{{Short description|Computer software company}} {{Infobox company | name = Advanced Computer Techniques Corporation | logo = Advanced Computer Techniques logo.jpg | caption = | type = Public | traded_as = {{NASDAQ was|ACTP}} | fate = Inactive | predecessor = | successor = | founded = New York City ({{Start date|1962|04}}) | founder = Charles Philip Lecht | defunct = {{End date|1994}} (effectively) | hq_location_city = New York City | hq_location_country = United States | num_locations = several including Washington, D.C.; California; Canada; Milan, Italy. | area_served = | key_people = {{unbulleted list|Charles P. Lecht|Oscar H. Schachter|Edward D. Bright|John F. Phillips|Frank J. LoSacco|Gerald O. Koop}} | industry = {{unbulleted list|Computer software|information technology consulting|service bureaus}} | products = Compilers and related language development tools; applications systems for commercial data processing | production = | services = Behavioral health services, others | revenue = $18 million (1982, equivalent to ${{Formatprice| {{Inflation|US|18000000|1982|r=-6}} }} today) | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = over 300 (1981) | parent = | divisions = Applications; Systems; Consulting; Federal; Publishing; BASE; Informa-Tab | subsidiaries = {{unbulleted list|Creative Socio-Medics|InterACT}} | website = | footnotes = }} '''Advanced Computer Techniques''' ('''ACT''') was a computer software company most active from the early 1960s through the early 1990s that made software products, especially language compilers and related tools. It also engaged in information technology consulting, hosted service bureaus, and provided applications and services for behavioral health providers. ACT had two subsidiaries of note, '''InterACT''' and '''Creative Socio-Medics'''.
Both writer Katharine Davis Fishman, in her 1981 book ''The Computer Establishment'', and computer science historian Martin Campbell-Kelly, in his 2003 volume ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry'', have considered ACT an exemplar of the independent, middle-sized software development firms of its era, and the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota has also viewed the company's history as important.<ref>See Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', p. 268; Campbell-Kelly, ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog'', p. 57; and Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', Preface. Fishman portrays Automatic Data Processing (ADP) and its chief executive, Frank Lautenberg, as the exemplar of the large software company of the time. Campbell-Kelly portrays Applied Data Research (ADR) and Informatics General as two other typical software firms of the 1960s. Other oral histories conducted for the Charles Babbage Institute's Software History Center have included ones of Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston of VisiCalc, Dan Fylstra of Personal Software, Seymour I. Rubinstein of MicroPro International, and Jonathan Sachs of Lotus Development. Of these three sources, Campbell-Kelly is the least impressed by ACT's characteristics as a company, saying that its renown is owed mostly to its president's flair for publicity.</ref>
==Founding and early history== thumb|left|upright=0.6|ACT spent its first few years in converted space atop The Plaza hotel on Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in New York (here seen in 2010).
Advanced Computer Techniques was founded in New York City in April 1962 by Charles P. Lecht.<ref name="fishman-269">Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', p. 269.</ref><ref name="waves-back"/><ref name="ck-58">Campbell-Kelly, ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog'', p. 58.</ref> It had an initial capitalization of $800, one contract, and one employee.<ref name="ck-58"/> Lecht, in his late twenties at the time, was a mathematician and entrepreneur whose involvement with the computer industry dated back to the early 1950s,<ref name="waves-back">Lecht, ''The Waves of Change'', back cover.</ref><ref name="ck-58"/> including stints at IBM and the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.<ref>Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', p. 275.</ref>
The new firm's first job was fixing a language compiler on the UNIVAC LARC computer, which was being used by the United States Navy.<ref name="fishman-276"/> UNIVAC awarded a $100,000 contract for the work; Lecht hired some programmers and the company's first office was in former servant quarters atop the Plaza Hotel.<ref name="fishman-276">Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', p. 276.</ref> The firm was one of 40–50 software companies started in the early 1960s, many of which would go on to be forgotten.<ref name="ck-58"/>
Working on compilers continued to be part of the company's early efforts; its first compiler, for the FORTRAN language, was developed in the mid-1960s.<ref name="ar-1986-descr">{{cite book | title=1986 Annual Report | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1987 | pages=4–8 (description section)}}</ref> This was followed by a COBOL compiler later in that decade.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> As the 1960s went on, ACT built a customer list of established companies and developed a reputation for delivering quality work on schedule.<ref name="fishman-276"/> In September 1964 the company leased regular office space,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/09/16/98448157.html?pageNumber=50 | title=J. C. Penney Rents to Ore Company: Other Business Leases | newspaper=The New York Times | date=September 16, 1964 | page=50}}</ref> the first of several locations it would have during its lifetime, all of which were within greater Midtown Manhattan on or near Madison Avenue. In addition to UNIVAC, early customers for the firm's compiler work included IBM as well as Honeywell.<ref name="haigh-eap">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 4–6.</ref> The company also developed some of the System/360 utilities for IBM.<ref name="sadssce-80-81"/>
With few trained computer programmers available at the time, Lecht hired those with musical, linguistic, or mathematical backgrounds, finding them to be successful at this new activity.<ref name="haigh-cl">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 3–4.</ref> The firm also did other system software as well as scientific programming projects, including some for the defense industry, and then started doing commercial applications development for large companies such as Union Carbide, United Airlines, Hoffman-LaRoche, and Shell Oil.<ref name="haigh-eap"/> Lecht fostered a relaxed working environment where dress was informal and hours flexible.<ref name="haigh-rmp">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 6–7.</ref><ref name="fishman-279"/> He instituted a series of weekly reports that all developers had to file detailing their progress; these were communicated to the client, on the theory that "a client can get angry at us, but [they] can't be more than one week angry at us because we told [them] exactly where we were."<ref name="haigh-rmp"/>
==Management personality== thumb|right|upright=0.67|ACT had its second office at 555 Madison Avenue, by 56th Street (here seen in 2023).
