{{Short description|Taiwanese banker, industrialist and Go promoter}} {{family name hatnote|Ing|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person | name = Ing Chang-ki | native_name = 應昌期 | native_name_lang = zh | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|10|23}} | birth_place = Cixi County, Zhejiang, Republic of China<br />(present-day Cicheng, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|8|27|1917|10|23}} | death_place = Taipei, Taiwan | occupation = Banker, industrialist, Go promoter, Go rules theorist | known_for = Founder of the Ing Cup; promotion of the Ing rules of Go | organization = Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation | spouse = Tang Ping-chen | children = Ing Fa-nuo, Ing Ming-hao, Ing Rou-er }}
'''Ing Chang-ki''' ({{zh|t=應昌期|s=应昌期|p=Yìng Chāngqí}}; 23 October 1917 – 27 August 1997) was a Taiwanese banker, industrialist, and promoter of Go. Born in Cixi County, Zhejiang, he worked in banking in Shanghai and later in Taiwan, where he served at the Bank of Taiwan before entering business in the 1960s. In Go, he founded the Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation, promoted the Ing rules, and established the Ing Cup, one of the major international professional Go tournaments.<ref name="zjol20160717">{{Cite news |title=应昌期诞辰100周年特别展在宁波帮博物馆开展 |url=https://zjnews.zjol.com.cn/zjnews/nbnews/201607/t20160717_1761856.shtml |work=Zhejiang Online |agency=Ningbo Daily |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="nbmuseum20160716">{{Cite web |title=围棋人生—应昌期诞辰一百周年特别展 |url=https://www.nbmuseum.cn/art/2016/7/16/art_21009_7927.html |website=Ningbo Museum |publisher=Ningbobang Museum |date=16 July 2016 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
He encouraged the use of the spelling "Goe" in English-language contexts in an attempt to distinguish the game from the English verb "go".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurogofed.org/egf/ing2005.htm |title=EGF Ing Grant Report 2004–2005 |publisher=European Go Federation |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028201540/https://www.eurogofed.org/egf/ing2005.htm |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also associated with the promotion of digital game clocks for Go, including devices designed to support byoyomi and per-move time controls.
== Biography == Ing was born on 23 October 1917 in Cicheng, then in Cixi County, Zhejiang. Around 1932, because of family poverty, he left Cihu Commercial School and went to Shanghai, where he became an apprentice at Tongyuan Bank and began his banking career.<ref name="bostonese20150930">{{Cite news |title=应明皓忆父亲应昌期 贺《黄河大合唱》即将登台 |url=https://bostonese.com/2015/09/changqi-cup-at-harvard-and-yellow-river-cantata/ |work=Bostonese |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
He later worked for the Fujian Provincial Bank. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he moved with the bank through several wartime locations, including Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, and Chongqing. After the war, he moved to Taiwan and worked for the Bank of Taiwan for about eighteen years.<ref name="sina20171023">{{Cite news |title=应明皓回顾父亲往事 中国一定富强两岸一定统一 |url=https://sports.sina.cn/others/qipai/2017-10-23/detail-ifymzzpw0197975.d.html |work=Sina Sports |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="zjol20160717" /> In 1985, the Taiwanese magazine ''CommonWealth'' reported that Ing had become deputy general manager and acting general manager of the Bank of Taiwan at the age of 34, while also serving as manager of its foreign and business departments.<ref name="cw19850801">{{Cite magazine |title=應昌期的「棋」望 |url=https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5039441 |magazine=CommonWealth Magazine |date=1 August 1985 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
In the early 1960s, Ing resigned from banking and entered business. Reports have associated him with the founding, co-founding, takeover, or management of several companies, including Huaxia Plastics, Reward Wool, Cathay Chemical Works, Yihua Food, Guohua Marine Enterprise, International Bills Finance Corporation, and INKO in the United States.<ref name="cnnb20091020">{{Cite news |title=“黑白世界的诺贝尔”创始人应昌期的棋桌和棋具 |url=https://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2009/10/20/006296953.shtml |work=China Ningbo Net |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="zjol20160717" /> ''CommonWealth'' reported that his post-bank business interests included Cathay Chemical Works, Reward Wool, and Yihua Food.<ref name="cw19850801" /> The annual report of International Bills Finance Corporation states that its first board of directors elected Ing as chairman on 8 December 1976, and that the company formally opened on 15 January 1977.<ref name="ibfc2023">{{Cite report |title=國際票券金融股份有限公司112年度年報 |url=https://www.ibfc.com.tw/pdf/annals/112%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6.pdf |publisher=International Bills Finance Corporation |date=2024 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
Ing was also active in Go promotion. In 1983, he formally established the Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation, and in 1984 he organized the first World Youth Go Championship.<ref name="sina20171023" /> A registration notice from Taiwan's Judicial Yuan states that the foundation's purposes included promoting Go education, improving playing standards, strengthening international Go exchange, and promoting point-counting Go rules.<ref name="judicial20200604">{{Cite web |title=公告臺灣臺北地方法院109年度法登他字第1263號財團法人應昌期圍棋教育基金會變更登記 |url=https://www.judicial.gov.tw/tw/cp-144-225491-e51f3-1.html |website=Judicial Yuan |publisher=Taiwan Taipei District Court |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> In 1988, he founded the Ing Cup, with a champion's prize of US$400,000.<ref name="xjb20190423">{{Cite news |title=棋界那位有趣的老头走了，但他的贡献不会被遗忘 |url=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2019-04-23/detail-ihvhiqax4649947.d.html |work=The Beijing News |via=Sina News |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
On 23 October 1996, the Shanghai Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation was established with a donation of RMB 160 million from Ing, and construction of the Shanghai Ing Chang-ki Weiqi School also began.<ref name="qq20190420">{{Cite news |title=应昌期之子应明皓辞世享年76岁 |url=https://weiqi.qq.com/news/10058.html |work=Tencent Weiqi |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> Ing died in Taipei on 27 August 1997.<ref name="zjol20160717" />
== Go activities == Ing was a long-time Go enthusiast and studied Go rules, equipment, and timing systems. He developed and promoted a point-counting system for Go, later known as the Ing rules. In 1985, ''CommonWealth'' reported that he had designed standard Go equipment and electronic clocks for the promotion of the game.<ref name="cw19850801" />
From 1987, Ing worked through Shen Chun-shan, chairman of the Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation, and Kong Qinglong, vice-president of the Hong Kong Pan-Pacific Go Association, to contact Go organizations in China, Japan, and Korea in preparation for an international professional Go tournament.<ref name="sina20171020">{{Cite news |title=应昌期的围棋人生（十）：第一届应氏杯的遗憾 |url=https://sports.sina.cn/others/qipai/2017-10-20/detail-ifymzqpq2686642.d.html |work=Sina Sports |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> The Ing Cup, founded in 1988, became his best-known Go project. The tournament is held every four years and has a champion's prize of US$400,000.<ref name="xjb20190423" /><ref name="haifong20240708">{{Cite web |title=應氏盃四強賽果：許皓鋐惜敗謝科，止步世界四強 |url=https://www.haifong.org/news/content/2C95ADF757BD9DA6836262C82E44ED18 |website=Haifong Go Association |date=8 July 2024 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
In addition to professional events, Ing supported other Go competitions. Hong Kong's ''Wen Wei Po'' reported that the "Ing Cup" Chinese University Go Tournament was initiated and funded by Ing in 1991.<ref name="wenweipo20050816">{{Cite news |title=「應氏杯」中國大學生圍棋賽開賽 |url=https://news.wenweipo.com/2005/08/16/IN0508160028.htm |work=Wen Wei Po |date=16 August 2005 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-hk}}</ref> The European Go Federation stated in an obituary that Ing's donations of Ing-style boards, stones, and clocks helped introduce the Ing rules into European tournaments and supported Go communities in many European countries.<ref name="egf1997">{{Cite web |title=Obituary of Ing Chang-Ki |url=https://www.eurogofed.org/history/ing.htm |website=European Go Federation |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The American Go Association has also stated that Ing's Goe Foundation supported North American Go, the World Youth Go Championship, the North American Ing Masters, the Long Game Cup, and the American Collegiate Go Association.<ref name="aga2025">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Qi Wins USA First World Championship |url=https://usgo.org/content.aspx?club_id=454497&item_id=5159&page_id=2507&pst=29254 |website=American Go Association |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
After Ing's death, his son Ing Ming-hao continued the family's Go activities, including the continuation of the Ing Cup and the creation or support of the Chang-ki Cup, the Chen Yi Cup, and the annual Chinese Go awards ceremony.<ref name="chinanews20190517">{{Cite news |title=追记应氏父子两代围棋情缘：黑白世界的多彩人生 |url=https://sports.sina.cn/others/qipai/2019-05-17/detail-ihvhiqax9311606.d.html |work=China News Service |via=Sina Sports |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> ''Wen Wei Po'' reported in 2016 that, according to Ing Ming-hao, Ing Chang-ki had instructed during his illness that the Ing Cup "must continue".<ref name="wenweipo20161028">{{Cite news |title=柯潔膺中國最佳圍棋手 |url=https://paper.wenweipo.com/2016/10/28/SP1610280029.htm |work=Wen Wei Po |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-hk}}</ref>
Until 2000, Ing also sponsored a tournament and substantial prize for computer Go programs known as the Ing Prize.
== Philanthropy in Ningbo == Ing contributed to education, medical, and business projects in his ancestral home region of Ningbo. According to ''Ningbo Daily'', he helped build or rebuild Zhongcheng Primary School, Changqi Kindergarten, Cihu Middle School, and Baoli Hospital, with total donations reaching large sums. He also established Reward (Ningbo) Wool Industry Company and a modern building materials company in Ningbo.<ref name="zjol20160717" />
Specific reported donation amounts vary. A 2007 report by China Ningbo Net stated that Ing donated US$1.4 million in 1991 to rebuild Zhongcheng Primary School, RMB 4.5 million in 1994 to build Changqi Kindergarten, RMB 13 million to rebuild Cihu Middle School, and US$1.5 million in 1997 to expand Baoli Hospital.<ref name="cnnb20071022">{{Cite news |title=“宁波帮”应昌期诞辰90周年纪念大会举行 |url=https://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2007/10/22/005378128.shtml |work=China Ningbo Net |date=22 October 2007 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> Another report stated that Ing Ming-hao, representing the Ing family, donated RMB 15.5 million to rebuild Cihu Middle School and RMB 4.5 million to build Changqi Kindergarten, and that the Ing father and son later established the Xingyao scholarship and aid fund.<ref name="chinanews20190517" />
== Family == Ing's father was Ing Xingyao, who served as principal of Zhongcheng Primary School in Cicheng. After the victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ing Xingyao returned to his hometown and organized the rebuilding of Zhongcheng Primary School.<ref name="sina20171018-3">{{Cite news |title=应昌期的围棋人生（三）：抗日时期不得不放下棋子 |url=https://sports.sina.cn/others/qipai/2017-10-18/detail-ifymviyp2312017.d.html |work=Sina Sports |date=18 October 2017 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
Ing's wife was Tang Ping-chen. Tang was born in Shanghai on 15 March 1915 and worked as a physical education teacher at Zhongcheng Primary School in Cicheng in 1934. She became engaged to Ing in December 1936, left teaching in early 1938, and went to Fujian, where the couple formally married.<ref name="sina20171018-3" />
Ing and Tang had three children: * Their eldest daughter, Ing Fa-nuo, was born in Yong'an, Fujian, in 1939.<ref name="sina20171018-3" /> * Their son, Ing Ming-hao, was born in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, on 19 April 1943 and died in Beijing on 20 April 2019. He served as chairman of the Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation and continued the family's Go activities after his father's death.<ref name="people20190420">{{Cite news |title=倡棋杯创办人应明皓去世 中国围棋协会发唁电悼念 |url=https://qipai.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0420/c22160-31040771.html |work=People's Daily Online |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="chinanews20190517" /> * Their younger daughter, Ing Rou-er, was born in Hengyang, Hunan, in 1944.<ref name="sina20171018-3" /> She served as chairwoman of Reward Wool Industry Corporation and took part in the Ing family's philanthropic and Go activities.<ref name="chinanews20190517" /> In 2020, the Haifong Go Association identified her as chairwoman of the Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation at the drawing ceremony for the ninth Ing Cup.<ref name="haifong20200907">{{Cite web |title=第九屆應氏盃世界職業圍棋錦標賽抽籤儀式 |url=https://www.haifong.org/news/content/010853AC9FF8020A7CE3B7457615F64B |website=Haifong Go Association |date=7 September 2020 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> In 2024, the Chinese Weiqi Association also reported that Ing Rou-er, chairwoman of the Taipei Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation, attended events related to the tenth Ing Cup semifinal in Cicheng.<ref name="txwq20240706">{{Cite news |title=“应氏杯回家！”半决赛将在慈城上演 柯洁等四强发表赛前感想 |url=https://news.txwq.qq.com/news/15429.html |work=Chinese Weiqi Association |via=Tencent Weiqi |date=6 July 2024 |access-date=31 May 2026 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
Public reports have mentioned descendants of Ing Ming-hao, but no reliable public sources have been found confirming their names, positions, or participation in the Ing family's Go activities.
== See also == * Chang-ki Cup * Ing Cup * Ing rules
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == * [http://www.ycqweiqi.com Shanghai Ing Chang-ki Weichi Educational Foundation] * [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wjh/go/rules/SST.html Ing Rules of Go], including a short biography * [https://www.nbmuseum.cn/art/2016/7/16/art_21009_7927.html Ningbobang Museum exhibition on Ing Chang-ki]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ing, Chang-ki}} Category:1917 births Category:1997 deaths Ing, Chang-ki Category:Taiwanese bankers Category:Chinese bankers Category:Taiwanese businesspeople Category:Taiwanese Go players Category:Sportspeople from Ningbo Category:Refugees of the Chinese Civil War Category:Taiwanese people from Zhejiang Category:People from Cixi
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