Iraqis in Turkey

{{Short description|Ethnic group in the Republic of Turkey}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Iraqis in Turkey |total = 125,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=rsn|title=About Refugees in Turkey|url=https://refugeesolidaritynetwork.org/about-refugees-in-turkey/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Refugee Solidarity Network|language=en-US}}</ref> |total_ref=<ref name=iraqisinturkey/> |popplace = Istanbul, Konya, Trabzon, Ankara and Bodrum. |langs = Mesopotamian Arabic, Turkish (Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects), Kurdish (Sorani and Kurmanji dialects), and Neo-Aramaic (Assyrian and Mandaic) |rels = Predominantly Islam with a significant Christianity minority (Syriac Christianity and Eastern Catholic) and a small number of Mandaeans. |related = Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Azeris, Iranians, Kurds, Mizrahim, Iraqi Turkmen }} '''Iraqis in Turkey''' includes Turkish citizens of Iraqi origin, Iraqi-born citizens and Iraqi expat workers.

== History == Turkey experienced a large influx of Iraqis between the years of 1988 and 1991 due to both the Iran–Iraq War and the first Gulf War,<ref name=iraqicatholic>http://www.christiansofiraq.com/caritaschaldeandec16.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411104708/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/caritaschaldeandec16.html |date=2020-04-11 }} Catholic Relief Agency Sheltering Iraqi Chaldean Refugees in Turkey</ref> with around 50,000 to 460,000 Iraqis entering the country.<ref name=iraqisinturkey>http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/11298 The Iraqi Refugee Crisis and Turkey: a Legal Outlook</ref> However, Turkey took a different approach following the 2003 invasion of Iraq in 2003, when the government took strong measures in ensuring there be no mass influx of Iraqis for the third time.<ref name=iraqisinturkey /> Thus, despite an approximate of two million Iraqis fleeing to neighbouring Syria and Jordan, only 10,000 had arrived in Turkey.<ref name=iraqisinturkey /> Despite Turkey being Iraq's only neighbour to be a party to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Turkey has restricted the possibility for Iraqi refugees who escaped armed conflict, like all non-Europeans, to be issued refugee status.<ref name="iraqisinturkey2">http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/11298 The Iraqi Refugee Crisis and Turkey: a Legal Outlook</ref>

Nowadays, ever since the end of Iraq’s war with ISIS and the return of stability to the country, most refugees returned to Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=IOM responds to complaints from Iraqi refugees in Turkey |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/16087/iom-responds-to-complaints-from-iraqi-refugees-in-turkey |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Iraqis living in Turkey number about 125,000, and most of them are expats who come to the country for work or are foreign students that settle in the country for education. Iraqi people are among the nationalities that purchase the most properties in the country, alongside Iranians, Russians, Germans, and Brits.

== Refugees during the Gulf War == Large movements of Kurdish refugees took place after revolts that broke out in Kurdish areas in northern Iraq during the Gulf War (August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991) were curtailed by raids of the Iraqi military.<ref name=Ogata>{{cite book|last=Ogata|first=Sadako|title=The Turbulent Decade: Confronting the Refugee Crises of the 1990s|url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentdecade00sada|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=9780393057737}}</ref>{{rp|27–28}} While Iran allowed 1.3 million Kurds into its borders, Turkey attempted to block the entry of more than 450,000 Kurds who were headed its way in an attempt to flee violence, leaving them trapped in the Iraqi-Turkish mountain range.<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|22,32}} In an attempt to avoid a humanitarian crisis, a US-led force intervened in northern Iraq, establishing a security zone and a no-fly zone to protect the Kurds.<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|29}} Backed by UN Security Council resolution 688, operation Provide Comfort represented the first time the military was involved in humanitarian emergencies.<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|30}} The 450,000 Kurds were brought down from the Iraqi-Turkish mountain range into flat areas on the Iraqi side of the border near Zakho and Donuk, where the US Army set up refugee camps, handing them to be managed by UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|39–40}} The Kurdish refugees were first protected by coalition military, and once they left, by UN guards.<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|46}} Historically, this was the only time that Iraqi refugees were in camps.<ref name=Sassoon>{{cite book|last=Sassoon|first=Joseph|title=The Iraqi Refugees|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London}}</ref>{{rp|117}}

The Kurdish issue seriously tested UNHCR's protection mandate, as while it is obliged to protect and assist people who are outside of their own countries, the refugees camps were located inside Iraq. At the same time, UNHCR could not persuade Turkey to accept the Kurds into its area as states are obligated not to return people to situations where they might be persecuted, but they could not be forced to provide them asylum.<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|38}} UNHCR promoted voluntary repatriation,<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|41}} and by June 1991 all Kurds who stayed at the camps near Iraqi-Turkish border had returned to their towns in northern Iraq.<ref name=Ogata/>{{rp|43}}

== Refugees during the Iraq War == In an attempt to prevent large movements of Iraqi refugees into its country resulting from the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Turkish government tightened its security at its border with Iraq during the Iraq War. As a result of Turkey's efforts, only 6,000-10,000 Iraqi refugees made it to Turkey, of whom 5,400 were registered in 2008.<ref name="Sassoon" />{{rp|99}} By 2007, UNHCR had 8 national staff in Turkey.<ref name="Sassoon" />{{rp|120}}

By November 2010, there were 5,235 Iraqis in Turkey registered by UNHCR. Of those, 59.7% were male, and 63.9% were between the ages of 18–59. Additionally, 49.3% originated in Baghdad, and while 47.3% arrived to Turkey in 2010, 7.8% arrived prior to 2006. While 36.4% are Arab, 28.5% are Assyrian, and 6.2% are Kurd. Finally, 10.5% of registered Iraqis in Turkey are Christian, 78.6% are Sunni, and 10.9% are Shia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on UNHCR Registered Iraquis |publisher=UNHCR}}</ref>

By January 2011, there were 6,600 registered Iraqi refugees and 1,700 registered Iraqi asylum seekers in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 UNHCR country operations profile - Turkey |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e48e0fa7f |publisher=UNHCR}}</ref>

== Profiles and locations == Iraqis are predominantly situated in Istanbul<ref name=bitemag>{{cite web|last1=Flaccavento|first1=Delizia|title=Far from Iraq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025207/http://www.bitemagazine.net/2010/02/13/more-than-twenty-thousand-iraqis-fled-to-turkey/|url=http://www.bitemagazine.net/2010/02/13/more-than-twenty-thousand-iraqis-fled-to-turkey/|website=bitemagazine.net|publisher=Bite Magazine|archive-date=2011-07-23|date=2010-02-13|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> The Iraqi Assyrian community in Turkey constitute one of the largest Catholic communities in Istanbul,<ref name=iraqicatholic/> most of whom are women.<ref name=iraqicatholic/>

== References == {{reflist}}

Turkey Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey * Category:Iraq–Turkey relations