Lecht was a colorful and flamboyant character with an idiosyncratic sense of style, who went around on a motorcycle and was described as a "showman" by colleagues, customers, and competitors alike.<ref name="fishman-269"/><ref name="haigh-cl"/> At one point his office and desk were completely covered by silver square tiles.<ref name="haigh-rl"/> ACT benefited from his flair for publicity:<ref name="ck-58"/> He, together with the company, was profiled in ''The New Yorker'' in 1967<ref name="nyker-67">{{cite news | url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1967/08/19/1967_08_19_025_TNY_CARDS_000288755?mobify=0 | first=Niccolo | last=Tucci | title=The Talk of the Town: No Nonsense | magazine=The New Yorker | date=August 19, 1967}}</ref> and later in industry publications such as ''Datamation'',<ref name="waves-back"/> which once referred to him as "One of computerdom's most flashy characters".<ref name="dm-82"/> Even decades later, a computing historian recalled Lecht as "one of the real characters in the industry, a very, very unusual man."<ref name="chm-services-part1">{{cite web | url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/10/102743007-05-01-acc.pdf | title=Service Bureau Pioneer History Meeting: Growing and Selling | publisher=Computer History Museum | date=May 19, 2010 }} Moderated by Burton Grad. At pp. 5, 6.</ref>
Lecht published several textbooks on programming<ref name="ck-58"/> covering different languages. ACT organized a series of seminars for the American Management Association on project management for developing computer applications.<ref name="ck-66">Campbell-Kelly, ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog'', pp. 66–67.</ref> The seminars were organized into a 1967 book by Lecht, ''The Management of Computer Programming Projects'', that was likely the first book ever published on the topic.<ref>Campbell-Kelly, ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog'', p. 69.</ref> The company also published ''A Guide for Software Documentation'' in 1969, compiled and edited by Dorothy Walsh, which was again one of the first of its kind and was cited by a number of other publications in the years to follow.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dl.acm.org/results.cfm?h=1&cfid=555922913&cftoken=29452824 | title=Search results | publisher=ACM Digital Library | accessdate=September 6, 2014}} Also {{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22a+guide+for+software+documentation%22+walsh&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C31&as_sdtp= | title=Search results | publisher=Google Scholar | accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref>
thumb|left|The ''Paean'' album and the ''Waves of Change'' book
Perhaps the most strangely famous of Lecht's outputs was the album of IBM corporate spirit songs that he had recorded by the Association of British Secretaries in America<ref name="fishman-269"/> (for a while all of ACT's secretaries came from England).<ref name="haigh-rl"/> Entitled ''Paean'', and with album sleeve text bemoaning the loss of the company-mindedness of the 1930s–1950s, it was released via Skye Records in 1969.<ref name="paean">{{cite web | url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102651536 | title=Paean: an ACT/Inter-ACT Communication | publisher=Computer History Museum | accessdate=August 31, 2014}} Also {{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/PAEAN-AN-ACT-INTER-ACT-COMMUNICATION/dp/B004XBRCEO | title=Paean An ACT/Inter-ACT Communication | website=Amazon | accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> It became a popular giveaway at trade shows such as the Joint Computer Conferences.<ref name="haigh-rl"/><ref name="fishman-269"/> The title track, set to the tune of "Molly Malone", was adapted in praise of Lecht himself:<ref name="paean"/>
:''Charles Lecht is our leader'' :''Ideal idea breeder'' :''The source of our strength'' :''and the spine of our will''
Lecht's book ''The Waves of Change'', which attempted to foretell changes in the computer industry, was serialized in ''Computerworld'' magazine in 1977 (a first for a trade publication) and published by McGraw-Hill in 1979.<ref name="fishman-279"/> The foreword was written by Gideon I. Gartner, who would soon found the influential information technology research and advisory firm the Gartner Group.<ref>Lecht, ''The Waves of Change'', pp. i–vi.</ref> ''Waves of Change'' sold well and received a positive reception.<ref name="fishman-279"/><ref name="ck-58"/> The books, along with his national speaking and lecturing engagements, bolstered both Lecht's and ACT's visibility within the technology industry.<ref name="fishman-279"/><ref name="ck-66"/>
The eccentricities of the president were balanced by the firm's second-in-command, executive vice-president Oscar H. Schachter, a lawyer who had graduated from Yeshiva College and Harvard Law School and who had a more straight-laced personality.<ref>Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', pp. 278–279.</ref> Schachter was a neighbor of Lecht's who did some legal work for the company during its inception, served on its early board of directors for a few years, and then joined the company full-time in 1966.<ref name="haigh-be">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 1–3.</ref> As Schachter later said, "I was kind of the governor ... The person who sat on Charlie, or tried to."<ref name="haigh-rl">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 7–8.</ref>
While with ACT, Schachter would also become a significant and respected presence in the Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO),<ref name="haigh-adapso">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 23–25.</ref> a rapidly growing industry organization during the 1960s<ref>Campbell-Kelly, ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog'', p. 63.</ref> and later. Schacter served in a number of roles with ADAPSO, including providing written testimony to the United States House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBJ1zSBE-w4C&dq=%22oscar+schachter%22+%22adapso%22&pg=PA225 | title=Copyright Protection for Semiconductor Chips: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1028, Copyright Protection for Semiconductor Chips, August 3 and December 1, 1983 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | year=1984 | pages=224–230}}</ref> He became chairman of ADAPSO's vendor relations committee in 1980, a body that engaged in discussions with IBM about that company's policies towards independent software vendors.<ref name="goetz-memoirs-2">{{cite journal | first=Martin | last=Goetz | title=Memoirs of a Software Pioneer: Part 2 | journal= IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume=24 | number=4 | pages= 14–31 | date= October–December 2002 | doi= 10.1109/MAHC.2002.1114867 | bibcode=2002IAHC...24d..14G }} At p. 23.</ref>
ACT was ahead of the industry in hiring female executives. There were several at the vice presidential level in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDQbK7ORAh8C&pg=PA16 | title=Worker Rapport Seen Vital to Success | first=Ann | last=Dooley | magazine=Computerworld | date=June 6, 1977 | page=16}}</ref><ref name="ar-1982-fin"/>
==Expansion and diversification== thumb|left|upright=0.6|During 1969 to 1982, ACT had its main offices in this tower at 437 Madison Avenue by 49th Street (here seen in 2011).
