{{short description|Indian nationalist organisation}} {{for|the think tank that initially used the same name|1928 Institute}} thumb|Harold Laski, dominant LSE Fabian professor and president of the India League [[File:Bertrand Russell photo (cropped2).jpg|thumb|Bertrand Russell, president of the India League, frequent patron, host, and intellectual cover for events]]
The '''India League''' was an England-based organisation established by Krishna Menon in 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ramesh|first=Jairam |title=A chequered brilliance : the many lives of V.K. Krishna Menon|date=2019|isbn=978-0-670-09232-1 |publisher=Viking by Penguin Random House India |location=Haryana, India |oclc=1138886625}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=India in Britain : South Asian networks and connections, 1858-1950 |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |first=Susheila |last=Nasta |isbn=978-0-230-39271-7 |location=New York |oclc=802321049}}</ref> It campaigned for the full independence and self-governance of British India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Nasta|first=Susheila|author-link=Susheila Nasta|title=The India League|publisher=Open University|url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/india-league}}</ref> It has been described as "the principal organisation promoting Indian nationalism in pre-war Britain".<ref>{{cite journal|last=McGarr|first=Paul M.|title="India's Rasputin"? V. K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964|journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft|volume=22|issue=2|year=2011|doi=10.1080/09592296.2011.576536|pages=239–260|s2cid=154740401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==History== The India League emerged from the Commonwealth of India League, which was established in 1922 and itself emerged from the Home Rule for India League, established in 1916. When Menon became joint secretary of the Commonwealth of India League, he rejected its previous objective of dominion status for India and instead set the goal of full independence. During the 1930s, the organisation expanded and established branches in cities across Britain.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 1930s, Menon along with other contributors had created a 554-page report on the situation in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark|doi-access=free }}</ref> The report was banned in India.<ref name="Rana 2022">{{cite book | last=Rana | first=K.S. | title=Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2022 |page=65| isbn=978-1-000-72827-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGWFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65}}</ref> In 1931, Mahatma Gandhi praised the efforts of the Indian League for its "hurricane propaganda on the danger to world peace of a rebellious India in bondage".<ref name="Kiran Mahadevan 2000 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Kiran | first1=R.N. | last2=Mahadevan | first2=K. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7646-145-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ| pages=5–6}}</ref>
Members of the League were largely drawn from the British elite, such as Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, Bertrand Russell, Harold Laski, Sir Stafford Cripps, Henry Brailsford, Leonard Matters, and Michael Foot, although a branch was established in the East End of London in the early 1940s, in order to attract more supporters from the South Asian community there.<ref name=":0"/> According to historian Nicholas Owen, British audiences were reluctant to believe accounts of colonial repression and social conditions in India given by Indians, and so the League sent a British delegation to India to validate its arguments, resulting in the publication in 1933 of ''The Condition of India''.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Facts Are Sacred": The ''Manchester Guardian'' and Colonial Violence, 1930–1932|first=Nicholas|last=Owen|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=84|issue=3|year=2012|pages=643–678|doi=10.1086/666052|s2cid=147411268 }}</ref> Historian Jack Bowman has shown how this report changed how the India League was viewed, partly due to the inclusion of Labour Party MPs in the delegation that was sent to India to report for ''The Condition of India''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 1944, Menon reported that total membership of the league stood approximately at 1,400 members, and that 70 trade and 118 unions and other organisations are affiliated with the league.<ref name="Volckmann 1963 p. ">{{cite book | last=Volckmann | first=R.W. | title=Krishna Menon: a Political Biography | publisher=University of California | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJKAQAAMAAJ | page=26}}</ref>
The organisation continued to operate after India's independence in 1947 and while it focused mainly on India, "the League was internationalist in its outlook throughout, perceiving India's struggle for freedom as part of a larger struggle against imperialism and capitalism".<ref name=":0"/> Following Indian independence, the organisation focused on fostering relations between the UK and India and supporting Indian immigrants in the UK. It held regular meetings at the India Club, London. Latterly, its public presence faded.<ref name=Sherwood>{{Cite news|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=9 August 2020|title=From resisting the Raj to helping with Covid: India League reborn for the 21st century|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/09/from-resisting-the-raj-to-helping-with-covid-india-league-reborn-for-the-21st-century|accessdate=20 March 2023}}</ref>
In 1947 it was reported that the minimum subscription to the India League was five shillings. Branches could be established by groups of five or more people, subject to the approval of the League's executive committee. Branches were required to pay £2 6 shillings per year to the executive committee.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Associations in foreign countries interested in India: The India League, London|journal=India Quarterly|volume=3|issue=1|page=86|year=1947|jstor=45067427}}</ref> [[File:Women at War 1939-1945 TR1553.jpg|thumb|Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma - early friend and patron of the India League]]
== Other members == * Aneurin Bevan * Fenner Brockway * H. N. Brailsford * Leonard Matters * Ellen Wilkinson * Monica Whately * Bhicoo Batlivala * Shyamji Krishna Varma * Bhikaiji Cama * Harold Laski
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Arni, Abhimanyu. ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/another-road-to-midnight-the-india-league-and-the-anticolonial-idea-of-a-constituent-assembly-193247/4BE2C7AE90617566426B173B015C663D#article Another Road to Midnight: The India League and the anticolonial idea of a Constituent Assembly 1932-47].'' Journal of Global History * Barot, Rohit. [https://archive.org/details/bha070 ''Bristol and the Indian Independence Movement'']. (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 70, 1988), 19 pp. * Bowman, Jack. "The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938" ''The Historical Journal'' 66 (2023): 641–65. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark online] * {{cite journal |last=McGarr|first=Paul M. |title='A Serious Menace to Security': British Intelligence, V. K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=38|issue=3|pages=441–469|year=2010|doi=10.1080/03086534.2010.503397|s2cid=159690638 |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1012866/1/McGarrmenace.pdf }} * {{cite journal |author=Meston |title=Condition of India: Being the Report of the Delegation sent to India by the India League Delegation |location=London |publisher=Essential News |journal=International Affairs |volume=13 |issue=5, September-October 1934 |pages=711–712 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2602910 |date=1 September 1934 |doi=10.2307/2602910 |jstor=2602910 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite journal |last=Moscovitch|first=Brant |title='Against the Biggest Buccaneering Enterprise in Living History': Krishna Menon and the Colonial Response to International Crisis|journal=South Asian Review|volume=41|issue=3–4|pages=243–254|year=2020|doi=10.1080/02759527.2020.1798196|s2cid=225418610 }} * {{cite journal |last=Sadasivan|first=C. |title=The Nehru-Menon partnership|journal=The Round Table|volume=76|issue=301| pages=59–63|year=1987|doi=10.1080/00358538708453792}}
Category:1928 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence Category:British Indian history Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom