{{Infobox medical condition |name = Inflammatory fibroid polyp |synonyms = IFP, Eosinophilic granulomatous polyp, Vanek's tumor. |image = Inflammatory fibroid polyp - low mag.jpg |caption = Low magnification micrograph of an inflammatory fibroid polyp. H&E stain. |width = |pronounce = |specialty = Gastroenterology |symptoms = |complications = |onset = |duration = |types = |causes = |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention = |treatment = |medication = |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = |named after = }}
An '''inflammatory fibroid polyp''' '''(IFP)''' is an uncommon digestive system tumor.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the oesophagus" /> J. Vanek initially identified it as a separate pathological entity in 1949 when he reported six case reports of eosinophilic infiltration in gastric submucosal granulomas.<ref name="Vanek">{{cite journal | last=J | first=Vanek | title=Gastric submucosal granuloma with eosinophilic infiltration | journal=The American Journal of Pathology | date=1949 | publisher=Am J Pathol | volume=25 | issue=3 | pages=397–411 | issn=0002-9440 | pmid=18127133 | pmc=1942901 }}</ref> It is a single, non-encapsulated polypoid lesion that is typically submucosal. It is characterized by a large number of small blood vessels, oedematous connective tissue, and an inflammatory eosinophilic infiltrate.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the duodenum: a review of the literature" />
Inflammatory fibroid polyp has also been referred to as polypoid myo-endothelioma,<ref name="histogenesis" /> fibroma with eosinophilic infiltration,<ref name="General Case of the Day" /> inflammatory pseudotumour,<ref name="General Case of the Day" /> myxoma,<ref name="Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum" /> haemangiopericytoma,<ref name="Johnstone Morson 1978 pp. 349–361" /> eosinophilic granuloma,<ref name="General Case of the Day" /> Vanek's tumour,<ref name="Report of 18 cases">{{cite journal | last1=Daum | first1=Ondrej | last2=Hes | first2=Ondrej | last3=Vanecek | first3=Tomas | last4=Benes | first4=Zdenek | last5=Sima | first5=Radek | last6=Zamecnik | first6=Michal | last7=Mukensnabl | first7=Petr | last8=Hadravska | first8=Sarka | last9=Curik | first9=Romuald | last10=Michal | first10=Michal | title=Vanek's tumor (inflammatory fibroid polyp). Report of 18 cases and comparison with three cases of original Vanek's series | journal=Annals of Diagnostic Pathology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=7 | issue=6 | year=2003 | issn=1092-9134 | doi=10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2003.09.003 | pages=337–347| pmid=15018116 }}</ref> and gastric eosinophilic submucosal granuloma.<ref name="Vanek"/>
When the lesions are symptomatic, they typically measure less than 3 cm in size and are linked to symptoms such as iron deficiency anemia, bleeding, weight loss, and dyspeptic symptoms. Significant complications like obstruction, intussusception, and even hypovolemic shock can result from larger lesions.<ref name="A series of 29 cases">{{cite journal | last1=Maccagno | first1=Andrea | last2=Sander | first2=Björn | last3=Dintner | first3=Sebastian | last4=Harloff | first4=Manuela | last5=Füzesi | first5=László | last6=Märkl | first6=Bruno | title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp: A series of 29 cases and a systematic review of the literature | journal=Human Pathology Reports | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=32 | year=2023 | issn=2772-736X | doi=10.1016/j.hpr.2023.300703 | article-number=300703| doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Signs and symptoms == The tumor's size, location, and complications will affect how it presents itself.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the oesophagus">{{cite journal |first1=Shashi Kanth |last1=Godey |first2=Robert T. |last2=Diggory |title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the oesophagus |journal=World Journal of Surgical Oncology |date=30 May 2005 |issn=1477-7819 |page=30 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pmid=15924624 |pmc=1180860 |doi=10.1186/1477-7819-3-30 | doi-access=free}}</ref> Common symptoms include epigastric pain and bleeding in the stomach and intestinal symptoms.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine 1884">{{cite journal |first1=G. R. |last1=Shimer |first2=E. B. |last2=Helwig |title=Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine |journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology |date=June 1984 |issn=0002-9173 |pages=708–714 |volume=81 |issue=6 |pmid=6731350 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/81.6.708}}</ref> When it is in the esophagus, symptoms such as bleeding,<ref name="mimicking malignant tumors">{{cite journal |first1=B. C. |last1=Wolf |first2=U. |last2=Khettry |first3=H. K. |last3=Leonardi |first4=W. B. |last4=Neptune |title=Benign lesions mimicking malignant tumors of the esophagus |journal=Human Pathology |date=February 1988 |issn=0046-8177 |pages=148–154 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pmid=3343031 |doi=10.1016/s0046-8177(88)80342-3 |first5=A. K. |last5=Bhattacharyya |first6=M. A. |last6=Legg}}</ref> gastroesophageal reflux,<ref name="So-called eosinophilic granuloma">{{cite journal |first1=P. M. |last1=Leand |first2=G. F. |last2=Murray |first3=G. D. |last3=Zuidema |first4=W. M. |last4=Shelley |title=Obstructing esophageal polyp with eosinophilic infiltration. So-called eosinophilic granuloma |journal=American Journal of Surgery |date=July 1968 |issn=0002-9610 |pages=93–96 |volume=116 |issue=1 |pmid=5652366 |doi=10.1016/0002-9610(68)90424-8}}</ref> and dysphagia may occur.<ref name="dysphagia">{{cite journal |first1=P. M. |last1=Costa |first2=A. |last2=Marques |first3=null |last3=Távora |first4=E. |last4=Oliveira |title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the esophagus |journal=Diseases of the Esophagus|date= March 1, 2000 |issn=1120-8694 |pages=75–79 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pmid=11005337 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2050.2000.00086.x |first5=M. |last5=Diaz |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Although the inflammatory fibroid polyp's natural history is unknown, it has been known to grow quickly, within a few months,<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the oesophagus"/> and to reach sizes of up to 20 cm.<ref name="cytologic diagnosis">{{cite journal |first1=Pratima |last1=Savargaonkar |first2=Nora |last2=Morgenstern |first3=Tawfiqal |last3=Bhuiya |title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the ileum causing intussusception: report of two cases with emphasis on cytologic diagnosis |journal=Diagnostic Cytopathology |date=April 2003 |issn=8755-1039 |pages=217–221 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pmid=12672099 |doi=10.1002/dc.10258|s2cid=41610174 }}</ref>
=== Complications === Inflammatory fibroid polyps emerge from the submucosa and pierce the lamina propria, causing the mucosal layer to bulge. On rare occasions, they may develop ulcers through the mucosa, resulting in bleeding and symptoms similar to hypovolemic shock.<ref name="hypovolemic shock">{{cite journal |first1=Kyle D. |last1=Klingbeil |first2=Alexandra |last2=Balaban |first3=Raymond M. |last3=Fertig |first4=A. Caresse |last4=Gamret |title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastric antrum presenting as hypovolemic shock: Case report and literature review |journal=Intractable & Rare Diseases Research |date=November 2017 |issn=2186-3644 |pages=304–309 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pmid=29259861 |pmc=5735286 |doi=10.5582/irdr.2017.01060 |first5=Yuna |last5=Gong |first6=Carolyn |last6=Torres |first7=Shevonne S. |last7=Satahoo |doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Causes == The inflammatory fibroid polyp is a benign lesion whose cause is unknown;<ref name="dysphagia" /> some reports attribute its genesis to myofibroblasts,<ref name="immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study">{{cite journal|first1=J. J.