ACT became a publicly owned company in May 1968.<ref name="nyt-ipo">{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/05/24/77102897.pdf | title=New Computer Issue Offered | newspaper=The New York Times | date=May 24, 1968 | page=75}}</ref> The initial public offering was handled by boutique technology underwriter Faulkner, Dawkins & Sullivan, and the stock value increased almost four-fold during the first day of trading, ending with a three-fold gain that ''The New York Times'' termed "spectacular".<ref name="nyt-ipo"/> The firm had captured a wave of investor interest in technology stocks.<ref name="haigh-agp">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 11–13.</ref>
ACT had revenues in the $2.5-3.2 million range during 1968–70.<ref name="ck-60">Campbell-Kelly, ''From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog'', p. 60.</ref> It began a course of diversification beyond consulting and software development<ref name="fishman-279"/> by acquiring, in 1969, Rhode Island Lithograph, a printing company in the state of Rhode Island (that was owned by Lecht's brother Danny), and Informatab, a data processing market research company, and by opening Inter-ACT, a training and education arm<ref>{{cite news | title=ACT Expands Into Education, Publishing | magazine=Datamation | date=January 1969 | page=109}}</ref> that wrote computer help manuals that were sold to schools and businesses.<ref name="ia-apr88-nina"/> During 1968, the company decided to extend its Phoenix presence by opening a real-estate division called Advanced Realty Techniques<!-- !? -->.<ref name="ar-1968">{{cite news | url=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/arizona/phoenix/phoenix-arizona-republic/1968/11-10/page-146 | title=uncertain | newspaper=The Arizona Republic | date=November 10, 1968 | page=146 | via=NewspaperArchive}}</ref> Lecht had a goal that ACT be a "supermarket of services for the computer industry".<ref name="haigh-ga">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 8–10.</ref> As Schachter would later recall, "We did everything."<ref name="chm-services-part1"/>
Software houses of the time tended to suffer from unprofitable contracts, failed ventures, and slowing demand.<ref name="fishman-277">Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', pp. 277–278.</ref> During 1971–72, ACT suffered a downturn, showing its first annual losses; Lecht closed several offices and laid off half of the firm's employees, but the firm survived when many others did not.<ref name="fishman-277"/> By 1974, its revenues had reached the $5 million mark.<ref name="haigh-pos"/>
The most important diversification was into service bureaus, which by 1979 accounted for some 40 percent of the company's revenue.<ref name="fishman-279"/> These bureaus, which provided their own equipment to handle the data processing needs of clients, were located in New York, Phoenix, Tucson, Edmonton, and Milan, and each tended to specialize in a particular area, such as the Edmonton one reporting on inventory and financial status for the Canadian oil and construction industry.<ref name="fishman-279"/> There were also consulting offices for various periods of time in London, Paris, Chicago, and Atlanta. For overseas engagements, the company tended to bring over U.S. employees, especially ones who were multilingual, rather than attempt to hire locally.<ref name="datamation-1976"/> A compiler for the IBM RPG II language was developed for Olivetti computers,<ref name="sadssce-80-81">{{cite book | title=This publication is produced annually by ACT to describe its: Services, Areas of Interest, Divisions, Subsidiaries, Staff, Clientele, Experience | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1980–1981 | pages=(unpaginated) 9, 27, 29, 30}}</ref> based in Ivrea, Italy.
In 1975, the nuclear theorist and Hudson Institute founder Herman Kahn became a member of ACT's board of directors.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRo_E812FNcC&pg=PA39&dq=%22herman+kahn%22+%22advanced+computer+techniques%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS75zZ6-2SAxVHEFkFHYCbAVcQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=%22herman%20kahn%22%20%22advanced%20computer%20techniques%22&f=false | title=Executive Corner | newspaper=Computerworld | date=October 22, 1975 | page=39}}</ref> Kahn also appeared with Lecht as keynote speakers at the Future Systems Forum.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwgzqiWvsDAC&pg=PA54&dq=%22herman+kahn%22+%22advanced+computer+techniques%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJtpfa6PCSAxXLMlkFHdsZOjgQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%22herman%20kahn%22%20%22advanced%20computer%20techniques%22&f=false | title=Forum to Eye Future Systems | newspaper=Computerworld | date=October 12, 1981 | page=54}}</ref> This was a prognostication-focused event that ACT headlined or sponsored for a few years beginning in the late 1970s, and that also featured ACT's Robert Fertig.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jP6yrUsjMYC&pg=PA88&dq=%22future+systems+forum%22+%22advanced+computer+techniques%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHgKitxu-SAxUWvokEHSf1FcgQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=%22future%20systems%20forum%22%20%22advanced%20computer%20techniques%22&f=false | title=Future Systems Forum | newspaper=Computerworld | date=November 13, 1978 | page=88 | type=Advertisement}}</ref>
The company also began entering the packaged software business.<ref name="fishman-279"/> But Lecht's visibility within the industry only went so far; the company lacked an effective marketing capability for its products to go further.<ref name="ck-66"/><ref name="haigh-pos">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 17–20, 26.</ref> In addition, the company struggled with the transition in business models from customers fully funding projects and owning the end results, to an approach where the company would have to make periodic investments in its own products to keep improving them.
