Intertrappean Beds
Unit
AgeMaastrichtian-Ypresian,
PeriodMaastrichtian
RegionMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[1]
CountryIndia
Coordinates17.2°N 77.9°E
UnitofDeccan Traps
OverliesInfratrappean Beds
Paleocoordinates28.0°S 59.0°E

The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene geologic unit in India. These beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. They consist a number of different subgroups and formations, and span the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.[2][1]

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.[6] The Early Eocene-aged[7] Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.[8][9] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Stratigraphy

Although often thought of as a contemporaneous unit that was formed in a single rapid eruption event, more studies that date the age of the volcanic beds indicate that the Deccan Traps did not erupt all at once. Instead, different portions appear to have erupted during different periods of time. This means that the Intertrappean Beds are best understood as a group of different volcanic-associate formations of varying ages.[10]

Divisions

Kale et al (2020) divided the group into the following provinces:[10]

  • Sahyadri Group or Western Province (age: Late Maastrichtian to Danian, ~67.5 to 62.5 mya)
  • Satpura Group or Central Province
  • Malwa Group (age: Late Maastrichtian, ~67.7 mya; likely the oldest group)
  • Amarkantak Group or Mandla Province (age: early Paleogene, ~64.5 mya - unknown)

Mittal et al (2021) divided the group into the following provinces:[11]

Formations

Chemostratigraphic definition

Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.[10]

  • Wai Subgroup (youngest)
    • Desur Formation
    • Panhala Formation
    • Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
    • Ambenali Formation
    • Poladpur Formation
  • Lonavala Subgroup
    • Bushe Formation
    • Khandala Formation
  • Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest, ~67.5 mya)
    • Bhimashankar Formation
    • Thakurwadi Formation
    • Neral Formation
    • Igatpuri Formation
    • Jawhar Formation

Lithostratigraphic definition

Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.[10]

  • Sahyadri Group:
    • Bombay Subgroup (~62.5 mya)
      • Borivali Formation
      • Elephanta Formation
    • Khandala Subgroup (~67.5 to 63.2 mya)
      • Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
      • Purandargarh Formation
      • Diveghat Formation
      • Karla Formation
      • Indrayani Formation
    • Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest: ~67.5 mya)
      • Upper Ratangarh Formation
      • Lower Ratangarh Formation
      • Salher Formation
  • Satpura Group:
    • Karanja Formation (youngest)
    • Buldhana Formation
    • Chikli Formation
    • Ajanta Formation
    • Upper Ratangarh Formation
    • Karanja Formation
    • Buldana Formation
    • Chikli Formation (oldest)
  • Malwa Group:
    • Singarchori Formation (youngest)
    • Bargonda Formation
    • Indore Formation
    • Kankaria-Pirukheri Formation
    • Kalisindh Formation
    • Mandleshwar Formation
    • Gaganwara Formation (oldest)
  • Amarkantak Group:
    • Kuleru Formation (youngest)
    • Khamla/Kampla Formation
    • Amarwara Formation
    • Multai Formation
    • Linga Formation
    • Pipardehi Formation
    • Dhuma Formation
    • Mandla Formation (oldest, ~64.4 mya)

Within the newly defined Saurhastra Group (age: Paleocene to early Eocene), the following divisions were found by Patel & Shah (2023):[12]

  • Ninama Basin:
    • Ninama Limestone (youngest)
    • Sukhbhadar Formation (oldest)
  • Chotila Basin:
    • Bamanbor Formation (youngest)
    • Chotila Chert
    • Rangpar Formation (oldest)

Paleobiota

Fish

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
AnthracopercaA. bhatiaiNaskal, RangapurOtolith.A percoid otolith.
ApateodusA. striatusAsifabad[13]An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidaeincertae sedisNaskal, Rangapur, AnjarOtolith.An ariid catfish otolith.
?BelonostomusB. indicusNagpur[3][14]An aspidorhynchid.
CoupateziaC. spAsifabad[13]An eagle ray.
Cyprinidaeincertae sedisDeothan-KheriA cyprinid.
DapalisD. ericiRangapurOtolith.A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon""E." wardhaensisAsifabad[13]Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
EnchodusE. spAsifabad[13]An enchodontoid aulopiform.
HoraclupeaH. intertrappeaBamanbor[8]Early Eocene[12][7]Complete skeleton.A clupeid.
IgdabatisI. indicusKisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17]An eagle ray.
IndiaichthysI. bamanborensisBamanbor[9]Early Eocene[12][7]Multiple complete skeletons.A possible percoid.[18]
"Indotrigonodon""I." ovatusAsifabad[13]Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
"Lepidotes""L." spAsifabad[13]A lepisosteiform.
LepisosteusL. indicusKisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17]A gar.
Nandidaeincertae sedisDeothan-KheriA nandid.
Osteoglossidaeincertae sedisKisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17]An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
PalaeolabrusP. dormaalensisAsifabad[13]A palaeolabrid.
PalaeopristolepisP. chiplonkariBamanbor[8]Early Eocene[12][7]Multiple partial skeletons.A questionable leaffish.[18]
P. feddeni
"Perca""P." angustaBamanbor[8]Early Eocene[12][7]Skull.A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.[18]
Percomorphaincertae sedisBamanbor[9]Early Eocene[12][7]Partial skeleton.A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
PhareodusP. sp.Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[13]A bonytongue.
Polycanthidaeincertae sedisDeothan-KheriA polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon""P." spatulatusAsifabad[13]Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
Pycnodontidaeincertae sedisKisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17]A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus""P." lametaeAsifabad[13]A pycnodontid.
RajaR. sudhakariAsifabad[13]A skate.
RhombodusR. sp.Asifabad[13]A stingray.
Serranidaeincertae sedisDeothan-KheriA serranid.
Siluriformesincertae sedisKisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17]A catfish of uncertain affinities.[19]
SphenodusS. sp.Asifabad[13]A shark.
StephanodusS. lybicusAsifabad & Marepalli[13]A pycnodontid.

Otolith-based taxa

Genus[20]SpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
"Ambassidarum"A. cappettaiNagpurOtolithAn ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum"A. curvatusNaskal, RangapurOtolithA cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum"B. spRangapurOtolithA blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum"C. takliensisNagpurOtolithA possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum"C. valdiyaiNagpur, RangapurOtolithA clupeid otolith.
C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum"G. rectangulusNagpur, RangapurOtolithA gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum"H. heterotoidesNaskalOtolithAn arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum"N. nolfiNaskal, Rangapur, CheemalaguttaOtolithA notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum"O. deccanensisNaskal,OtolithAn osteoglossid otolith.
O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum"P. citreumNaskal, Nagpur, RangapurOtolithPercoid otoliths.
P. nagpurensis
P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum"P. jaegeriNagOtolithA possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum"S. sp.AnjarOtolithA serranid otolith.

Amphibians

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Gobiatidaeincertae sedisNaskalA gobiatid frog.[3][21]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae"incertae sedisNaskalA frog of uncertain affinities.[3][21]
IndobatrachusI. pusillusWorli HillEarly Paleocene[10]Multiple complete skeletons[22]A frog of uncertain affinities.
Pelobatidaeincertae sedisNagpurA pelobatid frog.[3]
Ranoideaincertae sedisNaskalA ranoid frog.[3][21]
Costataincertae sedisA costatan frog[21]
?Caudataincertae sedisA possible salamander.[21]

Reptiles

Turtles

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
CarteremysC. leithiiWorli HillEarly Paleocene[10]Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandibleA turtle of uncertain affinities.
SankuchemysS. sethnaiAmboli Quarry[23]Skull[23]A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
AcrosphenodontiaIncertae sedisNaskal[24]Dentary with teeth.[24]An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama"A. sp.RangapurAn indeterminate agamid lizard.
AnguidaeIncertae sedisNaskalAn indeterminate anguid lizard.[21]
?"Contogenys"?"C." sp.NagpurAn indeterminate scincomorph lizard.[21]
DeccansaurusD. palaeoindicusKesavi[25]Maastrichtian/Early PaleoceneJaws & several osteoderms.[25]A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus""E." estestaiNagpurAn indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.[21]
"Eumeces""E." sp.RangapurAn indeterminate scincid lizard.[21]
IndophisI. sahniiNaskal[26]Over 160 vertebrae.[26]A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis""L." sp.NagpurAn indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana""P." sp.NagpurAn indeterminate iguanid lizard.
SerpentesIncertae sedisNaskal[26]A trunk vertebra & left dentary.[26]A snake.
Serpentes[21]Incertae sedisPossibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae[21]Incertae sedisThree individuals.Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis[21]cf. I. sahniiNigerophiidae snake.
Booidea[21]Incertae sedisPossibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Crocodylidaeincertae sedisWorli Hill[3][27]Teeth and dentary.A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridaeincertae sedisKisalpuri[28]Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebraeA dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformesincertae sedisNaskal[27]Teeth.Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
?"Hypselosaurus""H." spMohgaon Kalan[3]A titanosaurian sauropod.
Massospondylus[29]M. rawesiToothPreviously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
SauropodaIncertae sedisAsifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3]
  • Bones.
  • Anjar specimen consists of tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, femur, scapula, claws, ribs and vertebrae, remains are fragile but well-preserved.[30]
Indeterminate sauropods.
Oogenera
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
MegaloolithusbaghensisKisalpuri[16]Eggshell fragmentsA Titanosaur egg.
SubtiliolithuskachhensisKisalpuri[16]Eggshell fragmentsA Enantiornithine bird egg.

Pterosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Pterosauriaincertae sedisSirol-khal locality[5]An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[31]

Mammals

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
BharattheriumB. bonaparteiKisalpuriA fragmentary cheek-tooth.A sudamericid mammal.
DeccanolestesD. hislopiNaskal microvertebrate siteMolars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna.A eutherian mammal.
D. robustusNaskal microvertebrate site"Dental material and an astragalus".A eutherian mammal.
D. narmadensisKisalpuri"Isolated rear molar."A eutherian mammal.
IndoclemensiaI. naskalensisNaskal microvertebrate site[1]Right second Molar.A eutherian mammal.
I. magnusNaskal microvertebrate site[1]Left second Molar.A eutherian mammal.
IndotriconodonI. magnusKutch[32]Single lower Molar.A eutriconodont mammal.
KharmerungulatumK. vanvaleniKisalpuri[33]Isolated right lower molar.A eutherian mammal.
SahnitheriumS. rangapurensisRangapur microvertebrate site[34]Upper Molar.A eutherian mammal.

Arthropods

GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationTime PeriodNotesImages
?BuprestidaeIndeterminateMaharashtraMaastrichtianA Jewel beetle.
Lomatus[35]L. hislopiMaharashtraMaastrichtianA Jewel beetle.
?CurculionidaeIndeterminateMaharashtraMaastrichtianA Snout beetle.
MeristosM. hunteriMaharashtraMaastrichtianA Snout beetle.
OstracodaIndeterminateMaharashtraMaastrichtianAn Ostracod.
PalaeotanymecidesP. hislopiMaharashtraMaastrichtianA Snout beetle.

Mollusca

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
BamanboriaB. oblongisBamanborEarly Eocene[7]ShellsA deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
ChotiliaC. deccanensisBamanborEarly Eocene[7]ShellsA deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
C. trappeansis
C. tuberculata
DeccanoidaD. aletaBamanborEarly Eocene[7]ShellsA deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
D. congruis
D. costaria
Limnaeasp.MaharashtraMaastrichtianA snail.
Valvatasp.MaharashtraMaastrichtianA snail.
Paludinasp.MaharashtraMaastrichtianA snail.
PhysaP. prinsepiiMaharashtraMaastrichtianA snail.

Flora

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
CocosC. binoriensisA coconut palm tree[36]
ConnaroxylonC. dimorphumDhagaon, Mandla district[37]Wood[37]Affinities with Connaraceae.
EuphorbiothecaE. deccanensisFruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.[38]
CharaC. chhindwaraensisAlgae, Member of Characeae.[39]
MicrocharaM. shivarudrappaiAlgae, Member of Characeae.[39]
PlatycharaP. closasiAlgae, Member of Characeae.[39]
HyphaeneocarponFruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[40]
IndovitisI. chitaleyaeMember of Vitaceae.[41]
ElodeophyllumE. deccaniiMember of Hydrocharitaceae.[42]
SabalitesS. dindoriensisMember of Coryphoideae.[43]
S. karondiensis[44]
S. ghughuaensis[45]
S. umariaensis[45]
MalvacipolloidesM. deccanensisMember of Malvaceae.[46]
M. intertrappea[46]
PalmocarponFruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[47]
PalmoxylonP. calamoidesWood, member of palm tribe Trachycarpeae.[48]
P. caryoteaeoides[49]
P. ceroxyloides[50]
P. coryphaoides[51]
P. dindoriensis[52]
P. nannorrhopsoides[49]
P. sabaleaeoides[49]
P. trachycarpeaeense[53]
CryosophiloxylonC. indicumMember of Cryosophileae.[54]
ElioxylonE. seoniensisMember of Achariaceae and Salicaceae.
BaccatocarponB. mohgaoensisFruit[55]
PhoenicitesP. deccansisMember of Arecaceae.[56]
PantocarponFruit, member of Torricelliaceae.[57]
DipterocarpusD. dindoriensisMember of Dipterocarpaceae.[58]
PhyllanthocarponP. singpurensisFruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[59]
OchnaceoxylonO. tertieraMember of Ochnaceae.
SpinopinnophyllumS. acanthorachisMember of Arecaceae.[60]
PortulacaceocarponP. bhuterensisFruit, member of Portulacaceae.[61]
RhizopalamoxylonR. arecoidesPalm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[62]
R. nypoides[63]
PediastrumAlgae.[64]
LecaniellaAlgae.[64]
PierceitesP. deccanensisA Dinocyst.[64]
AulacoseiraA Diatom.[64]
AzollaMember of Salviniaceae.[64]
PalaeosinomeniumP. indicumMember of Menispermaceae.[65]
CrybelosporitesMember of Marsileaceae.[64]
SparganiaceaepollenitesPollen grains, Member of [64]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
MarsileaM. patniiMember Marsileaceae.[66][64]
OrthogonospermumO. patanenseMember of Zingiberaceae.[67]
RegnellidiumMember of Marsileaceae.[64]
Nymphaeaceae indet.[64]
Typhaceae indet.[64]
Liliaceae indet.[64]
KapgateophyllumK. sp.Member of Acanthaceae.[68][64]
FarabeipollisP. deccanensisPollen.[69]
Pontederiaceae indet.[64]
OvoiditesMember of Zygnemataceae.[64]
GabonisporisPollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[64]

See also

Footnotes

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