{{Short description|Field that examines the structure of firms and markets}} {{About|the field of economics|the field of psychology|Industrial and organizational psychology}} {{Economics sidebar}} {{Economic systems sidebar}}
In economics, '''industrial organization''' is a field that extends the theory of the firm by analyzing the structure of firms and markets, as well as the boundaries between them. It introduces real-world features that depart from the perfectly competitive model, such as transaction costs,<ref>• R. H. Coase, 1937. "The Nature of the Firm", ''Economica'', N.S., 4(16), pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113105151/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/e/eyler/426/coase1.pdf 386–405].<br/> • _____, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Influence", ''Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization'', 4(1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/765013 33]–47.<br/> • _____, 1991. "[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1991/coase-lecture.html The Institutional Structure of Production]", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, ''American Economic Review'', 82(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2117340 713]–719.<br/> • Oliver E. Williamson, 1981. "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach", ''American Journal of Sociology'', 87(3), pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141018232235/http://glenn.osu.edu/faculty/brown/home/Org%20Theory/Readings/Williamson1981.pdf 548–577].<br/> • _____, 2009. "[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2009/williamson_lecture.pdf Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression]", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 2010, ''American Economic Review'', 100(3), pp. 673–90.</ref> imperfect information, and barriers to entry faced by potential competitors.
The field studies how firms and markets are organized and how they behave across a spectrum ranging from competitive markets<ref>George J. Stigler, [1987] 2008. "Competition", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000261&edition= Abstract.]</ref> to monopoly,<ref>• Luigi Zingales, 2008. "Corporate Governance", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000370&edition=current&q=governance%20&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]<br/> • Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 16(3), pp. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/089533002760278776 171–195.]<br/> • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 Description].<br/> • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffrey M. Perloff, 2004. ''Modern Industrial Organization'', 4th edition, pp. 2–3. [http://www.lavoisier.fr/notice/frSWORK23A3RW32O.html Description.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905225748/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000370&edition=current&q=governance%20&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2017-09-05 }}</ref> including cases shaped by government intervention and regulation.
Industrial organization combines theoretical models and empirical analysis to study issues such as market power, competition policy, oligopoly behavior, pricing strategies, vertical integration, and the design of contracts and institutions. It has applications in public policy, business strategy, and the regulation of industries.
There are different approaches to the subject. One approach is descriptive in providing an overview of industrial organization, such as measures of competition and the size-concentration of firms in an industry. A second approach uses microeconomic models to explain internal firm organization and market strategy, which includes internal research and development along with issues of internal reorganization and renewal.<ref>• Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 Description] and 1st ed. review [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3003013 extract].<br/> • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. "Modern Industrial Organization, Overview", ch. 5, ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier, v. 1, pp. 259–327. {{Cite book | doi=10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01008-3| chapter=Chapter 5 Noncooperative game theory for industrial organization: An introduction and overview| title=Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 1| volume=1| pages=259–327| year=1989| last1=Fudenberg| first1=Drew| last2=Tirole| first2=Jean| isbn=9780444704344| s2cid=154265880}}<br/> • Carl Shapiro, 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy", ''RAND Journal of Economics'', 20(1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2555656 125]–137.<br/> • Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). "Game theory and Industrial Organization", ch. 49, ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 3, pp. 1851–1895 {{Cite book | doi=10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03012-6| chapter=Chapter 49 Game theory and industrial organization| title=Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3| volume=3| pages=1851–1895| year=2002| last1=Bagwell| first1=Kyle| last2=Wolinsky| first2=Asher| isbn=9780444894281}}<br/> • Martin Shubik, 1987. ''A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy'', Part II. MIT Press. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=5086&ttype=2 Description]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503182202/https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |date=May 3, 2011 }}</ref> A third aspect is oriented to public policy related to economic regulation,<ref>Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22–26, abstract [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/1573448X/2 links.]</ref> antitrust law,<ref>• Richard A. Posner, 2001. ''Antitrust Law'', 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vV3i8XCzc8cC&dq==false&pg=PR5 Preview.]<br/> • D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy", ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', pp. 553–560. {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vV3i8XCzc8cC&q=%3Dfalse&pg=PR5 |title=Antitrust Law, Second Edition |access-date=April 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107191058/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vV3i8XCzc8cC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq==false |archive-date=January 7, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |isbn=9780226675787 |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |date=2009-04-22 |publisher=University of Chicago Press }}</ref> and, more generally, the economic governance of law in defining property rights, enforcing contracts, and providing organizational infrastructure.<ref>• Avinash K. Dixit, 2008. "economic governance", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000260&edition=current&q= Abstract.]<br/> • Oliver E. Williamson, 1996. ''The Mechanisms of Governance'', "Prologue", pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=meERBVysP6YC&pg=PA3 3]–20.</ref><ref>• George J. Stigler, 1983. ''The Organization of Industry'', University of Chicago Press. Description and contents [https://archive.today/20111107161440/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?isbn=9780226774329 links] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=j6SOJv8OeHAC&pg=PA1=GBS_ATB preview.]<br/> • Richard Schmalensee, 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview", ''Economic Journal'', 98(392), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2233907 643]–681. Working paper [http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48172/industrialeconom00schm.pdf?s. link].<br/> • ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier: :Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601119/description#description description & contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032608/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601119/description#description |date=2012-10-02 }} & (partial) chapter [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/1573448X/1 outlines.] : _____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601120/description#description description & contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032632/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601120/description#description |date=2012-10-02 }} and chapter [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/1573448X/2 outlines.] :Mark Armstrong and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to [https://books.google.com/books?id=bvrn72h8dDwC description], chapter-content [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601121/description#description descriptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032713/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601121/description#description |date=2012-10-02 }}</ref>
The extensive use of game theory in industrial economics has led to the export of this tool to other branches of microeconomics, such as behavioral economics and corporate finance. Industrial organization has also had significant practical impacts on antitrust law and competition policy.<ref>Exemplified in such advanced textbooks as Jean Tirole, 1988, ''The Theory of Industrial Organization'', MIT Press, [https://archive.org/details/theoryofindustri00jean description] and chapter-preview [https://archive.org/details/theoryofindustri00jean links.]</ref>
The development of industrial organization as a separate field owes much to Edward Chamberlin,<ref>• Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. ''The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value'', 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press.<br/> • R. Rothschild, 1987. "The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years", ''Journal of Economic Studies'', 14(1), pp. 34–54. [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1709405 Abstract].<br/> • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "Edward Hastings Chamberlin", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA199=FALSE 199–].</ref> Joan Robinson, Edward S. Mason,<ref>Edward S. Mason, 1939. "Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise", ''American Economic Review'', 29(1, Supplement), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1806955 61]–74.<br/> • _____, 1949. "The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States", ''Harvard Law Review'', 62(8), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1336466 1265]–1285.<br/> • _____, 1957. ''Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem'', Harvard University Press. Review [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1234950 extract].<br/> • William G. Shepherd, 2007. "Edward S. Mason", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed.</ref> J. M. Clark,<ref>J.M. Clark, 1940. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1807048 Toward a Concept of Workable Competition]. ''American Economic Review'', Vol. 30, No. 2, Part 1, Jun., pp. 241–256 <br/> • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "John Maurice Clark" in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA183 183–186].</ref> Joe S. Bain<ref>• Joe S. Bain, 1956. ''Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing'', Harvard University Press. Review extracts [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1811245?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101828169287][https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097589?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101828169287].<br /> • _____, 1959, 2nd ed., 1968. ''Industrial Organization: A Treatise'', John Wiley.<br /> • Richard E. Caves, 2007. "Joe S. Bain", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA224 224–231].</ref> and Paolo Sylos Labini, among others.<ref name="Grether">E. T. Grether, 1970. "Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems", ''American Economic Review'', 60(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1815790 83]–89.</ref><ref>Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. ''Industrial Organization'', Edward Elgar. [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=593 Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004854/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=593 |date=2011-07-22 }} and article [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_contents.lasso?id=593 list.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024124906/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_contents.lasso?id=593 |date=2014-10-24 }}23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987.</ref>
==Subareas== The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes are one way of representing the range of economics subjects and subareas. There, Industrial Organization, one of 20 primary categories, has 9 secondary categories, each with multiple tertiary categories.<ref>A complete list of the JEL Industrial Organization codes is at JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories.</ref> The secondary categories are listed below with corresponding available article-preview links of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online and footnotes to their respective JEL-tertiary categories and associated New-Palgrave links. :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L1 JEL: L1] – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L10 JEL: L10] – General<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L11 JEL: L11] – Production, Pricing, and Market structure; Size Distribution of Firms <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L12 JEL: L12] – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L13 JEL: L13] – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L14 JEL: L14] – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L15 JEL: L15] – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility <br/> JEL: L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L17 JEL: L17] – Open Source Products and Markets</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L2 JEL: L2] – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L20 JEL: L20] – General<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L21 JEL: L21] – Business Objectives of the Firm <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L22 JEL: L22] – Firm Organization and Market Structure <br/>JEL: L23 – Organization of Production <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L24 JEL: L24] – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology licensing <br/>JEL: L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope <br/>JEL: L26 – Entrepreneurship</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L3 JEL: L3] – Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L31 JEL: L31] – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs<br/>JEL: L32 – Public enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises<br/>JEL: L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L4 JEL: L4] – Antitrust Issues and Policies<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L40 JEL: L40] – General<br/>JEL: L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices <br/>JEL: L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts <br/>JEL: L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation <br/>JEL: L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L JEL: L5] – Regulation and Industrial policy<ref>JEL: L51 – Economics of Regulation <br/>JEL: L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods <br/>JEL: L53] – Enterprise Policy</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L6 JEL: L6] – Industry Studies: Manufacturing<ref>JEL: L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics <br/>JEL: L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L63 JEL: L63] – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment <br/>JEL: L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments <br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L65 JEL: L65] – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L66 JEL: L66] – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits <br/>JEL: L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather <br/>JEL: L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L7 JEL: L7] – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction<ref>JEL: L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels <br/>JEL: L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources <br/>JEL: L73 – Forest Products <br/>JEL: L74 – Construction <br/>JEL: L78 – Government Policy</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L8 JEL: L8] – Industry Studies: Services<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L80 JEL: L80] – General<br/>JEL: L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce<br/>JEL: L82 – Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)<br/>JEL: L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism<br/>JEL: L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business Services<br/>JEL: L85 – Real Estate Services<br/>JEL: L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer Software<br/>JEL: L87 – Postal and Delivery Services <br/>JEL: L88 – Government Policy</ref> :[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L9 JEL: L9] – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities<ref>JEL: L91 – Transportation: General<br/>JEL: L92 – Railroads and Other Surface Transportation<br/>JEL: L93 – Air transportation<br/>JEL: L94 – Electric utilities<br/>JEL: L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities<br/>|JEL: L96 – Telecommunications<br/>JEL: L97 – Utilities: General<br/>JEL: L98 – Government Policy</ref>
==Market structures== The common market structures studied in this field are: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, duopoly, oligopoly, oligopsony, monopoly and monopsony. ==Areas of study== Industrial organization investigates the outcomes of these market structures in environments with *Price discrimination *Product differentiation *Durable goods *Experience goods *Collusion *Signalling, such as warranties and advertising. *Mergers and acquisitions *Entry and Exit
==History of the field== A 2009 book ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'' traces the development of the field from Adam Smith to recent times and includes dozens of short biographies of major figures in Europe and North America who contributed to the growth and development of the discipline.<ref>Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, ed., 2007. ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization.'' Cheltenham, UK: Elgar. Description and content [http://www.e-elgar.com/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=3125 links] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA3=GBS_ATB preview]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807190244/http://www.e-elgar.com/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=3125 |date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>
Other reviews by publication year and earliest available cited works those in 1970/1937,<ref name="Grether"/> 1972/1933,<ref>James W. McKie, 1972. "Industrial Organization: Boxing the Compass", ch. 1 in V. R. Fuchs, ed., ''Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization'', NBER, pp. [https://www.nber.org/chapters/c7615.pdf 1-15].</ref> 1974,<ref>Almarin Phillips and Rodney E. Stevenson, 1974. "The Historical Development of Industrial Organization", ''History of Political Economy'', 6(3), pp. 324–342. In Papers from the First Conference of the History of Economics Society. [http://hope.dukejournals.org/content/6/3/324.citation Citation].</ref> 1987/1937-1956 (3 cites), 1968–9 (7 cites),<ref>Timothy F. Bresnahan and Richard Schmalensee, 1987. "The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics: An Overview", ''Journal of Industrial Economics'', 35(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2098578 371]–378.</ref> 2009/c. 1900,<ref name="bazar2">Lefteris Tsoulfidis, 2009. "Between Competition and Monopoly", ''Competing Schools of Economic Thought'', ch. 9, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8L2Zoui099UC&pg=PA213=ONEPAGE 213]–42. [https://archive.today/20130203011622/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-92692-4 Springer]</ref> and 2010/1951.<ref>Liran Einav and Jonathan Levin, 2010. "Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 24(2), pp. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.24.2.145 145–162.]</ref>
==See also== {{main|Outline of industrial organization}} {{div col}} *Bertrand competition *Bertrand–Edgeworth model *Competition policy *Cournot competition *Input–output model *Important publications in industrial organization *Structure–conduct–performance paradigm {{div col end}}
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== * Tirole, Jean (1988). ''The Theory of Industrial Organization'', MIT press. * Belleflamme, Paul & Martin Peitz, 2010. ''Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies''. Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2714286/?site_locale=en_GB Summary] and [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2714286/?site_locale=en_GB&display=genresources Resources] * Cabral, Luís M. B., 2000. ''Introduction to Industrial Organization''. MIT Press. Links to [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112407/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3333 Description] and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=1diOmC8t0fgC&pg=PR5=GBS_ATB links.] * Shepherd, William, 1985. ''The Economics of Industrial Organization'', Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-231481-9}} * Shy, Oz, 1995. ''Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227163628/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4262 Description] and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=tr4CjJ5LlRcC&pg=PR7=GBS_ATB links.] MIT Press. * Vives, Xavier, 2001. ''Oligopoly Pricing: Old Ideas and New Tools''. MIT Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016152749/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8556 Description] and scroll to chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books/mitpress?id=le-OE5HMLY8C&printsec=frontcover&cd=1&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false links.] * Jeffrey Church & Roger Ware, 2005. "Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach", (aka [http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~jrchurch/page4/page4.html IOSA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208233721/http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~jrchurch/page4/page4.html |date=2016-12-08 }})”, Free Textbook * Nicolas Boccard, 2010. "Industrial Organization, a Contract Based approach (aka {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801174648/http://iocb.info/ IOCB]}})”, Open Source Textbook
==Journals== * [https://www.rje.org ''The RAND Journal of Economics''] * [http://www.tandfonline.com/action/aboutThisJournal?journalCode=cijb20 ''International Journal of the Economics of Business''] and issue preview [http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cijb20 links] * [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505551/description#description ''International Journal of Industrial Organization''] and issue-preview [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01677187 links] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090710083755/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0022-1821 ''Journal of Industrial Economics''], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145416/http://www.wiley.com/bw/aims.asp?ref=0022-1821&site=1 Aims and Scope], and issue-preview [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-6451/issues links.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050724105423/http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/ ''Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization''] and issue-preview [https://web.archive.org/web/20110120130049/http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year links.] * [https://www.springer.com/journal/11151 ''Review of Industrial Organization'']
==External links== *{{Wikiquote-inline}}
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Category:Industrial organization Category:Market (economics)