{{Short description|none}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} [[File:Dr Vikram Sarabhai ISRO.webp|thumb|[[Vikram Sarabhai]]—a physicist considered to be 'the father of India's space program'<ref>Burleson, D. (2008). ''Space Programs Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country''. McFarland. 136. {{ISBN|0-7864-1852-4}}</ref>—was instrumental in the creation of both the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and the [[Physical Research Laboratory]].|alt=]]
After independence, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[prime minister of India]], initiated reforms to promote higher education and '''science and technology in India'''.<ref name=nanda/> The [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT)—conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education—was inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at [[Kharagpur]] in West Bengal by the [[Minister of Education (India)|minister of education]] [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref name="vrat" /> More IITs were soon opened in [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Delhi]] as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s along with the Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) (now [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NIT). Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the [[Soviet Union]] enabled [[ISRO]] to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance [[nuclear power in India]] even after [[Smiling Buddha|the first nuclear test explosion by India]] on 18 May 1974 at [[Pokhran]].
India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on [[research and development]] in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007. However, according to former Indian science and technology minister [[Kapil Sibal]], India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries.<ref name="Kapil Sibal"/> India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States.<ref name="Kapil Sibal">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/india-lagging-behind-in-s&tt-govt/424607/|title=India lagging behind in S&Tt: Govt|date=17 February 2009}}</ref> India invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology in 2002–2003.<ref name="scidevlagging"/> For comparison, China invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science and technology.<ref name="scidevlagging">{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/new-technologies/space-technology/news/india-lagging-in-science-and-technology-says-offi.html|title=India lagging in science and technology, says official|publisher=scidev.net|date=29 August 2006}}</ref> Research and development spending grew to US$17.2 Billion in 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviving India's R&D Funding |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reviving-india-s-r-d-funding |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>
While India has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015 overtaking Russia and France in absolute number of papers per year, that rate has been exceeded by China and Brazil; Indian papers generate fewer cites than average, and relative to its population it has few scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1038/521142a|title = India by the numbers|year = 2015|last1 = Van Noorden|first1 = Richard|journal = Nature|volume = 521|issue = 7551|pages = 142–143|pmid = 25971491|bibcode = 2015Natur.521..142V|s2cid = 4444175|doi-access = free}}</ref> In the quality-adjusted [[Nature Index]] India was ranked ninth worldwide in 2023 and recorded faster growth than China in this year, albeit from a lower base.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders: India follows in China's footsteps as top ten changes again |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/nature-index-research-leaders-india-follows-china-footsteps |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Nature Index |language=en}}</ref>
India is ranked 38th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/india |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>
==History== {{for|the history of science and technology in pre-Independence India|History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent}} [[File:Homi_Jehangir_Bhabha_1960s.jpg|thumb|[[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]] was a nuclear physicist known as "father of the [[India and weapons of mass destruction|Indian nuclear program]]".]]
=== 1947–1967 === [[File:IIT Kharagpur Old Building 1951.jpg|thumb|left|The office of the Hijli Detention Camp (''photographed September 1951'') served as the calling of [[IIT Kharagpur]].]] India aimed "to convert India's economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly."<ref name=nanda>Nanda 2006</ref> It was understood that India had not been at the forefront of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and hence made an effort to promote [[higher education]], and science and technology in India.<ref name=nanda/>
The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] (1950) fixed investment levels, prescribed priorities, divided funds between [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]] and [[Industrial sector|industry]], and divided resources between the state and the [[Government of India|federal]] [[governments]].<ref name=nanda/> The result of the efforts between 1947 and 1962 saw the area under irrigation increase by {{convert|45|e6acre|km2}}, food production rise by 34 million [[metric tons]], installed power generating capacity increase by 79 million [[kilowatts]], and an overall increase of 94 percent in [[industrial production]].<ref name=nanda/> The enormous population rise, however, would balance the gains.<ref name=nanda/> The economically beleaguered country was nevertheless able to build a large scientific workforce, second in numbers only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union.<ref name=nanda/>
Education—provided by the government of India—was free and compulsory up to the Age of 14.<ref name=prabhu>Prabhu 2006</ref> More emphasis was paid to the enhancement of vocational and technical skills.<ref name=prabhu/> J.P. Naik, member-secretary of the Indian Education Commission, commented on the educational policies of the time:<ref name=prabhu/>
{{Blockquote|The main justification for the larger outlay on educational reconstruction is the hypothesis that education is the most important single factor that leads to economic growth [based on] the development of science and technology.}}
[[File:Trombay.jpg|thumb|right|India's first reactor (Apsara) and a plutonium reprocessing facility, as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966]] On 18 August 1951 the minister of education [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], inaugurated the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] at [[Kharagpur]] in West Bengal.<ref name=vrat>Vrat 2006</ref> Possibly modeled after the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] these institutions were conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N.R. Sarkar.<ref name=vrat/>
The [[Sino-Indian war]] (1962) came as a rude awakening to military preparedness.<ref name=khan>Khan 2006</ref> Military cooperation with the Soviet Union—partially aimed at developing advanced military technology—was pursued during subsequent years.<ref name=khan/> The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] was formed in 1958.
Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930.<ref name=Schwartzberg>Schwartzberg 2008</ref> In 1947 it was given the name ''[[All India Radio]]'' and since 1957 it has been called ''Akashvani''.<ref name=Schwartzberg/> Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.<ref name=Schwartzberg/>
The Indian Government acquired the EVS EM computers from the Soviet Union, which were used in large companies and research laboratories.<ref name=Desai>Desai 2006</ref>
=== 1967–1985 === <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[File:PSLV-CA 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[PSLV]]-C8 (CA Variant) carrying the ''AGILE'' x-ray and γ-ray astronomical satellite of the [[Italian Space Agency|ASI]] lifting off from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota]].]] --> The roots of [[nuclear power in India]] lie in the early acquisition of nuclear reactor technology from several western countries, particularly the American support for the [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]] and Canada's [[GANDU reactor|CANDU reactors]].<ref name=raja>Raja 2006</ref> The peaceful policies of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] may have delayed the inception of nuclear technology in India.<ref name=raja/>
[[Stanley Wolpert]] (2008) describes the measures taken by the Indian government to increase agricultural output:<ref name=Wolpert>Wolpert 2008</ref>
The Indian space program received only financial support from the Soviet Union, which helped the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieve aims such as establishing the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]], launching [[remote sensing]] satellites, developing India's first satellite—[[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhatta]], and sending astronauts into space.<ref name=khan/> India sustained its nuclear program during the aftermath of [[Smiling Buddha|Operation Smiling Buddha]], the country's first nuclear tests.<ref name=khan/>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Su30mki1thumb.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sukhoi Su-30|Sukhoi-30MKI]] is a dual-role fighter that is manufactured under license of [[Sukhoi]] by Bangalore-based [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] for the [[Indian Air Force]].]] --> Though the roots of the [[Steel Authority of India Ltd.]] lie in Hindustan Steel Private Limited (1954), the events leading up to the formation of the modern avatar are described below:<ref>[http://www.sail.co.in/aboutus.php?tag=company-background SAIL (2008). ''Background and History''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407103338/http://www.sail.co.in/aboutus.php?tag=company-background |date=7 April 2008 }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a policy statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the [[Indian parliament|Parliament]] on 2 December 1972. On this basis, the concept of creating a holding company to manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation of Steel Authority of India Ltd. The company, incorporated on 24 January 1973 with an authorized capital of Rs. 2000 crore, was made responsible for managing five integrated steel plants at [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai]], [[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro]], [[Durgapur Steel Plant|Durgapur]], [[Rourkela]] and [[IISCO|Burnpur]], the Alloy Steel Plant and the Salem Steel Plant. In 1978 SAIL was restructured as an operating company.}}
In 1981, the [[Indian Antarctic Programme]] was started when the first Indian expedition was flagged off for [[Antarctica]] from [[Goa]]. More missions were subsequently sent each year to India's base [[Dakshin Gangotri]].<ref name="Maitri">{{cite web|url=http://www.70south.com/information/antarctic-bases/maitri |title=Maitri |publisher=70south.com |access-date=21 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006093805/http://www.70south.com/information/antarctic-bases/maitri |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>
===1986–1990=== [[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]]]] [[File:BangaloreInfosys.jpg|thumb|right|[[Infosys]] Media Centre in Bangalore]] Indian agriculture benefited from the developments made in the field of biotechnology, for which the [[Department of Biotechnology]] was created in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology.<ref name=sharma1>Sharma 2006, ''Biotechnology Revolution''</ref> Both the Indian private sector and the government have invested in the medical and agricultural applications of biotechnology.<ref name=sharma1/> Massive [[biotech park]]s were established in India while the government provided tax deduction for research and development under biotechnological firms.<ref name=sharma1/>
=== 1991–2000 === The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of globalisation and international economic integration.<ref name=sharma2>Sharma 2006 ''Globalization''</ref> Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993 and 2002.<ref name=sharma2/> In the same year a new permanent Antarctic base [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]] was founded and remains in operation till today.<ref name="Maitri" />