During the 1970s, the company established an office in Tehran.<ref name="haigh-aic">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 13–15.</ref> Over time IBM withdrew from that market and the regime of Shah Reza Pahlavi decided to standardize on the Honeywell 6000 series for the Iranian military.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=849&dat=19780918&id=MS5PAAAAIBAJ&pg=3987,5303263 | title=IBM, Iran on the Outs | first=E. Drake | last=Lundell Jr. | magazine=Computerworld | date=September 18, 1978 | pages=1, 4}}</ref> ACT gained a subcontract from Honeywell's Italian subsidiary to do an inventory systemompany also began entering the packaged software business.<ref name="fishman-279"/> But Lecht's visibility for the Imperial Iranian Air Force and Information Systems Iran.<ref name="haigh-aic"/> The name Inter-Act was again used for this venture.<ref name="ia-apr88-nina"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://openjurist.org/646/f2d/779/new-england-merchants-national-bank-v-iran-power-generation-and-transmission-company-united-states | title=646 F. 2d 779 - New England Merchants National Bank v. Iran Power Generation and ... | publisher=United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit | date=April 9, 1981 | volume=F2d | issue=646 }}</ref> The contract represented up to a quarter of ACT's business for a while,<ref name="haigh-aic"/> but then ended without ACT being fully paid, and following the Iranian Revolution, ACT became party to the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.cambridge.org/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521867139&ss=fro | title=Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal Reports 36, 20002002 | editor-first=Karen | editor-last=Lee | publisher=Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge | year=2006 | isbn=978-0521867139}}</ref> In 1983 it received an award of some $300,000 from the tribunal.<ref name="ar-1983-fin">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1983 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1984 | page=18 (financial section)}}</ref>
thumb|right|upright=0.8|An ACT promotional item: a room thermometer paperweight
ACT was also an earlier entrant in the word processing field in the mid-late-1970s, acquiring Base Information Systems and its Ultratext System technology and partnering with Honeywell to put the system on the Honeywell Level 6 minicomputer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjbahX4lETkC&pg=PA52 | title=Base, HIS Sign Agreement | magazine=Computerworld | date=November 15, 1976 | page=52}}</ref> The product received a positive review in ''Computerworld'' in 1976<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGJK0ayV3S8C&pg=PT8 | title=In Word-Processing Applications: Use of Minis Provides Viable Alternative to Maxis | first=Alan | last=Taylor | magazine=Computerworld | date=July 5, 1976 | page=9}}</ref> and was still being actively marketed in 1979.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7yqUDsDixAC&pg=PA32 | title='Ultra-Text' Weds Level 6 Mini, WP Terminals | magazine=Computerworld | date=October 1, 1979 | page=32}}</ref> But Wang Laboratories captured much of this word processing market; the Ultratext product may have been overly complicated and Schachter later lamented that ACT letting the opportunity to make an impression in this domain slip away was "one of our worst failures".<ref name="haigh-pos"/>
By 1979, ACT was effectively a worldwide mini-conglomerate.<ref name="datamation-1976"/><ref name="ck-58"/> It had revenues over $16 million and in terms of size was in the top 60 of over 3,000 companies in the software, services, and facilities management sector.<ref name="fishman-279">Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', pp. 279–280.</ref> It derived approximately equal revenues from overseas as from the U.S.<ref name="waves-back"/> The company typically was engaged with between fifty and seventy clients at any given time.<ref name="datamation-1976">{{cite news | url=https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/197604.pdf | title=People: Multinational and Multilingual | magazine=Datamation | date=April 1976 | page=13}}</ref> By 1981 the company stated it had 318 employees.<ref>The figure of 318 employees comes from {{cite book | title=Form 10-K for 1981 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1982 }}. Alternate numbers exist: around 1979, Lecht was quoted as telling a potential customer that there were 400 employees (Fishman, ''The Computer Establishment'', p. 271), while the biographical blurb on the back cover of Lecht's 1979 ''Waves of Change'' said ACT had over 450 employees.</ref> Its display advertising for programming positions it was hiring for was a familiar sight in computer trade papers such as ''Computerworld''.<ref>{{cite news | title=Without ACT, a Lot of Great Ideas Would Still Be Just Ideas | magazine=Computerworld | date=June 8, 1981}}</ref> It still had its idiosyncratic characteristics; Lecht spoke publicly about a psychologist who visited ACT to discuss employee complaints, saying it saved him two days a week worth of work and predicting it would become a future corporate trend.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=849&dat=19780522&id=jMlOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6154,3624458 | title=Firms Seen Hiring Philosophers, Therapists | first=Howard A. | last=Karten | magazine=Computerworld | date=May 22, 1978 | page=15}}</ref>
==Change at the top and refocusing== thumb|left|upright=1.0|From 1982 to 1989, the offices of ACT were located at 32nd Street and Madison Avenue (here seen in 2019). One entrance was in the building at the far right, 16 East 32nd Street, while the other entrance at the far left, 136 Madison Avenue. The two buildings adjoined with connecting passage at the rears.
