff. and clonal fidelity of regenerated plants |url=http://botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs/arhiva/pdf/2015_39_2_635_full.pdf |journal=Botanica Serbica |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=129–136 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> It is also known in Croatia as ''jadranska perunika'' meaning Adriatic iris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remedies of Irises |url=http://narodni.net/ljekoviti-pripravci-od-irisa-ili-perunike/ |language=hr |publisher=narodni.net |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref>
It was first collected by Ivo Trinajstić on 1 May 1973, and then it was first published and described in 1976.<ref name=american/><ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris pseudopallida Trinajstić |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=77124435-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Trinajstić treated the plant as a separate species to ''Iris pallida'' due to the difference in spathes.<ref name=dinaric/> ''Iris pallida'' typically has silvery white spathes while ''Iris illyrica'' and ''Iris pallida'' subsp. ''illyrica'' have spathes that have a dirty pale rusty tint.<ref name=american/> In 1991, Nikolic and Mitic also found that the size and shape of epidermal cells and stoma, was another difference, but these could be down to habitat effects.<ref name=american/>
It was also thought to be related to ''Iris reichenbachii'',<ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=Rafael Diez |last= Dominguez |title=Iris orjenii |date=25 March 2008 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-orjenii |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> but a study on ''Iris orjenii'' found various differences.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bräuchler |first=Christian |last2=Cikovac |first2=Pavle |date=2007 |title=Iris orjenii (Iridaceae) — a new species from the littoral Dinaric Alps |journal=Willdenowia |volume=37 |pages=221–228 |doi=10.3372/wi.37.37112 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Often plants are called one name and are later changed due to a new study.<ref name=hort>{{citation |first=Chuck |last=Chapman |title=RE: pallida and variegata distribution |date=2 April 2005 |url=https://www.hort.net/lists/iris-species/apr05/msg00001.html |publisher=hort.net |access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>
Later, the species was classified as a subspecies of ''Iris pallida'', ''Iris pallida'' subsp. ''pseudopallida''.<ref name=kelways/><ref name=american/><ref>{{cite web |title=Posts Tagged ''Iris pallida 'Argentea Variegata'' |url=https://namethatplant.wordpress.com/tag/iris-pallida-argentea-variegata/ |publisher=namethatplant.com |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Although, in Croatia, it is still known as ''Iris pseudopallida''.<ref name=Rusak/><ref name=thesis/>
==Distribution and habitat== [[File:Iris pseudopallida habitat, Pavle Cikovac.jpg|thumb|Wild iris growing on Mount Orjen, Montenegro]] It is native to Southern Europe.<ref name=ipni/>
===Range=== It is found along the Adriatic Coast,<ref name=review/><ref name=thesis>{{cite journal |last=Filipović |first=Maja |date=2009 |title=Endemic species of Iris genus in Croatia. Bachelor's thesis, Faculty of Science |language=hr |url=http://digre.pmf.unizg.hr/3518/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030724/http://digre.pmf.unizg.hr/3518/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the Balkan Peninsula.<ref name=somatic/><ref name=sladana/> In Montenegro,<ref name=review/><ref name=american/> Herzegovina,<ref name=review/> in Croatia,<ref name=ipni/><ref name=hort/> (including south Dalmatia,<ref name=review/><ref name=american/><ref name=mediteranka>{{cite web |title=Dalmatian iris |url=http://www.mediteranka.com/index.php/en/component/k2/item/151-perunika |publisher=mediteranka.com |access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref>) and also in Albania.<ref name=review/>
It is normally found in Croatia along with ''Iris reichenbachii'', another endemic iris.<ref name=sladana/>
===Habitat=== It grows on rocks (made of limestone or karst), dry meadows or pastures.<ref name=njuskalo/><ref name=review/>
They can be found at an altitude above {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}, above sea level.<ref name=njuskalo/><ref name=review/>
==Conservation== It has large colonies of plants, but they may be under risk from collection.<ref name=review/>
==Cultivation== thumb|Growing in the wild in Montengero The plants are grown in gardens in Croatia and surrounding countries,<ref name=review/> and are also available for cultivation elsewhere, used in garden borders.<ref name=kelways/>
It can be found in the Biokovo Botanical Garden Kotišina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecological Bulletin, Donja Lomnica, 1–119 |url=http://www.biokovo.com/cms//clients/1/documents/48.pdf |publisher=biokovo.com |access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref>
===Propagation=== Irises can generally be propagated by division,<ref>{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403230752/http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or by seed growing.
==Toxicity== Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref>David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=somatic>{{cite journal |last=Jevremović |first=Slađana |last2=Subotić |first2=Angelina |last3=Trifunović |first3=Milana|last4=Nikolić |first4=Marija |date=2009 |title=Plant Regeneration Of Southern Adriatic Iris By Somatic Embryogenesis |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-4664/2009/0354-46640903413J.pdf |journal=Arch. Biol. Sci. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages= 413–418 |doi=10.2298/ABS0903413J |access-date=19 November 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref> }}
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Iris pseudopallida}} {{Wikispecies-inline|Iris pseudopallida}} {{Iris subg. Iris}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21277566}}
pseudopallida Category:Plants described in 1976 Category:Garden plants Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of Croatia Category:Flora of Albania Category:Flora of Montenegro