=== 2001–present === On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology.<ref name=ketkar>Ketkar 2006</ref> A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development.<ref name=ketkar/> Since 2017, India has held the Associate Member State status at the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)]], while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Centre is due at [[Bangalore]].<ref name=ketkar/> Certain scientists and activists, such as [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]] [[systems science|systems scientist]] [[Shiva Ayyadurai|VA Shiva Ayyadurai]], blame [[Caste system in India|caste]] for holding back innovation and scientific research in India, making it difficult to sustain progress while regressive social organisation prevails.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|title=Scientist blames caste for India's backwardness in research|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Scientist-blames-caste-for-Indias-backwardness-in-research/articleshow/21319703.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728111537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/coimbatore/40792839_1_caste-system-inter-caste-marriages-indian-origin|url-status=live|archive-date=28 July 2013|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2013}}</ref> In addition, corruption and inefficiencies in the research sector have resulted in [[Corruption in India|corruption scandals]] and undermine innovation initiatives.<ref name=SpicyIP>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|access-date=11 March 2013|publisher=SpicyIP.com|date=20 May 2012}}</ref>
Bangalore is considered to be the technological capital of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-06-07|title=India's Top Tech Cities|url=https://www.dqindia.com/india-s-top-tech-cities/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=DATAQUEST|language=en-US}}</ref> IT, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear science, manufacturing technology, automobile engineering, chemical engineering, ship building, space science, electronics, computer science and other medical science related research and development are occurring on a large scale in the country.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
== India's science and technology policy == The Government of India has passed four policy documents on science and technology:<ref>[https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/STIP_2020_Background_Note.pdf Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2020. Background Note.] Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Retrieved on 13 February 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210213172820/https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/STIP_2020_Background_Note.pdf Archived] on 13 February 2021.</ref> * Science Policy Resolution 1958 * Technology Policy Statement 1983 * Science and Technology Policy 2003 * Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2013
The fifth policy, the '''National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy''', is in the draft and public consultation stage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 January 2021|title=Draft 5th National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy for public consultation|url=https://dst.gov.in/draft-5th-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-public-consultation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121164214/https://dst.gov.in/draft-5th-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-public-consultation|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India}}</ref>
== Space exploration == === Mars Orbit Mission === {{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission}} [[File:Mars Orbiter Mission - India - ArtistsConcept.jpg|thumb|200px|Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft]] The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A |title=Mangalyaan |work=ISRO |publisher=NASA |date=2013 |access-date=27 September 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629144845/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A |url-status=dead }}</ref> was launched on 5 November 2013 by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref name="Pro">{{cite news |last=Walton |first=Zach |title=India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Landing |url= http://www.webpronews.com/india-announces-mars-mission-one-week-after-curiosity-landing-2012-08 |date=15 August 2012 |work=Web Pro News |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="India-20120815">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=15 August 2012|title=Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article3775271.ece|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20120830">{{cite news|last=Bal|first=Hartosh Singh|date=30 August 2012|title=BRICS in Space|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/30/india-and-china-race-to-send-a-mission-to-mars/|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> It is India's first interplanetary mission,<ref name="NYT-20140925-ED">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=25 September 2014|title=India's Mars Shot|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/opinion/indias-mars-shot.html|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> making [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] the fourth [[List of space agencies|space agency]] to reach Mars, after the [[Soviet space program]], [[NASA]], and the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/india-launches-mars-orbiter-mission/story?id=20793860|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> The first Asian nation to reach [[Mars orbit]] and the first nation to do so on its first attempt was India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |title=India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite |work=The Guardian |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote= India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-is-the-first-asian-nation-to-touch-mars-orbit-joins-elite-global-space-club/2014/09/23/b6bc6992-a432-4f1e-87ad-5d6fc4da3460_story.html |title=India becomes first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, joins elite global space club |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India became the first Asian nation to reach the Red Planet when its indigenously made unmanned spacecraft entered the orbit of Mars on Wednesday}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/23/world/asia/mars-india-orbiter/index.html |title=India's spacecraft reaches Mars orbit ... and history |work=CNN |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India's Mars Orbiter Mission successfully entered Mars' orbit Wednesday morning, becoming the first nation to arrive on its first attempt and the first Asian country to reach the Red Planet. }}</ref>
=== Chandrayaan programme === {{main|Chandrayaan programme}} {{See also|Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan-2|Chandrayaan-3}} On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}. During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2010/2430.html|title = Water on the Moon: Direct evidence from Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact...}}</ref> On 24 September 2009 ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' journal reported that the Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |url =http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;1178658v1 |title =Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H<sub>2</sub>O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M<sup>3</sup> on Chandrayaan-1 |date =15 September 2009 |access-date =26 September 2009 |publisher =Science Mag}}</ref>
Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019. It was a partial success: The team wanted to send an additional lander with rover Vikram with the original orbiter in it, to mark India's terrestrial presence on Moon, but the signal connection was lost about {{cvt|2.1|km}} above the lunar surface. Over several months the team tried to resume contact with lander, but ended up with no success. Later, by the late February 2020, it was claimed that an Indian software engineer from Chennai living in USA studied the NASA data of the proposed crash site and found the Lander.
Chandrayaan-3 is the next planned mission of sending only the lander with rover inside on the Moon, with the Japan's [[JAXA]]. It was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].
=== Gaganyaan === [[Gaganyaan]] is a future planned, "in development process" space module to send the Indian astronauts into space, who are being trained in Russia. The plan is to establish a new "space station" other than the [[International Space Station|ISS]]. India has kept itself from being part of the program, to show its "[[Atmanirbhar Bharat|self reliance]]". The program was also, delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic of COVID-19]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
=== Thirty Meter Telescope === {{Main|Thirty Meter Telescope}}
The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned, eighteen story, astronomical observatory and [[extremely large telescope]] to be built on the summit of [[Mauna Kea]] in the state of [[Hawaii]]. The TMT is designed for [[Ultraviolet|near-ultraviolet]] to [[Infrared|mid-infrared]] (0.31 to 28 [[μm]] wavelength) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed [[Extremely large telescope|Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT)]]. The telescope has government-level support from several R&D spending nations: China, Japan, Canada and India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
== Institutions and facilities ==
=== Science academies in India === The idea of science academies in India has evolved along with the Indian independence movement. The three major science academies; [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] were all founded in the pre-independence era (pre-1947) between 1930 and 1935.
'''Indian Academy of Sciences'''
Also colloquially referred to as the "Bangalore Academy", [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS) was founded in 1934 by [[C. V. Raman]], a [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate in physicis]] of his time in Bangalore (now Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/Home/ |title=Home Page of the Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>⠀⠀
'''National Academy of Sciences, India'''
The founder and first president of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) was [[Meghnad Saha]] in 1930 in Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ |title=Home Page of the National Academy of Sciences India |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516215346/http://nasi.org.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
'''Indian National Science Academy'''
Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (ISCA) and National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Meghnad Saha's blessings,<ref>{{citation |url=http://insaindia.res.in |title=Home Page of the Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the historical aim of INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned people to exchange ideas and further science.
=== Biosafety facilities in India === {{Expand section|date=June 2021}}
=== Performance of Indian students in International Science Olympiads === India's rank based on number of Gold Medals in last 10 years (2014–2023): * Physics – [[International Physics Olympiad#Distribution of medals|9th]] * Chemistry – [[International Chemistry Olympiad#Distribution of medals|11th]] * Biology – [[International Biology Olympiad#Distribution of medals|14th]] * Mathematics – [[International Mathematical Olympiad#Medals (1959–2023)|21st]]
== Time line == {{Tree list}} *India's Technological Revolution (Affordable to Common People) **1950s : Radio **1980s : Television **1990s : Land Phone **2000s : Mobile Phone & Computer ***2004 : Mobile Phone ***2009 : Computer **2010s : Smart Phone & Internet ***2014 : Smart Phone ***2016 : Internet {{Tree list/end}}
==See also== {{portal|India|Science|Technology}} * [[Biotechnology in India]] * [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent]] * [[List of Indian inventions]] * [[Communications in India]] * [[History of Science and Technology in India]] * [[Open access in India]] * [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] * [[Science and technology studies in India]] * [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]] * [[List of science centers in India]]
== References == ;Citations {{reflist}} ;Bibliography {{refbegin|30em}} * Alexander, Steve. ''E-Commerce. (2006: from Computers and Information Systems)''. [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] 2008. * Desai, Ashok V. (2006). "Information and other Technology Development" in ''[[Encyclopedia of India]] (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 269–273. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}. * Ketkar, Prafulla (2006). "European Union, Relations with (Science and technology)" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 48–51. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}} * Khan, Sultanat Aisha (2006). "Russia, relations with" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 419–422. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31352-9}}. * Prabhu, Joseph (2006). "Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 23–27. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}} * Raja, Rajendran (2006). "Nuclear weapons testing and development" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 253–254. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31352-9}}. * Sankar, U.(2007). The Economics of India's Space Programme, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-19-568345-5}}. * Sharma. Shalendra D.(2006). "Biotechnology Revolution" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 154–157. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31350-2}}. * Sharma, Shalendra D. (2006). "Globalization" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 146–149. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}} * Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008). ''India''. Encyclopædia Britannica. * Vrat, Prem (2006). "Indian Institutes of Technology" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 229–231. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}} * Wolpert, Stanley (2008). ''India''. Encyclopædia Britannica. {{refend}}
== Further reading == ;Policy * {{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Dhirendra|date=18 December 1976|title=Growth and Failures of India's Science Policy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365190|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=11|issue=51|pages=1969–1971|jstor=4365190}} * {{Cite journal|last=Udgaonkar|first=B. M.|date=26 December 1970|title=Implementation of the Scientific Policy Resolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4360884|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=52|pages=2091, 2093–2095|jstor=4360884}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Science and technology in India}} * [http://countrystudies.us/india/101.htm ''India: Science and technology''. U.S. Library of Congress.] * [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2001). ''[http://www.insaindia.org/INSA-book.pdf Pursuit and promotion of science: The Indian Experience] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051007052834/http://www.insaindia.org/INSA-book.pdf |date=7 October 2005 }}''. Indian National Science Academy. * [http://physicsworld.com/blog/2012/12/special_report_physics_in_indi.html Special report: Physics in India], Matin Durrani, [[Physics World]], 2012. * [https://aditikapur.com/2019/04/26/glimpse-of-india-where-india-lagged/ Where India Lagged? – Glimpse of India] * ''[https://www.bnl.gov/rhic/quark-matter.php]'' Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ''[https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=24972]'' Indian contribution
{{Indianscience}} {{India topics}} {{Economy of India}} {{Asia topic|Science and technology in}} {{World topic|Science and technology in|title=Science and technology by country|noredlinks=yes|state=show}} {{Philosophy of science}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Science And Technology In India}} [[Category:Science and technology in India| ]] [[Category:History of science and technology in India]] [[Category:Indian inventions]]