Heretofore, the compilers developed by ACT had been done for single customers according to their specifications; but beginning in the late 1970s, the company began developing compilers as software products instead, products that could be licensed and sold to multiple customers.<ref name="prospectus-1986"/> The advent of minicomputers created a market for the compilers,<ref name="haigh-pra">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 16–17.</ref> and the company believed that profit margins would be higher on product sales than it was on custom software development contracts.<ref name="prospectus-1986"/> In particular, there was an effort to develop a family of portable compilers, such that much of the compiler could be reused when moved to a new platform or architecture, and only a portion of it would have to be rehosted or retargeted by either the customer or by ACT under a consulting arrangement.<ref name="sadssce-80-81"/><ref name="prospectus-1986"/> These were new implementations compared to ACT's earlier ones, made to conform to the Fortran 77 and COBOL 74 standards as well as to the relatively new Pascal language.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> The COBOL compiler was implemented in Pascal,<ref name="eaglesfield">{{cite book | url=https://www.theprogrammersodyssey.com/get-a-copy | title=The Programmer's Odyssey: A Journey Through The Digital Age | first=Garth | last=Eaglesfield | publisher=theprogrammersodyssey.com | year=2016–2018 | pages=96–97, 103}}</ref> as were the Fortran 77 and Pascal compilers.<ref name="sadssce-80-81"/> Although making use of Pascal, the compilers generated native machine code, rather than p-code, as optimized generated code was a goal.<ref name="eaglesfield"/>
This compiler work was done in connection with a multi-million dollar contract with the United States Army,<ref name="ar-1983-descr"/> including for its Materiel Development and Readiness Command (DARCOM).<ref name="sadssce-80-81"/> The compilers were made for the Honeywell Level 6 minicomputer with the GCOS 6 Mod 400 operating system,<ref name="ar-1983-descr"/> and then for a variety of other platforms. The Fortran 77 compiler product was completed first in 1980;<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> there were significant delays involved with the other two, but they were completed during 1981.<ref name="ar-1982-fin"/>
In the early 1980s a change hit the company. The company's revenues stayed in the $15–16 million range during 1980 and 1981, but it lost over $0.6 million in the first year and over $1.5 million in the second.<ref name="ar-1982-fin"/> Several business, including the service bureaus, were losing money, and there were substantial cost overruns associated with the Pascal-based compilers.<ref name="ar-1982-fin"/> In addition there were accounting problems in 1980 regarding the accumulation of costs on some long-term contracts.<ref name="ar-1982-fin"/>
By Schachter's later telling,<ref name="haigh-bc"/> the San Francisco investment firm Birr, Wilson made a capital infusion into the company and placed a member on the board of directors. That director was unsatisfied with how Lecht was running the company, in particular the number of different businesses ACT was in and Lecht's disinclination to close down the unprofitable ones. The inside board members then joined with the outside one and asked Lecht to go. Schachter later said, "It was, of all the things I did in my entire business career, the most difficult thing I ever did, but I just felt the company was at severe risk of going bankrupt if we didn't really take a different position and a different posture."<ref name="haigh-bc">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 20–21.</ref> In May 1982, Lecht departed ACT.<ref name="cw-jun82">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LaqX2JB6_UC&pg=RA1-PA133 | title=ACT Founder Launches Dream Venture | magazine=Computerworld | date=June 7, 1982 | page=133}}</ref> When it happened, Lecht portrayed the split as his own choice to the press, saying he wanted to pursue writing, speaking, and other activities related to technology.<ref name="cw-jun82"/> But as ''Datamation'' wrote at the time, the departure came "with more than a little pushing".<ref name="dm-82">{{cite news | title=News in Perspective: Out | magazine=Datamation | date=May 1982 | page=78 }}</ref> Lawsuits were filed between the company and Lecht; they were settled in February 1983 in an agreement that involved the company buying back Lecht's shares.<ref name="ar-1982-fin"/> (A few years later, Lecht said he had left because he became saddened watching the company spirit he had established turn into what he called a "bureaucracy of yuppie nincompoops".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/omni-magazine-1986-12/OMNI_1986_12_djvu.txt | title= The Unreal Thing: Artificial Intelligence | first=Jack B. | last=Rochester | magazine=Omni | date=December 1986 | page=30}}</ref> He went on to form Lecht Sciences Incorporated,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/19840915.pdf | title=About Our Contributors | magazine=Datamation | date=September 15, 1984 | page=112}}</ref> which included him working from a Tokyo base.<ref name="tpj-1992">{{cite news | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/396934098/BE738BD553C34B62PQ/16?accountid=196403&sourcetype=Newspapers | title=Charles P. Lecht <!-- Charlie obit 1992 -->| newspaper=The Providence Journal | date=September 5, 1992 | page=A-8 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>)
thumb|right|upright=0.7|Pin button illustrating the three languages for which ACT offered cross-compilers to the MIL-STD-1750A
Schachter became president upon Lecht's departure,<ref name="dm-82"/> and, a year later, CEO.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/25/business/computer-unit-chairman-out.html | title=Computer Unit Chairman Out | newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 25, 1983 }}</ref> During the rest of 1982, the company sold off its two main service bureaus, those in Phoenix and Edmonton, and closed down two smaller money-losing businesses.<ref name="ar-1982-fin">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1982 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1983 | pages=1, 4, 16–20, back inside cover (financial section)}}</ref> The company became profitable again during the second half of 1982.<ref name="ar-1982-descr">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1982 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1983 | pages=1–10, 12 (description section)}}</ref> Revenue, which reached an all-time high of $18 million for all of 1982, fell to $11 million the next year as a result.<ref name="ar-1984-descr"/> But it then climbed steadily back up, reaching $15 million by 1986, while operating profit also gradually improved, surpassing $1 million in 1986.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/>
During the 1980s, the company expanded its language products into those desired by the defense industry for embedded systems deployment.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> The first JOVIAL compiler was produced in 1981, targeted for the Zilog Z8002 16-bit, small memory processor. This was soon followed by a JOVIAL compiler targeted to the popular MIL-STD-1750A 16-bit processor architecture specification. With these compilers came associated tools such as assemblers, linkers, runtime systems, simulators, and symbolic debuggers.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> These cross-development tools were typically hosted on either IBM System/370 mainframes or VAX minicomputers running VMS.<ref name="ar-1984-descr">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1984 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1985 | pages=4–9 (description section)}}</ref> General Dynamics became the biggest customer for the JOVIAL product,<ref name="haigh-pra"/> especially for its use in the avionics for the F-16 Fighting Falcon, but it was sold to a number of other defense contractors as well.<ref name="ar-1988-fin"/>
thumb|left|upright=0.8|Reception center at the 32nd Street office of ACT in the mid-1980s
In 1984, the company received $3 million in funding for new products from Prudential-Bache Securities.<ref name="ar-1984-descr"/> This was used to continue the development of commercial language compilers:<ref name="ar-1984-descr"/> A BASIC compiler was developed in 1985, which along with COBOL, FORTRAN, and Pascal, was supplied to AT&T Computer Systems' 3B series computers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmR2XHzI9yoC&pg=PA28 | title=AT&T unwraps application packages for 3B series | first=Charles | last=Babcock | magazine=Computerworld | date=September 30, 1985 | page=28}}</ref> A C language compiler was developed by 1986.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> Around the same time, the commercial compilers were enhanced to support the latest standards, COBOL-85 and draft FORTRAN 8X, as part of a contract for compilers<ref name="ar-1985-descr"/> for the BiiN joint venture.