|last1=Navas-Palacios|first2=F.|last2=Colina-Ruizdelgado|first3=M. D.|last3=Sanchez-Larrea|first4=J.|last4=Cortes-Cansino|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study|journal=Cancer|date=1 May 1983|issn=0008-543X|pages=1682–1690|volume=51|issue=9|pmid=6403217|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19830501)51:9<1682::aid-cncr2820510921>3.0.co;2-p|s2cid=39937280 }}</ref> while others propose vascular or perivascular tissue.<ref name="CD34‐positive">{{cite journal|first1=P.|last1=Wille|first2=F.|last2=Borchard |title=Fibroid polyps of intestinal tract are inflammatory-reactive proliferations of CD34-positive perivascular cells |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00433.x|journal=Histopathology|date=June 1998|issn=0309-0167|pages=498–502|volume=32|issue=6|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00433.x|pmid=9675587 |s2cid=35109526 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is widely acknowledged that this is a reactive process to chemical, physical, or microbiological stimuli rather than a neoplasm.<ref name="Inflammatory pseudotumors">{{cite journal|first1=Virginia A.|last1=LiVolsi|first2=Karl H.|last2=Perzin|title=Inflammatory pseudotumors (inflammatory fibrous polyps) of the esophagus|journal=The American Journal of Digestive Diseases|date=1 May 1975|issn=1573-2568|pages=475–481|volume=20|issue=5|doi=10.1007/BF01070794|pmid=1130373 |s2cid=12152963 }}</ref> In the past, it was believed that the etiology was caused by an inflammatory reaction to an underlying granuloma.<ref name="hypovolemic shock" /> An irritating stimulus is frequently linked to the development of a submucosal granuloma (such as trauma, tuberculosis, helicobacter pylori, Crohn's disease, or sarcoidosis).<ref name="duodenum of a female adolescent">{{cite journal|first1=Mauricio Giusti|last1=Calderon|first2=Valéria Campos|last2=Caivano|first3=Sauro|last3=Bagnaresi |first4=José Ozório|last4=de Oliveira Lira|title=A unique case of inflammatory fibroid polyp in the duodenum of a female adolescent|journal=Medicine|date=24 February 2017|issn=0025-7974 |article-number=e6131|volume=96|issue=8|pmid=28225494 |pmc=5569430|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000006131 |first5=Rodrigo Daminello|last5=Raimundo|first6=Luiz Carlos|last6=de Abreu|first7=João Antonio|last7=Correa}}</ref>
Parasites have also been implicated as a potential cause of inflammatory fibroid polyps.<ref name="Frequency, location, and age and sex">{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Stolte|first2=T.|last2=Sticht |first3=S.|last3=Eidt|first4=D.|last4=Ebert |title=Frequency, location, and age and sex distribution of various types of gastric polyp|journal=Endoscopy|date=October 1994|issn=0013-726X|pages=659–665|volume=26|issue=8|pmid=7859674|doi=10.1055/s-2007-1009061|first5=G.|last5=Finkenzeller|s2cid=25248914 }}</ref>
There have been suggestions that a factor that has not yet been identified<ref name="gallbladder">{{cite journal|first1=Maurizio|last1=Martini|first2=Luisa|last2=Santoro|first3=Pietro|last3=Familiari|first4=Guido|last4=Costamagna|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gallbladder bearing a platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha mutation|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|date=May 2013|issn=1543-2165|pages=721–724|volume=137|issue=5|pmid=23627457|doi=10.5858/arpa.2012-0218-CR|first5=Riccardo|last5=Ricci}}</ref> may cause hyperplasia of vessels and stromal cells, leading to localized vascular inflammation.<ref name="nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory" />
