{{Short description|American political writer, poet, and essayist (1945–2022)}} {{use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox philosopher |region = {{plainlist| * Western philosophy * American philosophy }} |era = {{plainlist| * Contemporary philosophy * 20th-century philosophy * 21st-century philosophy }} |image = Peter Lamborn Wilson, circa 1970s.jpg |caption = Wilson, circa 1970s |image_size = |name = Peter Lamborn Wilson |other_names = Hakim Bey (pen name) |birth_date = {{birth date|1945|10|20}} |birth_place = Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|2022|5|22|1945|10|20}} |death_place = Saugerties, New York, U.S. |resting_place = Woodstock Artists Cemetery in Woodstock, New York |school_tradition = {{plainlist| * Post-anarchism * Individualist anarchism<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bey|first=Hakim|url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Hakim_Bey__An_esoteric_interpretation_of_the_I.W.W._preamble.html|title=An esoteric interpretation of the I.W.W. preamble|journal=The International Review|year=1991|pages=2–3|access-date=2011-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007043352/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Hakim_Bey__An_esoteric_interpretation_of_the_I.W.W._preamble.html|archive-date=2011-10-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} |main_interests = {{flatlist| * Refusal of work * Post-industrial society * Mysticism * Utopianism }} |notable_ideas = {{plainlist| * Temporary autonomous zones * Pirate utopia * Ontological anarchy }} |signature = Peter Lamborn Wilson signature.svg |awards = Firecracker Alternative Book Award, 1996 (for ''Pirate Utopias'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readersread.com/awards/firecracker.htm|title=Firecracker Alternative Book Awards|work=ReadersRead.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304133738/http://www.readersread.com/awards/firecracker.htm|archive-date=Mar 4, 2009}}</ref> }}
'''Peter Lamborn Wilson''' (October 20, 1945 – May 22, 2022) was an American anarchist author, philosopher, poet, translator, and essayist. He is primarily known for his concept of Temporary Autonomous Zones, short-lived spaces that elude formal structures of control.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marcus|first=Ezra|date=2020-07-01|title=In the Autonomous Zones|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/style/autonomous-zone-anarchist-community.html|access-date=2021-08-29|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2021-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630214924/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/style/autonomous-zone-anarchist-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1970s, Wilson lived in the Middle East and worked at the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy under the guidance of Iranian philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr, where he explored Sufism, mysticism, and Persian literature. Starting in the 1980s, he wrote numerous political and countercultural texts under the pen name '''Hakim Bey''', developing ideas such as "ontological anarchy", "poetic terrorism", and "immediatism". His work circulated through small presses, zine networks, anarchist milieus, radio, rave culture, and later academic discussions of post-anarchism, cyberculture, and radical protest.
==Life== Wilson was born in Baltimore on October 20, 1945.<ref name="nyt">{{cite web|title=Peter Lamborn Wilson, Advocate of 'Poetic Terrorism,' Dies at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/11/us/peter-lamborn-wilson-dead.html|date=June 11, 2022|work=The New York Times|last=Green|first=Penelope|accessdate=June 12, 2022}}</ref> While undertaking a classics major at Columbia University, Wilson met Warren Tartaglia, then introducing Islam to students as the leader of a group called the Noble Moors. Attracted by the philosophy, Wilson was initiated into the group, but later joined a group of breakaway members who founded the Moorish Orthodox Church. The Church maintained a presence at the League for Spiritual Discovery, the group established by Timothy Leary.
