{{Short description|Group of dialects of Finnish}} {{Distinguish|Ingrian language|Siberian Ingrian Finnish}} {{Infobox dialect | name = Ingrian Finnish | states = Russia | ethnicity = 20,300 Ingrian Finns (2010) | speakers = A few older people | script = Latin | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = Finnic | fam3 = Finnish | fam4 = East Finnish | fam5 = South Karelian dialects | map = File:Inkeri.png | date = 2015 | ref = <ref name=":0" /> | region = Ingria | glotto = none | mapcaption = Map of Ingria, where the dialect is spoken | isoexception = dialect }} '''Ingrian Finnish dialects''' ({{langx|fi|Inkerin suomalaismurteet}}) are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken in Russia, Finland and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000003550044.html|title=KIRJAT &#124; Inkeriläisten hajaantumisen aika Inkerin suomi elää yhä Venäjällä, Suomessa, Ruotsissa ja Kanadassa|date=July 29, 1996|website=Helsingin Sanomat}}</ref> In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns left in Russia.<ref name=Inkeri /> The Ingrian dialects are gradually dying out, as primarily elderly people speak them still,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2015 |title=Pietarin alkuperäiskansan kulttuuri vaarassa kuolla vanhan sukupolven mukana |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7919943 |website=Yle Uutiset}}</ref> and unlike Standard Finnish, the dialects are not taught in schools.<ref name=Konkova />

==History== After Sweden annexed Ingria in 1617, many people moved to Ingria from Finland, at the time part of Sweden. After Russia annexed it again in 1721, many Russians moved in. However the Finnish language stayed because of the Lutheran church; the difference of religion made mixed marriages rare.

In 1900 the situation changed a lot. At first, minority languages were supported; however, around 1930 Finnish was banned and the Ingrian Finns were deported and genocided. Because of this, language communities broke and Russian influence became larger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kieliverkosto.fi/fi/journals/kieli-koulutus-ja-yhteiskunta-toukokuu-2013/miten-suomea-puhutaan-inkerinmaalla-kielenkayton-muutoksia-jaljittamassa|title=Miten suomea puhutaan Inkerinmaalla? – Kielenkäytön muutoksia jäljittämässä|website=Kieliverkosto|date=May 10, 2013}}</ref>

==Phonology== {{also|Finnish phonology}} The phonology of Ingrian Finnish is very much alike that of the neighbouring Ingrian and Votic languages.

One process present in the dialects is the deletion of final front vowels and their replacement by palatisation, much like in Ala-Laukaa Ingrian and Votic:<ref name="Konkova" /> : ''äitj'' ({{IPA|[æi̯tʲ]}}, "mother") for Standard Finnish ''äiti'' ({{IPA|[ˈæi̯ti]}}) : ''vesj'' ({{IPA|[ʋes̠ʲ]}}, "water") for Standard Finnish ''vesi'' ({{IPA|[ˈʋes̠i]}}) : ''mäkj'' ({{IPA|[mækʲ]}}, "hill") for Standard Finnish ''mäki'' ({{IPA|[ˈmæki]}}) : ''kylj'' ({{IPA|[kylʲ]}}, "village") for Standard Finnish ''kylä'' ({{IPA|[ˈkylæ]}}) Another is the diphthongisation of historically long vowels in initial syllables, much like in the Karelian language:<ref name="Konkova" /> : ''piä'' ({{IPA|[piæ̯]}}, "head") for Standard Finnish ''pää'' ({{IPA|[pæː]}}) : ''kualj'' ({{IPA|[kuɑ̯lʲ]}}, "cabbage") for Standard Finnish ''kaali'' ({{IPA|[ˈkɑːli]}}) Like in the Ingrian language, Standard Finnish morphological -d- is often replaced by -v-, -vv- and -ij-:<ref name="Konkova" /> : ''sovan'' ({{IPA|[ˈs̠oʋɑn]}}, "war", <abbr title="genitive">gen</abbr>) for Standard Finnish ''sodan'' ({{IPA|[ˈs̠od̪ɑn]}} : ''pöyvvän'' ({{IPA|[ˈpøy̯ʋːæn]}}, "table", <abbr title="genitive">gen</abbr>) for Standard Finnish ''pöydän'' ({{IPA|[pøy̯d̪æn]}}) Finally, a shift of the diphthongs {{IPA|[ie̯]}}, {{IPA|[uo̯]}} and {{IPA|[yø̯]}} to {{IPA|[iɑ̯]}} ({{IPA|[iæ̯]}} in front-vocalic stems), {{IPA|[uɑ̯]}} and {{IPA|[yæ̯]}} respectively is present:<ref name="Virtaranta" /> : ''piänj'' ({{IPA|[piæ̯nʲ]}}, "small") for the Standard Finnish ''pieni'' ({{IPA|[pie̯ni]}}).

==Grammar== The dialects' personal pronouns differ significantly from the standard language. Follows a comparison with the Karelian language and Standard Finnish: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; display: inline-table;" |+ Ingrian Finnish |- ! !! Singular !! Plural |- ! First Person | mie || myö |- ! Second Person | sie || työ |- ! Third Person | hiä || hyö |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; display: inline-table;" |+ Karelian |- ! !! Singular !! Plural |- ! First Person | mie || myö |- ! Second Person | sie || työ |- ! Third Person | hiän || hyö |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; display: inline-table;" |+ Standard Finnish |- ! !! Singular !! Plural |- ! First Person | minä || me |- ! Second Person | sinä || te |- ! Third Person | hän || he |- |}

==Vocabulary== Historically, multiple Swedish loanwords have appeared in Ingrian Finnish. Furthermore, the dialects have borrowed extensively from the neighbouring Finnic languages. In more recent years, it has also borrowed extensively from the Russian language:<ref name=Konkova /> : ''latjjat'' ({{IPA|[ˈlɑtʲjɑt̪]}}, "dress") from Russian ''платье'' (plat'je) : ''liäppä'' ({{IPA|[ˈliæ̯pːæ]}}, "hat") from Russian ''шляпа'' (šljapa)

==Sample text== Follows a sample text in Ingrian Finnish:<ref name=Virtaranta /> {| class="wikitable" !Ingrian Finnish !IPA !UPA !Standard Finnish !Translation |- |''Oli yks mies elläi<br /> Mäni metsää hulkkumaa<br /> Ja öksy<br /> Ja siis jäi yöks makkaamaa<br /> Teki puun alla tulen<br /> Ja kävi makkaamaa.'' |{{IPA|[ˈoli ˈʔyks ˈmie̯s̠ ˈelːæi̯]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈmæni ˈmet͡s̠æː ˈhulkːuˌmɑː]}}<br /> {{IPA|[jɑ ˈʔøks̠y]}}<br /> {{IPA|[jɑ ˈs̠iːs̠ ˈjæi̯ ˈyø̯ks̠ ˈmɑkːɑːˌmɑː]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈteki ˈpuːn ˈɑlːɒ ˈtulen]}}<br /> {{IPA|[jɑ ˈkæʋi ˈmɑkːɑːˌmɑː]}} |{{UPA|oli üks mies elläi}}<br /> {{UPA|mäni metsä̀ hulkkumà}}<br /> {{UPA|ja öksü}}<br /> {{UPA|ja siis jäi üöks makkàmà}}<br /> {{UPA|teki pūn allɒ tulen}}<br /> {{UPA|ja kävi makkàmà}} |Oli (yksi) mies eli<br /> Meni metsään hölskymään<br /> Ja eksyi<br /> Ja siis jäi yöksi nukkumaan<br />Teki puun alla tulen<br />Ja kävi nukkumaan. |There lived a man<br /> He drifted into the forest<br /> And got lost<br /> And then he stayed to sleep for the night<br />He made a fire under a tree<br />And went to sleep. |}

== See also == * Ingrian Finns *{{anli|Siberian Ingrian Finnish}} * South Karelian dialects * Savonian dialects

== References == {{reflist|3|refs= <ref name=Virtaranta>{{Cite journal|author=Pertti Virtaranta|year=1955|title=Näytteitä Inkerin murteista 2|trans-title=Some samples of the Ingrian dialect|url=https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/33161|journal=Virittäjä|language=fi|volume=59|issue=1|pages=41|issn=2242-8828}}</ref> <ref name=Konkova>{{Cite book|author1=Olga Konkova|author2=Vladimir Kokko|url=https://kmn-lo.ru/Document/1411032326.pdf|year=2009|title=Ингерманландские Финны: Очерки истории и культуры|trans-title=The Ingrian Finns: Sketches of a history and culture|language=ru|location=Saint Petersburg|isbn=978-5-88431-143-5|access-date=2021-04-02|archive-date=2020-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110064940/https://kmn-lo.ru/Document/1411032326.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Inkeri>{{Cite journal|journal=Inkeri|volume=3|issue=78|year=2012|language=fi|title=Inkerinsuomalaiset: 40%n vajaus kahdeksassa vuodessa|trans-title=Ingrian Finns: A decline of 40% in the twentieth century|url=https://www.inkeri.ru/wp-content/uploads/Inkeri-N-3-078-2012.pdf}}</ref> }}

{{Finnish dialects}}

Category:Finnish-language dialects Dialects