=== Risk factors === The inflammatory fibroid polyp may be connected to neoplastic and neoplastic GI lesions occurring simultaneously or synchronously, but the literature does not support a causal relationship.<ref name="42 cases">{{cite journal|first1=P.|last1=Kolodziejczyk|first2=T. |last2=Yao|first3=M.|last3=Tsuneyoshi|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the stomach. A special reference to an immunohistochemical profile of 42 cases |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology|date=November 1993|issn=0147-5185|pages=1159–1168|volume=17|issue=11|pmid=8214261 |doi=10.1097/00000478-199311000-00009|s2cid=28942337 }}</ref><ref name="Evolution of histologic patterns">{{cite journal|first1=Y. I.|last1=Kim|first2=W. H.|last2=Kim|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyps of gastrointestinal tract. Evolution of histologic patterns|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology |date=June 1988|issn=0002-9173|pages=721–727|volume=89|issue=6|pmid=3369362 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/89.6.721}}</ref> Isolated reports have been made of inflammatory fibroid polyps at different locations coexisting with granular cell tumors<ref name="granular cell tumor">{{cite journal |last1=Bickel |first1=A |last2=Szvalb |first2=S |last3=Eitan |first3=A |last4=Cohen |first4=I |title=The coexistence of inflammatory fibroid polyp and granular cell tumor in the same gastric lesion |journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology |date=November 1994 |volume=89 |issue=11 |pages=2090–2091 |pmid=7942750}}</ref> and certain immune system conditions, such as neurofibromatosis,<ref name="Neurofibromatosis">{{cite journal|first1=Keisuke|last1=Goto|first2=Takuya |last2=Hirosaki|first3=Mariko|last3=Masubuchi |title=Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Inflammatory Polyp of the Gastrointestinal Tract|journal=International Journal of Surgical Pathology|date=February 2017|issn=1940-2465|pages=65–68|volume=25|issue=1|pmid=27170677 |doi=10.1177/1066896916648772|s2cid=37595484 }}</ref> Crohn's disease,<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine 1884" /><ref name="Crohn's disease">{{cite journal|first1=G. R.|last1=Williams|first2=S.|last2=Jaffe |first3=C. A.|last3=Scott|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the terminal ileum presenting in a patient with active Crohn's disease |journal=Histopathology|date=June 1992|issn=0309-0167|pages=545–547|volume=20|issue=6|pmid=1607157 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.1992.tb01045.x|s2cid=44489661 }}</ref> ankylosing spondylitis,<ref name="nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory">{{cite journal |last1=Muñiz-Grijalvo |first1=O |last2=Reina-Campos |first2=F |last3=Borderas |first3=F |title=Could a fibroid polyp be a manifestation of enteropathy induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? |journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology |date=January 1997 |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=170–171 |pmid=8995966}}</ref> and human immunodeficiency virus infection,<ref name="HIV">{{cite journal|first1=M. Z.|last1=Simmons|first2=K. C.|last2=Cho|first3=J. M.|last3=Houghton|first4=C. D.|last4=Levine|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the esophagus in an HIV-infected individual: case study|journal=Dysphagia|date= 1995|issn=0179-051X|pages=59–61|volume=10|issue=1|pmid=7859536|doi=10.1007/BF00261283 |first5=B. R.|last5=Javors|s2cid=23853464 }}</ref> however, these results are inconsistent and most likely coincidental.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine 1884" />
=== Genetics === Inflammatory fibroid polyps have demonstrated a higher incidence in individuals with a family history of gastrointestinal polyps.<ref name="('Devon polyposis syndrome'): an update">{{cite journal|first1=R O|last1=Allibone|first2=J K|last2=Nanson|first3=P P|last3=Anthony |title=Multiple and recurrent inflammatory fibroid polyps in a Devon family ('Devon polyposis syndrome'): an update. |journal=Gut |date=July 1992|issn=0017-5749|pages=1004–1005|volume=33|issue=7|doi=10.1136/gut.33.7.1004 |pmid=1644320|pmc=1379423}}</ref> Activating mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene were found in 70% of cases in a genetic study involving inflammatory fibroid polyps.<ref name="(PDGFRA) gene">{{cite journal|first1=H.-U.|last1=Schildhaus|first2=T.|last2=Cavlar|first3=E. |last3=Binot|first4=R.|last4=Büttner |title=Inflammatory fibroid polyps harbour mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene |journal=The Journal of Pathology|date=October 2008|issn=1096-9896|pages=176–182|volume=216|issue=2|pmid=18686281 |doi=10.1002/path.2393|first5=E.|last5=Wardelmann |first6=S.|last6=Merkelbach-Bruse|s2cid=37048792 }}</ref>
== Diagnosis == Over 90% of gastrointestinal polyps found during routine endoscopic examination are present in patients who are asymptomatic and do not appear to be cancerous.<ref name="Gastric Polyps">{{cite journal|first1=Rafiul Sameer|last1=Islam|first2=Neal C.|last2=Patel|first3=Dora|last3=Lam-Himlin|first4=Cuong C.|last4=Nguyen|title=Gastric Polyps: A Review of Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopathologic Features and Management Decisions|journal=Gastroenterology & Hepatology|date=October 2013|issn=1554-7914|pages=640–651|volume=9|issue=10|pmid=24764778|pmc=3992058}}</ref> By using a gross examination alone, these polyps cannot be identified from those that need additional treatment.<ref name="hypovolemic shock" /> Consequently, to identify the type of polyp and whether underlying dysplasia is present, histological analysis is always recommended.<ref name="Gastric polyps: classification">{{cite journal|first1=Do Youn|last1=Park|first2=Gregory Y.|last2=Lauwers|title=Gastric polyps: classification and management|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|date=April 2008|issn=1543-2165|pages=633–640|volume=132|issue=4|pmid=18384215|doi=10.5858/2008-132-633-GPCAM}}</ref> To accurately determine the type of polyp, additional diagnostic techniques such as tandem biopsies, immunohistochemistry staining, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) may also be required.<ref name="Gastric Polyps"/>
An inflammatory fibroid polyp presents histologically as an exuberant,<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine 1884" /> non-encapsulated, localized proliferation of spindle-shaped mononuclear cells,<ref name="histogenesis">{{cite journal|first1=A. A.|last1=Trillo|first2=G.|last2=Rowden|title=The histogenesis of inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract|journal=Histopathology|date=November 1991|issn=0309-0167|pages=431–436|volume=19|issue=5|pmid=1757082|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.1991.tb00233.x|s2cid=30279230 }}</ref> with an inflammatory infiltrate that is frequently dominated by eosinophils.<ref name="evidence for a dendritic cell origin">{{cite journal|first1=Liron|last1=Pantanowitz|first2=Donald A.|last2=Antonioli|first3=Geraldine S.|last3=Pinkus|first4=Ali|last4=Shahsafaei|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract: evidence for a dendritic cell origin|journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology|date=January 2004|issn=0147-5185|pages=107–114|volume=28|issue=1|pmid=14707872|doi=10.1097/00000478-200401000-00013|first5=Robert D.|last5=Odze|s2cid=26641777 }}</ref> The fuzzy borders visible on endoscopic ultrasound correspond with the non-encapsulated proliferating spindle cells.<ref name="endoscopic ultrasonographic analysis">{{cite journal | last1=Matsushita | first1=Matsushita | last2=Hajiro | first2=Kiyoshi | last3=Okazaki | first3=Kazuichi | last4=Takakuwa | first4=Hiroshi | title=Gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps: endoscopic ultrasonographic analysis in comparison with the histology | journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=46 | issue=1 | year=1997 | issn=0016-5107 | doi=10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70210-4 | pages=53–57| pmid=9260706 }}</ref> Most inflammatory fibroid polyps are vascular, consisting of a network of varying diameter blood vessels.