The cash infusion from Prudential-Bache was also used to develop a compiler system for the Ada programming language, targeted to the MIL-STD-1750A architecture.<ref name="ar-1984-descr"/> This consisted of a compiler front-end licensed from DDC-I in Denmark (itself an offshoot of the Dansk Datamatik Center) married to a compiler back-end from ACT that made use of the company's existing tools for the MIL-STD-1750A.<ref name="ar-1984-descr"/> ACT became the first U.S. company to successfully validate an Ada 1750A compiler past the strenuous Ada Compiler Validation Capability (ACVC) validation suite. Between JOVIAL and Ada, the company would gain a number of high-profile defense contractors as customers throughout the 1980s.<ref name="haigh-bc"/>
The company also continued its commercial applications group, in particular working during the early-mid 1980s on a major contract for developing parts of Chemical Bank's pioneering home banking system called Pronto.<ref name="ar-1983-descr">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1983 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1984 | page=8 (description section), inside back cover}}</ref> Customers would use the system on at home on Atari 8-bit computers,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://time.com/archive/6883870/home-finance-in-an-electronic-age/ | title=Home Finance in an Electronic Age | magazine=Time | date=September 20, 1982}}</ref> which would connect via a modem and telephone line to a Tandem Computers system at Chemical Bank's headquarters facility.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.atarimagazines.com/v1n6/pronto.html | title=PRONTO: Bank on Your Atari | first=Deborah | last=Burns| magazine=Antic | date=February 1983}}</ref> However the bank's system was ahead of its time<ref name="haigh-bc"/> and despite heavy promotion did not gain much use.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/09/business/the-executive-computer-when-technology-outpaces-needs.html | title=When Technology Outpaces Needs | first=Erik | last=Sandberg-Diment | newspaper=The New York Times | date= June 9, 1985}}</ref> ACT's applications group was closed down in 1986. <ref name="prospectus-1986">{{cite book | title=Prospectus: Advanced Computer Techniques Corporation 790,000 Common Shares | publisher=Burr, Wilson & Co. | date=September 3, 1986 | pages=8–9, 13–14}} (Preliminary)</ref> {{clear}}
==InterACT== In July 1987, ACT transferred its software division of compilers and related tools to a new joint venture called InterACT that was two-thirds owned by LSI Logic and one-third by ACT.<ref name="ar-1987-descr">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1987 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1988 | pages=1–2, 8–9 (description section)}}</ref> (This was now the third time that some form of 'InterACT' had been used.<ref name="ia-apr88-nina">{{cite news | title=InterACTIVELY Speaking ... | work=InterACTION | publisher=InterACT Corporation | date=April 1988 | pages=7–8}}</ref>) The goal of InterACT was to produce a set of products for what it termed the CASHE space (Computer Aided Software/Hardware Engineering).<ref name="ia-apr88-cashe">{{cite news | title=CASHE Concept Easily Explained | work=InterACTION | publisher=InterACT Corporation | date=April 1988 | pages=2–3}}</ref> This would include ACT's existing compilers, assemblers, linkers, simulators, and debuggers; a CASE tool, Interactive Development Environments's Software Through Pictures; a CAE tool, LSI Logic's LSI Design System; and novel components, including bridged hardware and software simulation models and graphic editors and administration tools allowing automated composition of all the other tools.<ref name="ia-apr88-cashe"/> The total set of products, initially called CASHE but then called the System Design Environment (SDE), was aimed at providing embedded systems developers a way to design, simulate, and debug their embedded applications while hardware was still being developed, without having to wait for a prototype.<ref name="ar-1987-descr"/> Another motivation for ACT entering into the agreement was to gain access to LSI Logic's sales and marketing operation, which was much larger than its own.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> The company's work on commercial compilers was gradually shut down,<ref name="ar-1988-fin"/> although a C cross compiler to the Intel i960 embedded architecture was completed<ref name="ar-1988-descr"/> and had some sales success.
thumb|left|upright=0.4|Entrance to 417 Fifth Avenue between 37th and 38th Street in 1989, where the offices of InterACT were from then until 1991 thumb|right|A scene and a view from the InterACT offices in 1991
Schachter was initially CEO of InterACT,<ref name="ar-1987-fin">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1987 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1988 | page=inside back cover (financial section)}}</ref> but then Edward D. Bright, who had held several executive positions with ACT, took over, while Schachter remained CEO of ACT.<ref name="ar-1988-fin"/> InterACT lost money from the start: $0.5 million in the second half of 1987 and $2.5 million in 1988.<ref name="ar-1987-descr"/><ref name="ar-1988-descr">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1988 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1989 | pages=1–2 (description section)}}</ref> The new SDE product proved difficult and expensive to build, and after a while LSI Logic wanted out.<ref name="haigh-losses">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', p. 22.</ref>
An executive at IBM became very interested in the potential of SDE,<ref name="haigh-losses"/> at a time when IBM was making investments in a number of small companies.<ref name="wsj1989">{{cite news | title=IBM Holds 40% of InterACT Corp., A Software Firm | first=Michael W. | last=Miller | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=February 7, 1989 | page=B4}}</ref> Thus, in November 1988,<ref name="ar-1988-descr"/> InterACT bought back LSI Logic's ownership, and sold 40 percent of the company to IBM and 11 percent to Prudential-Bache Securities.<ref name="wsj1989"/> The new owners were not made public until February 1989 when there was unusual volatility in ACT's stock.<ref name="wsj1989"/> <!-- For 1988, the last year it published an annual report, ACT (not including InterACT) had revenues of $7 million,<ref name="ar-1988-descr"/> and as -->As of March 1989, ACT (including InterACT) had about 140 employees.<ref name="ar-1988-fin"/>
By 1990, the full SDE idea had been abandoned, and focus was instead placed on the administration tool that had been created. Dubbed the InterACT Integrator, it was hosted on Sun Microsystems workstations and positioned as a data management framework for the integration and automatic sequencing of CASE tools and other software packages.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBkWMYfe4T0C&pg=PT35 | title=Computer-aided software engineering | magazine=Computerworld | date=July 16, 1990 | page=35}}</ref> However it failed to find a market.
Meanwhile, InterACT continued to develop and sell the Ada and JOVIAL products on their own. In 1988, the company made a licensing arrangement with MIPS Computer Systems to gain access to the compiler back end technology for the MIPS R3000 RISC microprocessor, and commenced work on an Ada cross compiler system for the R3000.<ref name="ar-1988-fin">{{cite book | title=Annual Report 1988 | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1989 | pages=11–15, 47 (financial section)}}</ref>
thumb|right|An ACVC valiation certificate for the InterACT Ada MIPS R3000 product First validated and released in late 1989, one of the first to do so, the Ada cross compiler product for MIPS R3000 made a number of sales. The InterACT R3000 product featured a simulator and symbolic debugger as well as some extra Ada runtime system features.<ref name="ieee-1990"/> The Joint Integrated Avionics Working Group (JIAWG), a United States government initiative of the late 1980s intended to establish common standards for the next generation of U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Army aircraft, selected the R3000 as one of two 32-bit instruction set architectures for real-time embedded systems applications (the other being the Intel i960).<ref name="ieee-1990">{{cite conference | first1=J. Jay | last1=Kurtz | first2=John E. | last2=Thibeault | first3=Walter J. | last3=Brauckmann | title=An Applicability Evaluation of the MIPS R3000 and Intel 80960MC Processors for Real-Time Embedded Systems | conference=IEEE Conference on Aerospace and Electronics, Dayton, OH, USA, 1990 | year=1990 | pages=140–147 | doi= 10.1109/NAECON.1990.112756 }}</ref> An evaluation by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation of these two processors in an embedded systems context selected the InterACT Ada compiler for use as a toolset.<ref name="ieee-1990"/> Ada was a difficult language to create compilers for,<ref>{{cite journal | first=Jean-Pierre | last=Rosen | title=The Ada paradox(es) | date=September 2009 | journal=ACM SIGAda Ada Letters | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=28–35| doi=10.1145/1620593.1620597 }}</ref> and InterACT's was one of those that revealed some immature implementation characteristics.<ref name="ieee-1990"/>
In any case, InterACT's business health continued to worsen and, starting in September 1989, there were a number of rounds of layoffs. In October 1991, it was announced that DDC-I had acquired the Ada and JOVIAL embedded systems business of InterACT.<ref>{{cite press release | title=DDC International Acquires Cross Tools Business of InterACT; Forms New Business Unit | publisher=DDC-I | date=October 4, 1991}}</ref> What remained of the SDE/Integrator business was shut down.<ref name="haigh-losses"/> {{clear}}
==Creative Socio-Medics== thumb|right|240px In 1973, ACT acquired Creative Socio-Medics (CSM), which had been founded by Gerald O. Koop and John F. Phillips in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221185424/http://www.csmcorp.com/html/officers.html | archive-date=February 21, 1999 | url=http://www.csmcorp.com/html/officers.html | title=About Creative Socio-Medics: Executive Profiles | publisher=Creative Socio-Medics | accessdate=May 23, 2014}}</ref> It specialized in delivering software products and hardware and software services in the human services field, specifically for behavioral health providers such as psychiatric hospitals and mental health clinics.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> These included large, networked installations, such as for the Psychiatric Institutes of America and the New Jersey Department of Human Services.<ref name="ar-1985-descr"/> The subsidiary also employed research analysts who studied behavioral health issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19790926&id=4kxSAAAAIBAJ&pg=6828,1378591 | title=Job stress, frustrations add to alcoholism among women | agency=United Press International | newspaper=St. Petersburg Times | date=September 26, 1979 | page=10D}}</ref>
Originally, CSM systems worked via batch processing.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> In the 1970s, CSM made the move to deploy its software to online minicomputer systems<ref name="ar-1985-descr"/> that were provided to customers as turnkey systems.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> Near the end of that decade, all of CSM's applications were converted to being implemented using the MUMPS programming language, which went on to become a common choice within the healthcare industry.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/><ref name="ar-1982-descr"/>
For the most part, CSM operated independently of the rest of ACT's activities, but there were occasional collaborations, such as when the parent produced MUMPS implementations for the Digital Equipment Corporation PRO series microcomputers and Tandem Computers NonStop fault-tolerant product line,<ref>{{cite news|date=1982|title=unclear|volume=14|pages=2, 5|work<!--newsletter-->=Computer Age|publisher=EDP News Services|issue=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArcaAQAAMAAJ&q=%22advanced+computer+techniques%22+mumps}}</ref><ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> or when ACT's Network Processor product was used underneath CSM's Human Services Network Information System.<ref name="ar-1984-descr"/>
Over time, CSM grew as a subsidiary corporation of ACT.<ref name="ar-1986-descr"/> It became a major contributor to ACT's overall financial picture and received prominent attention in ACT's annual reports throughout the 1980s. It tended to be profitable some years and not other years and was rarely in solid financial shape.<ref name="haigh-csm"/> In 1989, CSM stopped sharing physical facilities with the rest of ACT, and relocated to Islip, New York on Long Island.<ref name="ar-1988-fin"/>
In June 1994, Creative Socio-Medics was sold to a company known as Carte Medical.<ref name="sec-netsmart">{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/containers/fix043/1011028/0001011028-00-000017.txt | title=Form 10-K/A, Netsmart Technologies, Inc. | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission }} For the Year Ended December 31, 1999.</ref>
==Fate and legacy== thumb|right|upright=0.7|An Advanced Computer Techniques branded baseball cap, seen decades after the company's effective existence ended
Once CSM was sold, ACT had no remaining operations or assets, only lingering corporate debts. It took the money from the CSM sale and paid off its debtors a reasonably high partial amount on the dollar.<ref name="haigh-csm"/> As Schachter later said about ACT, "We just faded away. We never dissolved. We never declared bankruptcy ... we just kind of faded away."<ref name="haigh-csm">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 22–23.</ref>
Former employees of ACT went on to work elsewhere on compilers and various kinds of system software. The most notable such endeavor was Edison Design Group. Founded by one of ACT's compiler designers J. Stephen Adamczyk<ref name="ar-1985-descr">{{cite book | title=1985 Annual Report | publisher=Advanced Computer Techniques | year=1986 | pages=5–6, 8, 12 (description section)}}</ref> in 1988, and with several ex-members of ACT's commercial compiler group working for it over the years,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edg.com/index.php?location=profile_compback |title=Company Background |publisher=Edison Design Group |accessdate=August 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015015553/http://www.edg.com/index.php?location=profile_compback |archive-date=October 15, 2013 }}</ref> they produced a very successful front-end implementation for the C++ programming language and became well-regarded contributors to the ISO C++ standardization effort.<ref>{{cite conference | first=Bjarne | last=Stroustrup | author-link=Bjarne Stroustrup | url=http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf | title=Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991–2006 | conference=History of Programming Languages Conference (HOPL)-III | conference-url=http://research.ihost.com/hopl/HOPL-III.html | pages =4–1–4–59 |book-title=Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages | date=June 2007 }}</ref> As for Schachter, he went into private practice as a lawyer wherein he provided counsel to several companies in the technology area,<ref name="ohs-obit">{{cite web | url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/sarasota-fl/oscar-schachter-11318559 | title=Obituary: Oscar H Schachter February 25, 1933 – June 5, 2023 | publisher=Dignity Memorial | access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> and also served as vice president and secretary of the board of directors of American Friends of Yahad-In Unum.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yiu.ngo/en/about-us/american-friends-of-yahad-in-unum | title=Board of Directors | publisher=American Friends of Yahad-In Unum | access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref>
After acquiring and rebranding the ACT/InterACT JOVIAL and Ada compiler products, DDC-I continued to develop and market them throughout the 1990s; they were still listed as legacy products on their website into the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ddci.com/products_Legacy.php | title=Legacy: Mature Development Systems, Field Proven on Hundreds of Applications | publisher=DDC-I | accessdate=<!--August 26, 2014-->June 7, 2023}}</ref>
Creative Socio-Medics became a success story. Carte Medical, the company that bought it in 1994, changed its corporate name to Netsmart Technologies in 1996 and went public later that year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.secinfo.com/d2MUu.7p.htm | title=Sagemark Companies Ltd · 10-K · For 12/31/97 | publisher=secinfo.com | date=April 16, 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sec.edgar-online.com/netsmart-technologies-inc/s-1-securities-registration-statement/1997/07/30/section23.aspx | title=Certain Transactions | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | date=July 30, 1997 }}</ref> Creative Socio-Medics remained the company's operations arm that it did business through.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://libn.com/2003/09/26/netsmart-heading-to-great-river/ | title=Netsmart heading to Great River | newspaper=Long Island Business News | date=September 26, 2003}}</ref><ref name="treatmag"/> By the 2000s it was steadily profitable;<ref name="nyt-judge"/> after acquiring a large rival in 2005, the Creative Socio-Medics name was retired in favor of just Netsmart.<ref name="treatmag">{{cite news | url=http://www.treatmentmagazine.com/upfront/67-biggest-industry-it-vendor-gets-bigger.html | title=Biggest Industry IT Vendor Gets Bigger | magazine=Treatment Magazine | date=October 2005}}</ref> The company sold for $115 million to a pair of private equity firms in 2007<ref name="nyt-judge">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/16/technology/16netsmart.html | title=Judge Bars a Buyout Vote at Netsmart | agency=Dow Jones/Associated Press | newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 16, 2007}}</ref> and had 600 employees by 2011.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/print-edition/2012/02/17/netsmart-technologies-picks-overland.html?page=all | title=Netsmart Technologies picks Overland Park for new headquarters | first=Alyson | last=Raletz | newspaper=Kansas City Business Journal | date=February 17, 2012}}</ref> Several changes of private ownership followed. The company continued to grow, and by 2023 had some 2,600 employees.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ntst.com/Company/Careers-and-Culture | title=Careers and Culture | publisher=Netsmart | access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref>
In retrospect, Schachter said of working at Advanced Computer Techniques, "I thoroughly enjoyed being part of this group. They were a group of really bright people. It was a fun company to work for ... I am just sorry we weren't more successful than it turned out we were."<ref name="haigh-gen">Haigh, ''An Interview with Oscar Schachter'', pp. 26–27.</ref>
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | url=https://archive.org/details/fromairlinereser00mart_0 | url-access=registration | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | publisher=MIT Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-262-03303-9 }} * {{cite book | title=The Computer Establishment | url=https://archive.org/details/computerestablis00fish | url-access=registration | first=Katharine Davis | last=Fishman | publisher= McGraw-Hill Book Company | location=New York | year=1981 | isbn=978-0-07-021127-8 | type=paperback 1982}} * {{cite book | title=An Interview with Oscar Schachter | first=Thomas | last=Haigh | publisher=Oral History Collection, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota | location=Minneapolis | year=2004 | hdl=11299/107622 | url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107622}} [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68568693 WorldCat entry] * {{cite book |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780070369672/waves-change-techno-economic-analysis-data-0070369674/plp?cm_sp=plped-_-1-_-image |title=The Waves of Change: A Techno-Economic Analysis of the Data Processing Industry |first=Charles P. |last=Lecht |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York |year=1977 |isbn=9780070369672 |type=paperback 1979}}
Category:Defunct software companies of the United States Category:Defunct computer companies based in New York (state) Category:International information technology consulting firms Category:Software companies based in New York (state) Category:Software companies based in New York City Category:Software companies established in 1962 Category:Software companies disestablished in 1994 Category:1962 establishments in New York City Category:1994 disestablishments in New York (state) Category:Ada (programming language)