Appalled by the social and political climate, Wilson decided to leave the United States, and shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., in 1968 he flew to Lebanon, later reaching India with the intention of studying Sufism, but became fascinated by Tantra, tracking down Ganesh Baba. He spent a month in a Kathmandu missionary hospital being treated for hepatitis, and practised meditation techniques in a cave above the east bank of the Ganges. He also allegedly ingested significant quantities of cannabis.<ref name="Knight">Knight, Michael M. ''William S. Burroughs vs. The Qur'an'', Soft Skull Press, Berkeley, 2012, pp. 11–78.</ref>
Wilson travelled on to Pakistan. There he lived in several places, mixing with princes, Sufis, and gutter dwellers, and moving from teahouses to opium dens. In Quetta he found "a total disregard of all government", with people reliant on family, clans or tribes, which appealed to him.<ref name="Knight" />
Wilson then moved to Iran, where he developed his scholarship. He translated classical Persian texts with French scholar Henry Corbin, and also worked as a journalist at the ''Tehran Journal''. During his years in Iran, Wilson was also connected to the Shiraz Arts Festival, visiting the festival and writing on some of its projects.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahlouji |first=Vali |title=The Super-Modernism of the Festival of Arts, Shiraz-Persepolis |url=https://galleries.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/2025-04/vali_mahlouji_the_super-modernism_of_the_festival_of_arts_shiraz-persepolis.pdf |publisher=UNSW Galleries |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> In 1974, Farah Pahlavi, Empress of Iran, commissioned her personal secretary, scholar Seyyed Hossein Nasr, to establish the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy. Nasr offered Wilson the position of director of its English-language publications, and editorship of its journal ''Sophia Perennis'', which Wilson edited from 1975 until 1978.<ref name="Knight" /> He would go on to also publish on the Ni'matullāhī Sufi Order and Isma'ilism with Nasrollah Pourjavady.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pourjavady |first1=Nasrollah |last2=Wilson |first2=Peter Lamborn |title=Ismā'īlīs and Ni'matullāhīs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595401 |journal=Studia Islamica |pages=113–135 |doi=10.2307/1595401 |date=1975|issue=41 |jstor=1595401 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pūrǧawādī |first1=Naṣrallāh |last2=Wilson |first2=Peter Lamborn |last3=Nasr |first3=Seyyed Hossein |title=Kings of Love: The Poetry and History of the Nimatullahi Sufi Order |date=1978 |publisher=Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy |location=Tehran |isbn=978-0877737339}}</ref>
Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Wilson lived in New York City, sharing a brownstone townhouse with William Burroughs, with whom he bonded over their shared interests. Burroughs acknowledged Wilson for providing material on Hassan-i Sabbah which he used for his novel ''The Western Lands''.<ref name="Knight" />
In the 1980s, Wilson became associated with New York's underground publishing and radio scenes. He hosted the late-night WBAI program ''Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade'', a freeform radio show connected to the Moorish Orthodox milieu, on which he read from zines, took calls, and played music gathered during his travels.<ref>{{cite web |title=RIP Peter Lamborn Wilson |url=https://www.wbai.org/upcoming-program/?id=5648 |website=WBAI |date=May 25, 2022 |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Foye |first=Raymond |title=In Memoriam: A Tribute to Peter Lamborn Wilson (1945–2022) |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2022/10/in-memoriam/A-Tribute-to-Peter-Lamborn-Wilson/ |website=The Brooklyn Rail |date=October 2022 |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
In later life, Wilson lived in upstate New York in conditions he termed "independently poor".<ref name="nyt" /> He has been described as "a subcultural monument".<ref>Jarrett, Earnest. [http://www.brooklynrail.org/2014/06/art/hakim-bey-with-jarrett-earnest "Living Under Sick Machines: Peter Lamborn Wilson / Hakim Bey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825134145/http://www.brooklynrail.org/2014/06/art/hakim-bey-with-jarrett-earnest |date=2016-08-25 }}, ''The Brooklyn Rail'', June 5, 2014.</ref>
Towards the end of his life, he showed an interest in the Bābī religion, especially in its Azali form. This was mentioned in his two final books published in early 2022.<ref>Wilson, Peter Lamborn. [https://autonomedia.org/product/false-messiah-crypto-xtian-tracts-and-fragments/ "False Messiah: Crypto-Xtian Tracts and Fragments"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607044302/https://autonomedia.org/product/false-messiah-crypto-xtian-tracts-and-fragments/ |date=2022-06-07 }}, ''Autonomedia/Logosophia; First edition'', February 17, 2022, pp. 76–77.</ref><ref>Wilson, Peter Lamborn. [https://www.innertraditions.com/books/peacock-angel "Peacock Angel: The Esoteric Tradition of the Yezidis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515173352/https://www.innertraditions.com/books/peacock-angel |date=2022-05-15 }}, ''Inner Traditions'', March 8, 2022, pp. 15, 17, 113, 235n4.</ref>
Wilson died of heart failure on May 22, 2022, in Saugerties, New York.<ref name="nyt" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/05/24/news/hakim_bey_una_delle_figure_di_spicco_della_cultura_cyberpunk_e_morto-351063565/ | title=Hakim Bey, una delle figure di spicco della cultura Cyberpunk, è morto | date=24 May 2022 | access-date=31 May 2022 | archive-date=31 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151647/https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/05/24/news/hakim_bey_una_delle_figure_di_spicco_della_cultura_cyberpunk_e_morto-351063565/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/772297/morreu-peter-lamborn-wilson-o-ltimo-pirata | title=Morreu Peter Lamborn Wilson, o último pirata | work=ionline | access-date=2022-05-31 | archive-date=2022-05-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531150651/https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/772297/morreu-peter-lamborn-wilson-o-ltimo-pirata | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Pen name== Wilson's occasional pen name of ''Hakim Bey'' was derived from il-Hakim, the alchemist-king, with "Bey" a further nod to Moorish Science. Wilson's two personas, as himself and Bey, were facilitated by his publishers, who provided separate author biographies even when both appeared in the same publication.<ref>Knight, Michael M. ''William S. Burroughs vs. The Qur'an'', Berkeley: Soft Skull Press, 2012, p. 74.</ref>
==Ideas and writings==
===Ontological anarchy<!--"Ontological anarchy" redirects here-->=== In ''Immediatism'' (1994), a compilation of essays, Wilson explained his particular conception of anarchism and anarchy, which he called '''ontological anarchy'''.<ref name=":0">''Immediatism'' by Hakim Bey. AK Press, 1994.</ref> He posits that since absolute certainty about the "true nature of things" is impossible, all human endeavors are fundamentally "founded on nothing". This perspective embraces chaos not as an absence, but as the essence of life and becoming, contrasting it with order, which is seen as death or cessation.<ref name=":0" />
Unlike traditional anarchism, which might seek a new form of order, ontological anarchy asserts that no "state" can truly exist within chaos, rendering all governance impossible. The goal is not a "Revolutionary" institution, but a continuous evasion of power and a pursuit of the excessive and strange.<ref name=":0" /> In the same compilation, Wilson discussed his view of individuals' relations to the outside world as perceived by the senses, and a theory of liberation that he called "immediatism."
===Temporary Autonomous Zones=== {{Main|Temporary Autonomous Zone}} Wilson wrote articles on types of what he called temporary autonomous zones (TAZ), of which he said in an interview: <blockquote>... "the real genesis was my connection to the communal movement in America, my experiences in the 1960s in places like Timothy Leary's commune in Millbrook ... Usually only the religious ones last longer than a generation—and usually at the expense of becoming quite authoritarian, and probably dismal and boring as well. I've noticed that the exciting ones tend to disappear, and as I began to further study this phenomenon, I found that they tend to disappear in a year or a year and a half.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-flux.com/journal/in-conversation-with-hakim-bey/ |title=Hans Ulrich Obrist. "In Conversation with Hakim Bey" at e-flux |access-date=2012-10-29 |archive-date=2012-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814230623/http://www.e-flux.com/journal/in-conversation-with-hakim-bey/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>
He wrote about TAZs at length in the book ''TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism'',<ref>Hakim Bey. ''TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism.'' Autonomedia, August 1991.</ref> published by Autonomedia in 1991.<ref name="nyt" /> The book incorporated and reworked material from earlier small-press and performance contexts. Its publication note states that ''CHAOS: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism'' was first published in 1985 by Grim Reaper Press, while "The Temporary Autonomous Zone" was performed at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics in Boulder and on WBAI-FM in New York City in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism |url=https://www.languageisavirus.com/read/the-temporary-autonomous-zone-ontological-anarchy-poetic-terrorism-by-hakim-bey.php |website=Language Is a Virus |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> At the time of his death the book had sold over 100,000 copies and was the publisher's perennial bestseller.<ref name="nyt" />
===Poetic terrorism and immediatism=== Wilson's writings as Hakim Bey also developed the ideas of "poetic terrorism" and "immediatism". In these texts he proposed symbolic, ludic, and often ephemeral acts of disruption that would interrupt ordinary social life without necessarily taking the form of conventional political organization. These ideas were closely related to his theory of the temporary autonomous zone, but placed greater emphasis on aesthetic intervention, direct experience, and the creation of temporary moments of intensity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="nyt" />
===Sufism and esotericism=== Alongside his anarchist and countercultural writings, Wilson produced translations, essays, and edited volumes on Sufism, Persian poetry, Islamic heterodoxy, and Western esotericism. His works in this area include ''Kings of Love'', ''The Drunken Universe'', ''Sacred Drift'', ''Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy'', and later studies of Yezidi and Bābī traditions. His writing frequently connected religious antinomianism, mystical experience, heresy, and libertarian politics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter Lamborn |title=Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam |publisher=City Lights Books |date=1993 |isbn=0-87286-275-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter Lamborn |title=Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy |publisher=Autonomedia |date=1988 |isbn=0-936756-15-2}}</ref>
==Reception and influence== Wilson took an interest in the subculture of zines flourishing in Manhattan in the early 1980s, zines being tiny hand-made photocopied magazines published in small quantities concerning whatever the publishers found compelling. "He began writing essays, ''communiqués'' as he liked to call them, under the pen name Hakim Bey, which he mailed to friends and publishers of the 'zines' he liked. ... His mailouts were immediately popular, and regarded as copyright-free syndicated columns ready for anyone to paste into their photocopied 'zines'..."<ref>{{cite book|last=Rabinowitz|first=Jacob |title=Blame It On Blake: A Memoir of Dead Languages, Gender Vagrancy, Burroughs, Ginsberg, Corso & Carr|date=2019|isbn=1095139053|pages=163–165}}</ref>
His ''Temporary Autonomous Zones'' work has been referenced in comparison to the "free party" or teknival scene of the rave subculture.<ref name="Maas2015">{{cite book|last=Maas|first=Sander van|title=Thresholds of Listening: Sound, Technics, Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0eHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|year=2015|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-8232-6439-1|page=231|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164649/https://books.google.com/books?id=U0eHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> Wilson was supportive of the rave connection, while remarking in an interview, "The ravers were among my biggest readers ... I wish they would rethink all this techno stuff — they didn't get that part of my writing."<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.brooklynrail.org/2004/07/express/an-anarchist-in-the-hudson-valley-br-pet | title=An Anarchist in the Hudson Valley | journal=Brooklyn Rail | date=July 2004 | access-date=2009-09-26 | archive-date=2015-04-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428232100/http://www.brooklynrail.org/2004/07/express/an-anarchist-in-the-hudson-valley-br-pet | url-status=live }}</ref>
According to Gavin Grindon, in the 1990s, the British group Reclaim the Streets was heavily influenced by the ideas put forward in Hakim Bey's ''The Temporary Autonomous Zone''. Their adoption of the carnivalesque into their form of protest evolved eventually into the first "global street party" held in cities across the world on May 16, 1998, the day of a G8 summit meeting in Birmingham. These "parties", explained Grindon, in turn developed into the Carnivals Against Capitalism, in London on June 18, 1999, organized by Reclaim the Streets in coordination with worldwide antiglobalization protests called by the international network Peoples' Global Action during the 25th G8 summit meeting in Cologne, Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grindon |first=Gavin |date=January 2020 |title=Carnival against the Capital of Capital: Carnivalesque Protest in Occupy Wall Street |doi=10.33823/jfs.2020.2.1.47 |journal=Journal of Festive Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=147–148 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Wilson's work has also been discussed in academic studies of post-anarchism, cyberculture, and radical cultural politics. Simon Sellars examined Bey's influence and the later afterlives of the TAZ concept in the ''Journal for the Study of Radicalism''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sellars |first=Simon |title=Hakim Bey: Repopulating the Temporary Autonomous Zone |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=83–108 |date=2010 |doi=10.1353/jsr.2010.0008 |s2cid=143441434 }}</ref> Leonard Williams described Wilson's ontological anarchism as a significant strand of post-anarchist thought.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Leonard |title=Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=109–137 |date=2010 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=41887660 |df=mdy-all |doi=10.1353/jsr.2010.0009 |s2cid=143304524 }}</ref> John Armitage, by contrast, criticized Bey's politics of cyberculture in ''Angelaki'', arguing that his celebration of temporary autonomy remained politically limited.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Armitage |first=John |title=Ontological anarchy, the temporary autonomous zone, and the politics of cyberculture: a critique of Hakim Bey |journal=Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |date=1999 |doi=10.1080/09697259908572040 }}</ref>
===Controversy over writings on sexuality=== Some writers have been troubled by what they took to be Bey's endorsement of adults having sex with children,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/Book-Review-William-S-Burroughs-vs-The-Qur-an-3530181.php |title=Book Review: William S. Burroughs vs. The Qur'an by Michael Muhammad Knight |last=Marcus |first=Richard |date=May 2, 2012 |website=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |publisher=Hearst Communications |access-date=March 14, 2017 |archive-date=March 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314155914/http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/Book-Review-William-S-Burroughs-vs-The-Qur-an-3530181.php |url-status=live }}</ref> which included writing for NAMBLA's newsletter.<ref name='spinosa'>Spinosa, Dani. ''Anarchists in the Academy: Machines and Free Readers in Experimental Poetry.'' University of Alberta Press, 2022, p. xviii.</ref> Michael Muhammad Knight, a novelist and former friend of Wilson, stated that "writing for NAMBLA amounts to activism in real life. As Hakim Bey, Peter creates a child molester's liberation theology and then publishes it for an audience of potential offenders."<ref name="Knight2012">{{cite book|author=Michael Knight|title=William S. Burroughs vs. The Qur'an|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-Idml4Zg3oC&pg=PA85|date=17 April 2012|publisher=Soft Skull Press|isbn=978-1-59376-415-9|pages=85–86|quote=He doesn't know that I've read the NAMBLA poems or ''Crowstone'' or that I would have a problem with it. I'm not a liar yet, because at least I'm trying to work this out for myself. But it doesn't look good. I try to see it as Sufi allegory, a hidden parable somewhere in all the porn, like Ibn 'Arabi's poems about Nizam or Rumi's donkey-sex story. Does anyone accuse Rumi of bestiality? Apart from the ugly ''zahir'' meaning, the surface-level interpretation, there could be a secret ''batin'' meaning, and the boys aren't really boys but personifications of Divine Names. It almost settles things for me, but writing for NAMBLA amounts to activism in real life. As Hakim Bey, Peter creates a child molester's liberation theology and then publishes it for an audience of potential offenders. The historical settings that he uses for validation, whether Mediterranean pirates or medieval fringe Sufis, relate less to homosexuality than to prison rape: heterosexual males with physical and/or material power but no access to women, claiming whatever warm holes are available. What Hakim Bey calls "alternative sexuality" is in fact only old patriarchy–the man with the beard expressing his power through penetration. His supporters might dismiss "childhood" as a mere construction of the post-industrial age, but Hakim Bey forces me to consider that once in a while, I have to side with the awful modern world.|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426155607/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-Idml4Zg3oC&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fiscella2009">{{cite book|last=Fiscella|first=Anthony|editor=Alexandre J. M. E. Christoyannopoulos|title=Religious Anarchism: New Perspectives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvQZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA301|date=2 October 2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-1503-1|page=301|chapter=Imagining an Islamic anarchism: a new field of study is ploughed|quote=Though still indebted to Wilson for publishing ''The Taqwacores'', Knight has disavowed his former mentor due to Wilson's advocacy of paedophilia/pederasty. While standing up for an Islam that embraces all sorts of heresies, Knight has felt compelled to draw boundaries of his own.|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151723/https://books.google.com/books?id=jvQZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA301|url-status=live}}</ref> In a compilation of memorial tributes in ''The Brooklyn Rail'' published a few months after Wilson's death, many writers defended Wilson and rejected the accusation of pedophilia.<ref name=memoriam>{{cite web |title=In Memoriam: A Tribute to Peter Lamborn Wilson (1945–2022) Edited by Raymond Foye |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2022/10/in-memoriam/A-Tribute-to-Peter-Lamborn-Wilson |website=The Brooklyn Rail |date=October 2022}}</ref> Kalan Sherrard wrote that after "meeting tons of young people who grew up with him it became totally evident he had never hurt anyone / and people were just freaked out by his writing".<ref name=memoriam/>
===Criticism by anarchist writers=== Murray Bookchin included Wilson's work as Bey in what he called "lifestyle anarchism", where he criticized Wilson's writing for tendencies towards mysticism, occultism, and irrationalism.<ref>Bookchin, Murray. ''Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism'' (1995). AK Press: Stirling. {{ISBN|978-1-873176-83-2}}. pp. 20–26.</ref> Bob Black wrote a rejoinder to Bookchin in ''Anarchy after Leftism''.
John Zerzan described Bey as a "postmodern liberal", possessing a "method" that was "as appalling as his claims to truthfulness, and essentially conforms to textbook postmodernism. Aestheticism plus knownothingism is the [...] formula; cynical as to the possibility of meaning, allergic to analysis, hooked on trendy word-play", and "basically reformist".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/pmanarchist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010426225519/http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/pmanarchist.htm |archive-date=2001-04-26 |first=John |last=Zerzan |title="Hakim Bey," postmodern "anarchist" |website=www.insurgentdesire.org.uk}}</ref>
==Works== *''The Winter Calligraphy of Ustad Selim, & Other Poems'' (1975) (Ipswich, England), {{ISBN|0-903880-05-9}} *''Science and Technology in Islam'' (1976) (with Leonard Harrow) *''Traditional Modes of Contemplation & Action'' (1977) (editor, with Yusuf Ibish) *''Nasir-I Khusraw: 40 Poems from the Divan'' (1977) (translator and editor, with Gholamreza Aavani), {{ISBN|0-87773-730-4}} *''DIVAN'' (Crescent Moon Press, 300 signed and numbered copies, 1978) (poems, London/Tehran) *''Kings of Love: The Poetry and History of the Nimatullahi Sufi Order of Iran'' (1978) (translator and editor, with Nasrollah Pourjavady; Tehran) *''Angels'' (1980, 1994), {{ISBN|0-500-11017-4}} (abridged edition: {{ISBN|0-500-81044-3}}) *''Weaver of Tales: Persian Picture Rugs'' (1980) (with Karl Schlamminger) *''Divine Flashes'' (1982) (by Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, translated and introduced with William C. Chittick; Paulist Press (Mahwah, New Jersey)), {{ISBN|0-8091-2372-X}} *''Crowstone: The Chronicles of Qamar'' (1983) (as Hakim) *''CHAOS: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism'' (1985) (as Hakim Bey; Grim Reaper Press (Weehawken, New Jersey)) *''Semiotext(e) USA'' (1987) (co-editor, with Jim Fleming) *''Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy'' (1988) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York)), {{ISBN|0-936756-15-2}} *''The Drunken Universe: An Anthology of Persian Sufi Poetry'' (1988) (translator and editor, with Nasrollah Pourjavady), {{ISBN|0-933999-65-8}} *''Semiotext(e) SF'' (1989) (co-editor, with Rudy Rucker and Robert Anton Wilson) *''Rants and Incendiary Tracts'' (1989) (his writing is featured in the final chapter) *''The Universe: A Mirror of Itself'' (1992?) (Xexoxial Editions (La Farge, Wisconsin)) *''Aimless Wanderings: Chuang Tzu's Chaos Linguistics'' (1993) (as Hakim Bey; Xexoxial Editions (La Farge, Wisconsin)) *''Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam'' (1993) (City Lights Books (San Francisco)) {{ISBN|0-87286-275-5}} *''The Little Book of Angel Wisdom'' (1993, 1997), {{ISBN|1-85230-436-7}}, {{ISBN|1-86204-048-6}} *''O Tribe That Loves Boys: The Poetry of Abu Nuwas'' (1993) (translator and editor, as Hakim Bey), {{ISBN|90-800857-3-1}} *''Immediatism: Essays by Hakim Bey'' (AK Press 1994; cover by Freddie Baer) *''Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs and European Renegadoes'' (1995, 2003) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York)), {{ISBN|1-57027-158-5}} *''Millennium'' (1996) (as Hakim Bey; Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York) and Garden of Delight (Dublin, Ireland)), {{ISBN|1-57027-045-7}} *''"Shower of Stars" Dream & Book: The Initiatic Dream in Sufism and Taoism'' (1996) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York)), {{ISBN|1-57027-036-8}} *''Escape from the Nineteenth Century and Other Essays'' (1998) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York)), {{ISBN|1-57027-073-2}} *''Wild Children'' (1998) (co-editor, with Dave Mandl) *''Avant Gardening: Ecological Struggle in the City & the World'' (1999) (co-editor, with Bill Weinberg), {{ISBN|1-57027-092-9}} *''Ploughing the Clouds: The Search for Irish Soma'' (1999), {{ISBN|0-87286-326-3}} *''TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism, Second Edition'' (2003) (as Hakim Bey; incorporates full text of ''CHAOS'' and ''Aimless Wanderings''; Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York)), {{ISBN|1-57027-151-8}} (cover by Freddie Baer) *''Orgies of the Hemp Eaters'' (2004) (co-editor as Hakim Bey with Abel Zug), {{ISBN|1-57027-143-7}} *''rain queer'' (2005) (Farfalla Press (Brooklyn, New York)) {{ISBN|0-9766341-1-2}} *''Cross-Dressing in the Anti-Rent War'' (Portable Press at Yo-Yo Labs chapbook, 2005) *''Gothick Institutions'' (2005), {{ISBN|0-9770049-0-2}} *''Green Hermeticism: Alchemy and Ecology'' (with Christopher Bamford and Kevin Townley, Lindisfarne Press (2007)), {{ISBN|1-58420-049-9}} *''Black Fez Manifesto'' as Hakim Bey (2008), {{ISBN|978-1-57027-187-8}} *''Atlantis Manifesto'' (2nd edition, 2009), Shivastan Publishing limited edition *''Abecedarium'' (2010), {{ISBN|978-0977004980}} *''Ec(o)logues'' (Station Hill of Barrytown, 2011), {{ISBN|978-1-58177-115-2}} *''Nostalgia/Utopia'' with Francesco Clemente (Hirmer Publishers, Mary Boone Gallery, 2012), {{ISBN|978-3-7774-5321-7}} *''Spiritual Destinations of an Anarchist'' (2014), {{ISBN|978-1620490563}} *''Spiritual Journeys of an Anarchist'' (2014), {{ISBN|978-1620490549}} *''Riverpeople'' (2014), {{ISBN|978-1570272608}} *''Opium Dens I Have Known'' with Chris Martin (2014), Shivastan Publishing limited edition *''Eclogues'' (Pilot Editions, Publication Studio Hudson, 2014), {{ISBN|978-1624620829}} *''Anarchist Ephemera'' (2016), {{ISBN|978-1620490709}} *''False Documents'' (Barrytown/Station Hill Press, Inc., 2016), {{ISBN|978-1581771404}} *''Heresies: Anarchist Memoirs, Anarchist Art'' (2016), {{ISBN|978-1570273001}} *''School of Nite'' with Nancy Goldring (2016), {{ISBN|978-1941550823}} *''Night Market Noodles and Other Tales'' (2017), {{ISBN|978-1570273162}} *''The Temple of Perseus at Panopolis'' (2017), {{ISBN|978-1570272875}} *''Vanished Signs'' (2018), {{ISBN|978-0999783115}} *''Lucky Shadows'' (2018), {{ISBN|978-1936687435}} *''The New Nihilism'' (Bottle of Smoke Press, 2018), {{ISBN|978-1937073725}} *''Utopian Trace: An Oral Presentation'' (2019), {{ISBN|978-0578491103}} *''The American Revolution as a Gigantic Real Estate Scam: And Other Essays in Lost/Found History'' (2019), {{ISBN|978-1570273575}} *''Cauda Pavonis: Esoteric Antinomianism in the Yezidi Tradition'' (2019), {{ISBN|978-1945147401}} *''Hoodoo Metaphysics'' with Tamara Gonzales (Bearpuff Press, 2019), {{ISBN|978-0-9829039-5-7}} *''Polyphony'' (60 copies printed on Risograph at Publication Studio Hudson, September 2019, 2nd Edition) *''Mohawk Anglican Freemasons'' (Publication Studio Hudson, 2020) *''False Messiah: Crypto-Xtian Tracts and Fragments'' (2022), {{ISBN|978-1735043210}} *''Peacock Angel: The Esoteric Tradition of the Yezidis'' (2022), {{ISBN|978-1644114124}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== {{Portal|Philosophy}} * Rabinowitz, Jacob. ''Blame It On Blake: A Memoir of Dead Languages, Gender Vagrancy, Burroughs, Ginsberg, Corso & Carr'' (2019), {{ISBN|1095139053}}. Section 6, comprising four chapters, pages 155–179, concerns Peter Lamborn Wilson / Hakim Bey. * Greer, Joseph Christian. "Occult Origins: Hakim Bey's Ontological Post-Anarchism". ''Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies'' 2 (2014). * Sellars, Simon. "Hakim Bey: Repopulating the Temporary Autonomous Zone". ''Journal for the Study of Radicalism'' 4.2 (2010): 83–108. * Armitage, John. "Ontological anarchy, the temporary autonomous zone, and the politics of cyberculture: a critique of Hakim Bey". ''Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities'' 4.2 (1999): 115–128. * Ward, Colin. "Temporary Autonomous Zones". ''Freedom'' (1997). * Bookchin, Murray. ''Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm''. Edinburgh: AK Press, 1995. * Shantz, Jeff. "Hakim Bey's Millenium". ''Alternate Routes: A Journal of Critical Social Research'' 15 (1999). * Rousselle, Duane, and Süreyya Evren, eds. ''Post-anarchism: A Reader''. Pluto Press, 2011.
==External links== {{wikiquote|Hakim Bey}} * [https://brooklynrail.org/2004/07/express/an-anarchist-in-the-hudson-valley-br-pet/ "An Anarchist in the Hudson Valley: Peter Lamborn Wilson with Jennifer Bleyer"], July 2004 interview from ''The Brooklyn Rail''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041031030622/http://www.commoncontent.org/catalog/audio/speech/3700/ Audio of 1993 talk] featuring Hakim Bey. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080603122722/http://www.rootsofrebellion.org/index.asp?pagemode=I&ID=127 "Interview: Hakim Bey: Sexual Revolutionaries and the Temporary Autonomous Zone"], ''Roots of Rebellion'' audio interview with Hakim Bey. Interviewer Alex Megelas, December 15, 2007. * J. Christian Greer, [https://www.academia.edu/9121109/Hakim_Bey_Chapter_43_The_Occult_World "Hakim Bey"], Chapter 43 in Christopher Partridge (ed.), ''The Occult World'' (2014). * [https://brooklynrail.org/2014/06/art/hakim-bey-with-jarrett-earnest/ "Living Under Sick Machines"]. Peter Lamborn Wilson/Hakim Bey in conversation with Jarrett Earnest. ''The Brooklyn Rail'', June 2014.
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Peter Lamborn}} Category:1945 births Category:2022 deaths Category:21st-century anarchists Category:American anarchist writers Category:American anarchists Category:American male non-fiction writers Category:American male poets Category:American occult writers Category:Anarchist theorists Category:Columbia College, Columbia University alumni Category:Egoist anarchists Category:Individualist anarchists Category:NAMBLA people Category:Pedophile advocacy Category:People from Saugerties, New York Category:Postanarchists