<ref name="Concomitant presence">{{cite journal |last1=Mori |first1=M |last2=Tamura |first2=S |last3=Enjoji |first3=M |last4=Sugimachi |first4=K |title=Concomitant presence of inflammatory fibroid polyp and carcinoma or adenoma in the stomach |journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine |date=August 1988 |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=829–832 |pmid=3395220}}</ref> Occasionally, the spindle-shaped cells are arranged in a concentric pattern that resembles "onion skin".<ref name="The spectrum of eosinophilic infiltration">{{cite journal | last1=Suen | first1=Kenneth C. | last2=Burton | first2=Jeffrey D. | title=The spectrum of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract and its relationship to other disorders of angiitis and granulomatosis | journal=Human Pathology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=10 | issue=1 | year=1979 | issn=0046-8177 | doi=10.1016/s0046-8177(79)80070-2 | pages=31–43| pmid=428993 }}</ref><ref name="histogenesis" /> Surface ulceration in focal areas can occasionally be observed.<ref name="Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum">{{cite journal | last1=SP | first1=Benjamin | last2=WA | first2=Hawk | last3=RB | first3=Turnbull | title=Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum and cecum: review of five cases with emphasis on differentiation from mesenchymal neoplasm | journal=Cancer | date=1977 | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=1300–1305 | issn=0008-543X | pmid=912661 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197703)39:3<1300::aid-cncr2820390342>3.0.co;2-4 | s2cid=44527499 }}</ref> Though usually polypoidal,<ref name="Johnstone Morson 1978 pp. 349–361">{{cite journal | last1=Johnstone | first1=J. M. | last2=Morson | first2=B. C. | title=Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointesthal tract | journal=Histopathology | volume=2 | issue=5 | date=1978 | issn=0309-0167 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.1978.tb01727.x | pages=349–361| pmid=721077 | s2cid=71709900 }}</ref> the lesion is thought to originate in the lower layer of the lamina propria<ref name="42 cases" /> and may be sessile.<ref name="Evolution of histologic patterns" /><ref name="Johnstone Morson 1978 pp. 349–361"/> The layers of the muscle wall atrophy, fraying, and splitting are brought on by inflammatory fibroid polyps.<ref name="Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum"/>
When inflammatory fibroid polyps from different GI sites are stained with immunohistochemistry, the spindle cell component exhibits nearly 100% positivity for vimentin<ref name="General Case of the Day">{{cite journal | last1=Kuestermann | first1=Sven A. | last2=Saleeb | first2=Samy F. | last3=Teplick | first3=Steven K. | title=General Case of the Day | journal=RadioGraphics | publisher=Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) | volume=19 | issue=2 | year=1999 | issn=0271-5333 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.19.2.g99mr19539 | pages=539–541| pmid=10194795 }}</ref> and CD34,<ref name="CD34‐positive" /> but varying staining for smooth muscle actin, HHF-35, KP1, and Mac 387.<ref name="42 cases" />
=== Classification === The literature describes four histopathological groups into which inflammatory fibroid polyps can be divided: classical fibrovascular, nodular, sclerotic, and edematous.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the duodenum: a review of the literature">{{cite journal|first1=A. Peter|last1=Wysocki|first2=Graeme|last2=Taylor|first3=John A.|last3=Windsor|title=Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the duodenum: a review of the literature|journal=Digestive Surgery|date= 2007|issn=0253-4886|pages=162–168|volume=24|issue=3|pmid=17476106|doi=10.1159/000102099 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Treatment == The only available treatment option is surgical excision of the lesion using either an open or endoscopic approach, depending on the location and size of the tumor.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the oesophagus" /> In certain instances, a formal oesophagectomy or lateral oesophagotomy was required for resection.<ref name="Rare case of inflammatory fibrous polyp">{{cite journal | last1=Solito | first1=B. | last2=Anselmino | first2=M. | last3=Tognetti | first3=A. | last4=Vignati | first4=S. | last5=Rossi | first5=M. | title=Rare case of inflammatory fibrous polyp of the esophagus | journal=Diseases of the Esophagus | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=15 | issue=4 | year=2002 | issn=1120-8694 | doi=10.1046/j.1442-2050.2002.00258.x | pages=326–329 | doi-access=free| pmid=12472481 }}</ref> Moreover, reports of using Nd YAG laser and thermocautery to treat tiny polyps exist.<ref name="Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the oesophagus" />
