Indoplanorbis

{{Automatic taxobox | image = Indoplanorbis exustus.jpg | image_caption = ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Indoplanorbis | authority = Annandale & Prashad, 1921<ref>Annandale, N. and B. Prashad. (1921). caption ''Aquatic Pulmonata'': [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/565/mode/1up 565]-592. ''Indoplanorbis'' is on pages [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/578/mode/1up 578]-582. In: Annandale N., Prashad B. & Amin-ud-Din (1921). "The Aquatic and Amphibious Molluscs of Manipur". ''Records of the Indian Museum'' '''22'''(4): [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/n644/mode/1up 528]-632.</ref><ref>Prashad, B. & N. Annandale. (1921). "Report on a collection of Sumatran Molluscs from Fresh and Brackish water". ''Records of the Indian Museum'' '''22'''(4): 461-508. ''Indoplanorbis'' is on pages [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/472/mode/1up/ 472]-473.</ref> | subdivision = * †''Indoplanorbis bartheli'' Falkner, 1981 * ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' (Deshayes, 1833) | synonyms = * ''Planorbis'' (''Indoplanorbis'') Annandale & Prashad, 1921 }}

'''''Indoplanorbis''''' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails. They are aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the ram's horn snails family Bulinidae. The only extant species is widely distributed across the tropics and serves as an important intermediate host for several trematode parasites.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The invasive nature and ecological tolerance of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' add to its importance in veterinary and medical science.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

==Taxonomy== The genus ''Indoplanorbis'' has one extant and one extinct fossil species. It has a long history and wide geographical range, and is thought to have still additional species.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> Phylogeographic research revealed the phylogenetic depth of divergences between the Indian clades and Southeast Asian clades, and together with habitat and parasitological differences suggests that ''Indoplanorbis'' may comprise more than one extant species.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

The most phylogenetically related genus to ''Indoplanorbis'' is genus ''Bulinus''.<ref name="Kristensen 1987"/>

=== Biogeography === Meier-Brook (1984)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Meier-Brook | first1 = C | year = 1984 | title = A preliminary biogeography of freshwater pulmonate gastropods | journal = World-wide Snails | volume = 1 | pages = 23–27 | doi = 10.1163/9789004631960_005 | isbn = 9789004631960 }}</ref> adopted an African (Gondwanan) origin for ''Indoplanorbis'' with rafting to Asia since the Cretaceous on the northward migrating Indian craton; this author also considered a Europe to Southwest Asia tract or an Africa to South India dispersal.<ref name="Liu 2010" /> Morgan et al. (2002)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Morgan | first1 = J. | last2 = Dejong | first2 = R. J. | last3 = Jung | first3 = Y. | last4 = Khallaayoune | first4 = K. | last5 = Kock | first5 = S. | last6 = Mkoji | first6 = G. M. | last7 = Loker | first7 = E. S. | title = A phylogeny of planorbid snails, with implications for the evolution of Schistosoma parasites | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00280-4 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–488 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12450752}}.</ref> attributed the occurrence of ''Indoplanorbis'' in India to colonization (from Africa) via the Middle East land connection.<ref name="Liu 2010" /> Clearly the two different dispersal mechanisms imply very different chronologies; the Gondwanan vicariance hypothesis implies that proto-''Indoplanorbis'' has been present in India since the late Eocene (35 Ma; India: Asia collision), whereas dispersal via the Sinai-Levant suggests a Plio-Pleistocene arrival.<ref name="Liu 2010" /> The results by Liu et al. (2010) indicated a radiation beginning in the late Miocene with a divergence of an ancestral bulinine lineage into Assam and peninsular India clades.<ref name="Liu 2010" /> A Southeast Asian clade diverged from the peninsular India clade late-Pliocene; this clade then radiated at a much more rapid pace to colonize all of the sampled range of ''Indoplanorbis'' in the mid-Pleistocene.<ref name="Liu 2010" />

left|thumb|Distribution map of ''Indoplanorbis exustus''

==Distribution== The present range is across Iran,<ref name="Glöer 2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Glöer | first1 = P. | author-link2 = Vladimir Pešić | last2 = Pešić | first2 = V. | year = 2012 | title = The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 219 | pages = 11–61 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.219.3406 | pmid = 22977349 | pmc = 3433696 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nepal,<ref name="Glöer 2012"/> India, Sri Lanka,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brant | first1 = S. V. | last2 = Morgan | first2 = J. A. T. | last3 = Mkoji | first3 = G. M. | last4 = Snyder | first4 = S. D. | last5 = Rajapakse | first5 = R. P. V. J. | last6 = Loker | first6 = E. S. | doi = 10.1645/GE-3515.1 | title = An Approach to Revealing Blood Fluke Life Cycles, Taxonomy, and Diversity: Provision of Key Reference Data Including Dna Sequence from Single Life Cycle Stages | journal = Journal of Parasitology | volume = 92 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–88 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16629320 | pmc =2519025 }}</ref> Southeast Asia (for example Thailand),<ref name="Liu 2010"/> central Asia (Afghanistan),<ref>15px Solem A. (1979) "Some mollusks from Afghanistan". ''Fieldiana Zoology'' new series '''1''': 1-89. cited pages [https://archive.org/stream/somemollusksfrom01fiel#page/n24/mode/1up/ 11]-12.</ref> Arabia and Africa.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

The genus is also found in the Middle East (Oman<ref name="Brown 1985"/> and Socotra<ref name="Brown 1994"/>) and Nigeria and the Ivory Coast;<ref name="Liu 2010"/> this is attributed to recent introductions by human activities.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brandt | first1 = R. A. | year = 1974 | title = The non-marine mollusca of Thailand | journal = Archiv für Molluskenkunde | volume = 105 | pages = 1–423 }}</ref><ref name="Brown 1994">Brown D. S. (1994). ''Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance''. London: Taylor & Francis. 207-[https://books.google.com/books?id=iX81vNPrs_4C&q=Indoplanorbis&pg=PA208 208].</ref><ref name="Liu 2010"/><ref name="Brown 1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = D. S. | last2 = Gallagher | first2 = M. D. | doi = 10.1007/BF00004192 | title = Freshwater snails of Oman, South Eastern Arabia | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 127 | issue = 2 | pages = 125 | year = 1985 | s2cid = 7641555 }}</ref><ref name="Pointier 2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pointier | first1 = J. P. | last2 = David | first2 = P. | last3 = Jarne | first3 = P. | title = Biological invasions: The case of planorbid snails | doi = 10.1079/JOH2005292 | journal = Journal of Helminthology | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 249–256 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16153319| s2cid = 11158571 }}.</ref> In contrast to Asia, the well documented appearance of the snail in Africa (e.g., Nigeria<ref name="Kristensen 1987">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kristensen | first1 = T. K. | last2 = Ogunnowof | first2 = O. | doi = 10.1093/mollus/53.2.245 | title = Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834), a freshwater snail new for Africa, found in Nigeria (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 245 | year = 1987 }}, [https://archive.today/20130415130512/http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/53/2/245 abstract].</ref> and Ivory Coast<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mouchet | first1 = F. | last2 = Rey | first2 = J. L. | last3 = Cunin | first3 = P. | year = 1987 | title = Découverte d'Indoplanorbis exustus (Planorbidae, Bulininae) à Yamossoukro, Côte d'Ivoire | journal = Bull Soc Pathol Exot | volume = 80 | pages = 811–812 }}</ref>) and more recently (2002) in the Lesser Antilles,<ref name="Pointier 2005"/> is almost certainly the result of introductions through human activities over the last 50–100 years.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

==References== This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.<ref name="Liu 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = L. | last2 = Mondal | first2 = M. M. | last3 = Idris | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Lokman | first4 = H. S. | last5 = Rajapakse | first5 = P. V. J. | last6 = Satrija | first6 = F. | last7 = Diaz | first7 = J. L. | last8 = Upatham | first8 = E. S. | last9 = Attwood | first9 = S. W. | title = The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia | doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-3-57 | journal = Parasites & Vectors | volume = 3 | pages = 57 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20602771| pmc =2914737 | doi-access = free }}.</ref> {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Indoplanorbis}} * Baker F. C. (1945). ''The molluscan family Planorbidae''. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana. [https://archive.org/stream/molluscanfamilyp00bake#page/196/mode/2up/ 196]-201. * Raut S. K. (1986). "Disease transmitting snails. II. Population studies of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' Deshayes." First year PRS Thesis in Science, University of Calcutta. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Raut | first1 = S. K. | last2 = Rahman | first2 = M. S. | last3 = Samanta | first3 = S. K. | title = Influence of temperature on survival, growth and fecundity of the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes) | journal = Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz | volume = 87 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–19 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1308545 | doi=10.1590/s0074-02761992000100003 | doi-access = free }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Yapi | first1 = Y. | last2 = n'Goran | first2 = K. E. | last3 = Salia | first3 = D. | last4 = Cunin | first4 = P. | last5 = Bellec | first5 = C. | title = Population dynamics of Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), an exotic freshwater snail recently discovered at Yamoussoukro (Ivory Coast) | doi = 10.1093/mollus/60.1.83 | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 83–87 | year = 1994 }}. * {{cite journal | last1 = Devkota | first1 = R. | last2 = Brant | first2 = S. V. | last3 = Loker | first3 = E. S. | year = 2015 | title = The Schistosoma indicum species group in Nepal: presence of a new lineage of schistosome and use of the Indoplanorbis exustus species complex of snail hosts | journal = International Journal for Parasitology | volume = 45 | issue = 13| pages = 857–870 | pmc=4651714 | pmid=26385438 | doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.07.008}}

Category:Monotypic gastropod genera Category:Bulinidae