{{Short description|Japanese writer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see :Template:Infobox writer/doc --> | name = Ineko Sata | image = Sata Ineko.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Sata Ine | birth_date = {{birth date|1904|06|01|df=y}} | birth_place = Nagasaki, Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|1998|10|12|1904|06|01|df=y}} | death_place = Tokyo, Japan | occupation = Writer | genre = | movement = Proletarian Literature Movement }}
{{nihongo|'''Ineko Sata''' |佐多 稲子|Sata Ineko|extra=1 June 1904 – 12 October 1998}}, also {{nihongo|'''Ineko Kubokawa'''|窪川稲子|Kubokawa Ineko}}, born {{nihongo|'''Ine Sata'''|佐田 イネ|Sata Ine}}, was a Japanese writer closely connected to the Proletarian Literature Movement. An advocate of women's rights, she has also repeatedly been linked to the feminist movement.<ref name="perry">{{cite book|title=Five Faces of Japanese Feminism: Crimson and Other Works |last=Sata |first=Ineko |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |translator-last=Perry |translator-first=Samuel |year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |volume=1 |editor-first=Bonnie G. |editor-last=Smith |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=638}}</ref>
==Biography== ===Early life and career=== Born in Nagasaki to young, unmarried parents (her father was 18, her mother 15), the family moved to Tokyo while she was still a child. Her first job was in a caramel factory, but she later went on to work in restaurants where she befriended several writers, including Ryūnosuke Akutagawa.<ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ineko-sata-1181275.html |title=Obituary: Ineko Sata |first=James |last=Kirkup |work=The Independent |date=29 October 1998 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> In 1922, her poems were published for the first time in the magazine ''Shi to jinsei'' ("Poetry and life").<ref>{{cite book|title=Revival: Stories by Contemporary Japanese Women Writers |year=1983 |editor1-first=Noriko Mizuta |editor1-last=Lippit |editor2-first=Kyoko |editor2-last=Iriye Selden |pages=214–215 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
Working at the Koroku café-bar in Hongo near Tokyo University, she met Shigeharu Nakano, who would remain a lifelong friend. Along with left-wing writers Tatsuo Hori and Tsurujirō Kubokawa, Nakano ran the progressive literary magazine ''Roba'' ("Donkey"). Nakano urged Sata to write her first short story, ''Kyarameru kōjō kara'' ("From the Caramel Factory"), which was based on her own experiences and published in 1928.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="telling_lives">{{cite book|title=Telling Lives: Women's Self-Writing in Modern Japan |chapter=Re-presenting the Self: Sata Ineko |page=210 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |year=2004 |first=Ronald P. |last=Loftus |isbn=9780824827533}}</ref> Taking her second husband Tsurujirō Kubokawa's{{efn|After a brief first marriage, Sata married Kubokawa in 1926<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Quest for Emancipation: The Autobiographical Novels of Miyamoto Yuriko and Sata Ineko |last=Gössmann |first=Hilaria |journal=Japan Quarterly |volume=XLII |number=3 |location=Tokyo |year=1995 |pages=332–342}}</ref> or 1929,<ref name="schierbeck" /> depending on the source. Already in 1928, her short story ''Kanojora nokaiwa'' was published in ''Senki'' magazine under the name Kubokawa Ineko.<ref name="tenko" />}} family name and slightly modifying her first name, she published her work as Ineko Kubokawa until around 1940.<ref>{{cite book|title=Under Fire: Women and World War II. Yearbook of Women's History/Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis 34 |editor1-first=Eveline |editor1-last=Buchheim |editor2-first=Ralf |editor2-last=Futselaar |publisher=Verloren |year=2014 |page=47}}</ref><ref name="tenko">{{cite book|title=Tenkō: Cultures of Political Conversion in Transwar Japan |editor1-first=Irena |editor1-last=Hayter |editor2-first=George T. |editor2-last=Sipos |editor3-first=Mark |editor3-last=Williams |publisher=Routledge |year=2021}}</ref>
While praised by writers like Yasunari Kawabata for drawing on modernist literary techniques, Sata became increasing involved in issues related to workers and the labor movement. In 1929, she spoke out against the treatment of women workers in cigarette factories. In 1931, she defended the striking workers of the Tokyo Muslin Factory. As a member of the Proletarian Literature Movement, she wrote a series of stories about the lives of ordinary working men and women. These included ''Kyosei kikoku'' ("Compulsory Extradition"), about the rights of migrant Korean workers, and ''Tears of a Factory Girl in the Union Leadership'' (''Kanbu joko no namida''),<ref name="independent" /> both published in 1931.<ref name="societyandthestate">{{cite book|first=Vera |last=Mackie |chapter=Narratives of struggle: writing and the making of socialist women in Japan |title=Society and the State in Interwar Japan |editor-first=Elise K. |editor-last=Tipton |publisher=Routledge |year=1997}}</ref>
In 1932, she joined the outlawed Japan Communist Party (JCP).<ref name="independent" /> She became close to JCP leaders Kenji Miyamoto and Takiji Kobayashi, the former imprisoned until 1945,<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|first=Douglas |last=Martin |title= Kenji Miyamoto, 98, Leader of Japan's Communist Party, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/world/asia/20miyamoto.html?ex=1342584000&en=25ee2817e4565ee1&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |date=20 July 2007 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> the latter tortured to death by police in 1933. Sata's strong opinions were also often at odds with the official Communist Party platform.<ref name="independent" /> In 1935, she was arrested for anti-war activism and spent two months in jail. This experience is described in part in her 1936–38 novel ''Crimson'' (''Kurenai''),<ref name="independent" /> a fictionalised account of her marriage and the struggles of being a mother, wife and professional writer.<ref name="perry" />
By 1940, Sata, like Fumiko Hayashi, eventually collaborated with the authorities, publishing both diaries of her travels in Korea and Manchuria and "home front" stories in support of the Japanese war effort, for which she later faced criticism by former associates.<ref name="ericson">{{cite book|title=Be a Woman: Hayashi Fumiko and Modern Japanese Women's Literature |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=9780824818845 |last1=Ericson |first1=Joan E. |date=1997}}</ref><ref name="perry" />
===Later career=== In 1945, with the end of the Pacific War, she divorced her husband Kubokawa.<ref name="independent" /> In 1946, she rejoined the JCP, although, as before, she often voiced vehement criticism of the party. Also in 1946, she was one of the founding members of the Women's Democratic Club, along socialist politician Shizue Katō and intellectuals like Setsuko Hani and Yuriko Miyamoto.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=A revival of grassroots activities and the post-war education of women |title=Grassroots Pacifism in Post-War Japan: The Rebirth of a Nation |first=Mari |last=Yamamoto |year=2004 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon}}</ref> Her wartime experiences were the subject of ''Watashi no Tōkyō chizu'' ("My Tokyo Map"), which was written between 1946 and 1948. 1953 saw the first post-war reprint of ''Crimson'', which was received favourably by critics.<ref name="perry" /> In 1954, she wrote ''Kikai no naka no seishun'' ("Youth among the Machines"). The first collection of her works was issued in 15 volumes in 1958–59. She would write ''Onna no yado'' ("Women's Lodgings") in 1963 and ''Omoki nagare ni'' ("On a Heavy Tide") in 1968–69.<ref name="independent" />
By 1964, Sata had rejoined the JCP after yet another expulsion. Her activities in the Women's Democratic Club, judged divisive from the perspective of the party mainstream,<ref>{{cite book|last=Keene |first=Donald |title=Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era |edition=2 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-231-11435-4}}</ref> again led to her expulsion from the JCP.<ref name="independent" /> In ''Keiryu'' (1964), Sata portrayed the party's internal conflicts.<ref name="kotobank">{{cite web|title=佐多稲子 (Ineko Sata) |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%A8%B2%E5%AD%90-69084 |website=Kotobank |language=ja |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>
Sata was awarded the Noma Literary Prize in 1972 for her book ''Juei'' ("The Shade of Trees"), which deals with the relationships between Chinese and Japanese people in Nagasaki after the dropping of the atomic bomb, and the (fictionalised) biography of painter Kiyoshi Ikeno (1930–1960), which had already served as basis for her 1961 short story ''The Colorless Paintings''.<ref>{{cite web|title=所蔵品検索 木立 池野清 (Collection Search: Tree Kiyoshi Ikeno) |url=https://www.nagasaki-museum.jp/museumInet/coa/colGetByArt.do?command=view&number=599685 |website=Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum |language=ja |access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref> In 1973, she was offered the Geijutsuin Onshi-shō (Imperial Art Academy Prize) for her life's work, but she refused the award as she regarded it as a nationalist congratulation prize. She accepted the 1976 Kawabata Yasunari Literature Award for one of the stories in her short story collection ''Toki ni tatsu''.<ref name="kotobank2">{{cite web|title=時に佇つ (Toki ni tatsu) |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%99%82%E3%81%AB%E4%BD%87%E3%81%A4-1568611#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89 |website=Kotobank |language=ja |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
In 1983, Sata received the Asahi Prize for the entire body of her work. She gave an acceptance speech which expressed regret for her contributions to the war effort. Her book about Nakano (who had died in 1979), ''Natsu no Shiori – Nakano Shigeharu o okuru'' ("Memories of Summer – a Farewell to Shigeharu Nakano"), was awarded the Mainichi Art Award in 1983.<ref name="independent" />
Ineko Sata died in Tokyo in 1998.<ref name="independent" />
==Selected works== The year refers to the first publication. * 1928: ''Kyarameru kōjō kara'' * 1929: ''Café Kyoto'' (''Resutoran Rakuyō'') * 1931: ''Tears of a Factory Girl in the Union Leadership'' (''Kanbu joko no namida'') * 1931: ''Kyosei kikoku'' * 1936–38: ''Crimson'' (''Kurenai'') * 1940: ''Suashi no musume'' * 1942: ''Kō ni niou'' (short story collection) * 1949: ''Watashi no Tōkyō chizu'' * 1950: ''White and Purple'' (''Shiro to murasaki'') * 1955: ''Kikai no naka no seishun'' * 1955: ''Memory of a Night'' (''Yoru no kioku'') * 1958–59: ''Sata Ineko shū'' (collected works) * 1959: ''Hai iro no gogo'' * 1961: ''The Colorless Paintings'' (''Iro no nai e'') * 1963: ''Onna no yado'' (short story collection) * 1964: ''Keiryu'' * 1966: ''Sozō'' * 1970: ''Omoki nagare ni'' * 1972: ''Juei'' * 1972: ''The Inn of Dancing Snow'' (''Yuki no mau yado'') * 1975: ''Toki ni tatsu'' (short story collection) * 1977–1979: ''Sata Ineko zenshū'' (complete works) * 1983: ''Natsu no Shiori – Nakano Shigeharu o okuru'' * 1986: ''Camellia Blossoms on the Little Mountain'' (''Chiisana yama to tsubaki no hana'')
==Awards== * 1963: Women's Literature Award for ''Onna no yado'' * 1972: Noma Literary Prize for ''Juei'' * 1976: Kawabata Yasunari Literature Award for ''Toki ni tatsu (11)'' * 1983: Asahi Prize for her complete work * 1983: Mainichi Art Award for ''Natsu no Shiori – Nakano Shigeharu o okuru''
==Translations== Most of Sata's work was translated into Russian in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="independent" /> and selected stories have been translated into French and German.<ref name="schierbeck">{{cite book|editor-first=Sachiko |editor-last=Shibata Schierbeck |title=Japanese Women Novelists in the 20th Century: 104 Biographies, 1900-1993 |chapter=Writers of Social Protests, 1916–1930: Sata Ineko |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |pages=55–59 |year=1994}}</ref> English translations include: * {{cite journal|title=Re-encounter (Toki ni tatsu) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |journal=Feminist International No. 2: Asian Women '80 |editor1-first=Ikuko |editor1-last=Atsumi |editor2-first=Diane L. |editor2-last=Simpson |year=1980}} * {{cite book|chapter=Clay Doll (Doro ningyo) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |title=Asian P.E.N. Anthology |publisher=Taplinger |location=New York |editor-first=F. Sionil |editor-last=Jose |translator-last=Bester |translator-first=John |year=1966}} * {{cite thesis|last=Sata |first=Ineko |translator-last=Flowers |translator-first=Yvette |date=1979 |title="The Caramel Factory" by Sata Ineko : Biography of Author, Translation and Discussion : An Extended Essay |chapter=The Caramel Factory |publisher=University of Canterbury |location=Christchurch |url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/6347/flower_thesis.pdf |access-date=19 January 2022}} * {{cite book|chapter=The Colorless Paintings (Iro no nai e) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |title=The Crazy Iris and Other Stories of the Atomic Aftermath |editor-first=Kenzaburō |editor-last=Ōe |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |year=1985}} * {{cite journal|title=Camellia Blossoms on the Little Mountain (Chiisana yama to tsubaki no hana) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |journal=Japanese Literature Today |publisher=P.E.N. Club |translator-last=Jewel |translator-first=Mark |year=1987}} * {{cite book|title=To Live and to Write: Selections by Japanese Women Writers, 1913-1938 |last=Sata |first=Ineko |chapter=Crimson (Kurenai, excerpt) |publisher=The Seal Press |location=Seattle |editor-last=Tanaka |editor-first=Yukiko |year=1987}} * {{cite book|chapter=The Inn of Dancing Snow (Yuki no mau yado) |last1=Sata |first1=Ineko |title=Daughters of the Moon: Wish, Will, and Social Constraint in Fiction by Modern Japanese Women |year=1988 |first2=Victoria V. |last2=Vernon |publisher=University of California Institute of East Asian Studies}} * {{cite book|chapter=Memory of a Night (Yoru no kioku) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |title=Japanese Women Writers: Twentieth Century Short Fiction |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |editor1-first=Noriko Mizuta |editor1-last=Lippit |editor-link=Noriko Mizuta |editor2-first=Kyoko Iriye |editor2-last=Selden |editor2-link=Kyoko Iriye Selden}} * {{cite book|chapter=Water (Mizu, from the short story collection Onna no yado) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |title=Stories from the East |publisher=The East Publications |year=1997 |editor-first=Burritt |editor-last=Sabin}} * {{cite journal|title=Water (Mizu) |last=Sata |first=Ineko |journal=Japan Quarterly |publisher=Asahi Shimbun |date=Apr–Jun 1999 |translator1-first=James |translator1-last=Kirkup |translator2-first=Michio |translator2-last=Nakano}} * {{cite book|chapter=Elegy (excerpt from My Tokyo Map / Watashi no Tōkyō chizu) |title=Tokyo Stories: A Literary Stroll |last=Sata |first=Ineko |publisher=University of California Press |translator-last=Rogers |translator-first=Lawrence |year=2002}} * {{cite book|title=Five Faces of Japanese Feminism: Crimson and Other Works |last=Sata |first=Ineko |chapter=Café Kyoto (Resutoran Rakuyō), Crimson (Kurenai), The Scent of Incense (Kō ni niou, from the short story collection of the same name), Tears of a Factory Girl in the Union Leadership (Kanbu joko no namida), White and Purple (Shiro to murasaki) |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |translator-last=Perry |translator-first=Samuel |year=2016}}
==Adaptations== Some of Sata's stories were adapted into films, including: * 1956: ''Kodomo no me'', director Yoshirō Kawazu * 1957: ''Suashi no musume'', director Yutaka Abe * 1965: ''Ane to imōto'', director Yoshirō Kawazu
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * {{cite web|last=Kusakabe |first=Madoka |url=https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12084/Kusakabe_Madoka_phd2011su.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616171141/https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12084/Kusakabe_Madoka_phd2011su.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-06-16 |title=Sata Ineko and Hirabayashi Taiko: The Café and ''Jokyû'' as a Stage for Social Criticism. A dissertation. |date=September 2011 |publisher=Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon |access-date=9 October 2021}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book|editor-first=Sachiko |editor-last=Shibata Schierbeck |title=Japanese Women Novelists in the 20th Century: 104 Biographies, 1900-1993 |chapter=Writers of Social Protests, 1916–1930: Sata Ineko |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |pages=55–60 |year=1994}} * {{cite book|title=Telling Lives: Women's Self-writing in Modern Japan |first=Ronald P. |last=Loftus |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8248-2834-8}} * {{cite book|title=Japan Encyclopedia |first=Louis |last=Frédéric |year=2002 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |page=826}}
{{Communism in Japan}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sata, Ineko}} Category:1904 births Category:1998 deaths Category:Japanese writers Category:Japanese communists Category:Japanese Marxist writers Category:People from Nagasaki Category:Japanese socialist feminists