== Epidemiology == Individuals who have inflammatory fibroid polyps usually show up in their fifth or seventh decade of life.<ref name="Inflammatory Fibroid Polyps of the Duodenum">{{cite journal | last1=Wysocki | first1=A. Peter | last2=Taylor | first2=Graeme | last3=Windsor | first3=John A. | title=Inflammatory Fibroid Polyps of the Duodenum: A Review of the Literature | journal=Digestive Surgery | publisher=S. Karger AG | volume=24 | issue=3 | year=2007 | issn=0253-4886 | doi=10.1159/000102099 | pages=162–168 | doi-access=free| pmid=17476106 }}</ref> In children, it is uncommon.<ref name="Unusual manifestations of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyp in a child">{{cite journal | last1=Chongsrisawat | first1=Voranush | last2=Yimyeam | first2=Phisek | last3=Wisedopas | first3=Naruemon | last4=Viravaidya | first4=Dusit | last5=Poovorawan | first5=Yong | title=Unusual manifestations of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyp in a child | journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology | publisher=Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. | volume=10 | issue=3 | year=2004 | pages=460–462 | issn=1007-9327 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v10.i3.460 | doi-access=free | pmid=14760782 | pmc=4724902 }}</ref> Even though the female-to-male ratio has varied from 2.8:1<ref name="Evolution of histologic patterns" /> to 0.7:1,<ref name="Johnstone Morson 1978 pp. 349–361" /> both sexes seem to be equally affected.<ref name="Inflammatory Fibroid Polyps of the Duodenum"/>
== See also == * Inflammatory pseudotumor * Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour
== References == {{reflist}}
== Further reading == * {{cite journal | last1=Harima | first1=Hirofumi | last2=Kimura | first2=Tokuhiro | last3=Hamabe | first3=Kouichi | last4=Hisano | first4=Fusako | last5=Matsuzaki | first5=Yuko | last6=Sanuki | first6=Kazutoshi | last7=Itoh | first7=Tadahiko | last8=Tada | first8=Kohsuke | last9=Sakaida | first9=Isao | title=Invasive inflammatory fibroid polyp of the stomach: a case report and literature review | journal=BMC Gastroenterology | volume=18 | issue=1 | date=2018 | page=74 | issn=1471-230X | pmid=29855265 | pmc=5984322 | doi=10.1186/s12876-018-0808-9 | doi-access=free | ref=none}} * {{cite journal | last1=Adams | first1=Haley S. | last2=Bergstrom | first2=Brian | last3=Haines | first3=Bret | last4=Roberts | first4=Nathan | title=Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp: An Unusual Cause of Ileoileal Intussusception | journal=Case Reports in Surgery | publisher=Hindawi Limited | volume=2017 | year=2017 | issn=2090-6900 | doi=10.1155/2017/6315934 | doi-access=free | pages=1–4 | pmid=29348960 | pmc=5733754 | ref=none}}
== External links == * [https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colontumorinflammatoryfibroid.html Pathology Outlines]
{{Medical resources | ICD11 = {{ICD11|DB35.4}} {{ICD11|DA98.2}} | ICD10 = <!-- {{ICD10|Xxx.x}} --> | ICD10CM = <!-- {{ICD10CM|Xxx.xxxx}} --> | ICD9 = <!-- {{ICD9|xxx}} --> | ICDO = | OMIM = | MeshID = | DiseasesDB = | SNOMED CT = 63638007 | Curlie = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | PatientUK = | NCI = | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = | NORD = | GARDNum = | GARDName = | RP = 154946 | AO = | WO = | OrthoInfo = | Orphanet = | Scholia = Q16257164 | OB = }}
Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders