Iberian Romance languages

{{short description|Romance languages developed on the Iberian Peninsula}} {{Infobox language family | name = Iberian Romance | altname = Ibero-Romance, Iberian, Southwestern Shifted Romance<ref group=note>If Pyrenean–Mozarabic or Unshifted Western Romance is not included.</ref> | region = Originally Iberian Peninsula and French Catalonia; now worldwide | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Italic | fam3 = Latino-Faliscan | fam4 = Latin | fam5 = Romance | fam6 = Italo-Western | fam7 = Western Romance | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian? | child1 = West Iberian | child2 = Occitano-Romance?<ref group=note>Sometimes considered part of Gallo-Romance, and is not always considered monophyletic even when included here.</ref> | child3 = Navarro-Aragonese?<ref group=note>Sometimes considered part of a Pyrenean–Mozarabic or Unshifted Western Romance branch.</ref> | child4 = Mozarabic?<ref group=note>Sometimes considered part of a Pyrenean–Mozarabic or Unshifted Western Romance branch.</ref> | glotto = sout3183 | glottoname = Shifted Iberian | glottorefname = Southwestern Shifted Romance | glotto2 = unsh1234 | glottoname2 = Aragonese–Mozarabic | glottorefname2 = Unshifted Western Romance }}

The '''Iberian Romance''', '''Ibero-Romance'''<ref>{{cite book |first=David A. |last=Pharies|title=A Brief History of the Spanish Language|publisher= University of Chicago Press|year=2007 |page=13|isbn= 978-0-226-66683-9}}</ref> or sometimes '''Iberian languages'''<ref group=note>Iberian languages is also used as a more inclusive term for all languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula, which in antiquity included the non-Indo-European Iberian language.</ref> are a group of Romance languages that developed on the Iberian Peninsula, an area consisting primarily of Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Andorra and French Catalonia. They are today more commonly separated into West Iberian, East Iberian or Occitano-Romance (Catalan/Valencian and Occitan) and Southern Iberian (Andalusi Romance, also known as Mozarabic) language groups. East Iberian's classification is a subject of ongoing scholarly debate, as some argue that the Occitano-Romance languages, composed of Occitan along with Catalan/Valencian, are better classified as Gallo-Romance languages.

Evolved from the Vulgar Latin of Iberia, the most widely spoken Iberian Romance languages are Spanish and Portuguese, followed by Catalan-Valencian-Balear and Galician.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |title=Ethnologue: Statistical Summaries |access-date=2010-11-08 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807023956/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |url-status=dead }}</ref> These languages also have their own regional and local varieties. Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby counts seven "outer" languages, or language groups: Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Asturleonese, "Wider"-Aragonese, "Wider"-Catalan, Provençal+Lengadocian, and "Wider"-Gascon.<ref name=Dalby>{{cite book|first=David|last=Dalby|year=2000|chapter=5=Indo-European phylosector|chapter-url=http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2050-54.pdf|title=The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities.|publisher=Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press|volume=2|location=Oxford|url=http://www.linguasphere.info/?page=chain&id_chain=1017077}}</ref>

In addition to those languages, there are a number of Portuguese-based creole languages and Spanish-based creole languages, for instance Papiamento.

==Origins and development== thumb|350px|Consuelo López Morillas criticizes this kind of a representation of the linguistic landscape in medieval Iberia for equating linguistic frontiers with political frontiers, and for deceptively fragmenting Romance into several varieties—throughout the peninsula people described their language as ''ladino'' instead of ''leonés'', ''navarro'', etc.<ref name="AA">López-Morillas, Consuelo (2000). "Language". The literature of Al-Andalus. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521471596.004. ISBN 9781139177870.</ref> {{See also|History of the Spanish language|History of Portuguese|History of Catalan}} Like all Romance languages,<ref>{{cite book |first=Sarah |last=Thomason|title=Language Contact|publisher= Georgetown University Press|year=2001 |page=263|isbn= 978-0-87840-854-2}}</ref> the Iberian Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin, the nonstandard (in contrast to Classical Latin) form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire. With the expansion of the empire, Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman-controlled territories. Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the Punic Wars, when the Romans conquered the territory<ref>{{cite book |first1=Keith |last1=Brown |first2=Sarah |last2=Ogilvie |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2008 |page=1020|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7}}</ref> (see Roman conquest of Hispania).

The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process: * The Romanization of the local Iberian population.<ref>{{cite book |first= Ralph |last=Penny|title= A History of the Spanish Language|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=2002 |page=8|isbn= 978-0-521-01184-6}}</ref> * The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia, with slight differences depending on location.<ref>{{harvp|Penny|2002|p=16}}</ref>

*The break up of Ibero-Romance into several dialects.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=13 August 2010|date=2009|language=en|last=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|title=Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1719-16}}</ref>

{{clade |label1=Ibero-Romance |1={{clade |label1=Old Leonese |1={{clade |1=Asturian-Leonese (ast) |2=Mirandese (mwl) }} |label2=Old-Castillian |2={{clade |1=Spanish (spa) }} |label3=Galician-Portuguese |3={{clade |1=Portuguese (por) |2=Galician (glg) |3=Fala (fax) }} }} }}

* Development of Old Spanish, Galician-Portuguese, Old Leonese and Navarro-Aragonese (the West Iberian languages) and early Catalan language from Latin between the eighth and tenth centuries. The genetic classification of early Navarro-Aragonese, Catalan, and Occitan is unsettled. Some scholars place them within Ibero-Romance (hence they would be '''East Iberian'''), others place them instead within Gallo-Romance.<ref>{{cite book |first= M. Teresa |last=Turell|title=Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=2001 |page=591|isbn=978-1-85359-491-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Fernando |last1=Cabo Aseguinolaza |first2=Anxo |last2=Abuín Gonzalez |first3=César |last3=Domínguez |title=A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2010 |pages=339–40|isbn=978-90-272-3457-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NB0cialptcC&pg=PA339}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first= Rafael |last=Lapesa|title=Historia de la lengua española (7th ed.)|publisher=Gredos|year=1968 |page=124|isbn=84-249-0072-3 |language=es|id={{ISBN|84-249-0073-1}}}}</ref> Aragonese is further disputed between the East and West Iberian groups. * Further development into modern Spanish, Portuguese, Aragonese, Asturleonese, Galician, Catalan (see languages of Iberia: languages of Spain, languages of Portugal and languages of Andorra) between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries.

== Common traits between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan == This list points to common traits of these Iberian subsets, especially when compared to the other Romance languages in general. Thus, changes such as Catalan '''vuit/huit''' and Portuguese '''oito''' vs. Spanish '''ocho''' are not shown here, as the change -it- > -ch- is exclusive to Spanish among the Iberian Romance languages.

=== Between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan === ==== Phonetic ==== * The length difference between r/rr is preserved through phonetic means as {{IPA|[ɾ]}}/{{IPA|[r]}}, so that the second consonant in words such as '''caro''' and '''carro''' are not the same in any of the three. * Latin U remains {{IPA|[u]}} and is not changed to {{IPA|[y]}}.

==== Semantic ==== * The Iberian Romance languages all maintain a complete essence-state distinction in the copula (the verb "to be"). The "essence" form (Portuguese and Spanish ''ser'' and Catalan ''ser'' and ''ésser'') is derived in whole or in part from the Latin ''sum'' (the Latin copula), while the "state" form (''estar'' in all three languages) is derived from the Latin ''stāre'' ("to stand").

=== Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese === ==== Phonetic ==== * The distinction between Latin short ''-n-'', ''-l-'' and long ''-nn-'', ''-ll-'' was preserved by means of palatalizing ''-nn-'', ''-ll-'' to {{IPA|/ɲ, ʎ/}}, as in Latin ''annum'' > Spanish ''año'', Catalan ''any'' vs. Latin ''manum'' > Spanish ''mano'', Old Catalan ''man'' (modern Catalan ''mà''). This also affects some initial L in Catalan. However, in most dialects of Spanish, original {{IPA|/ʎ/}} has become delateralized. Portuguese maintains the distinction, but in a different way; compare ''ano'' vs. ''mão''.

=== Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan === ==== Phonetic ==== * Initial Latin CL/FL/PL are palatalized further than in Standard Italian, and become indistinguishable (to CH in Portuguese and LL in Spanish). * Final e/o remains (although its pronunciation changed in Portuguese, and some dialects drop final E).

==== Grammatical ==== * The synthetic preterite, inherited from earlier stages of Latin, remains the main past tense.

=== Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish === ==== Phonetic ==== * Velarized L {{IPA|[ɫ]}}, which existed in Latin, is preserved at the end of syllables, and was later generalized to all positions in most dialects of both languages. * Stressed Latin e/o, both open and closed, is preserved so and does not become a diphthong.

==Statuses== Politically (not linguistically), there are now four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages: * '''Spanish''' (see names given to the Spanish language), is the national and official language of 21 countries, including Spain.<ref>{{cite web |website=Promotora Española de Lingüística |url=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/italico/romance/iberorromance/espanol |title=Lengua Española o Castellana |language=es}}</ref> Spanish is the fourth-most widely spoken language in the world, with over 570 total million speakers, and the second-most widely spoken ''native'' language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size#3 |title=Ethnologue: Table 3. Languages with at least 3 million first-language speakers |access-date=2010-11-08 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807023956/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size#3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has a number of dialects and varieties. * '''Portuguese''', official language in nine countries including Portugal and Brazil. After Spanish, Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers, currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers.<ref>See Ethnologue</ref> Various Portuguese dialects exist outside of the European standard spoken in Portugal. * '''Catalan''' is the official language in Andorra<ref>[https://www.andorramania.com/constit_gb.htm Constitution of Andorra] (Article 2.1)</ref> and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Valencian Community (where it is known as '''Valencian'''), and the Italian city of Alghero. It is also spoken in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales (Northern Catalonia) without official recognition. Catalan is closely related to Occitan,<ref>Bec, Pierre (1973), ''Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne'', coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard</ref><ref>Sumien, Domergue (2006), ''La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie'', coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Carol |last=Myers-Scotton|title=Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2005 |page=57|isbn=978-0-631-21937-8}}</ref> with the two languages having been treated as one in studies by Occitanist linguists (such as Pierre Bec, or more recently Domergue Sumien). When not treated as one, the two languages are widely classified together as Occitano-Romance languages, a group which is itself sometimes grouped with the Gallo-Romance languages. Catalan has two main dialectal branches (Eastern and Western Catalan) and several subdialects, and is spoken by about 10 million people (ranking the seventy-fifth most spoken language in the world),<ref name="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</ref> mostly in five variants: Central Catalan, Northern Catalan, Northwestern Catalan, Valencian and Balearic. * '''Galician''', co-official in Galicia and also spoken in adjacent western parts of Asturias and Castile and León. Closely related to Portuguese, with Spanish influence.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rebecca |last=Posner |author-link=Rebecca Posner |title=The Romance Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996 |page=57|isbn=978-0-521-28139-3}}</ref> It shares the same origin as Portuguese, from the medieval Galician-Portuguese. Modern Galician is spoken by around 3.2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers.<ref name="Ethnologue"/>

Additionally, '''Asturian''' (dialect of Asturleonese), although not an official language,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.elcomerciodigital.com/gijon/20090112/local/asturias/miembro-andecha-astur-enfrenta-200901121726.html |title=La jueza a Fernando González: 'No puede usted hablar en la lengua que le dé la gana' |work=El Comercio |date=12 January 2009 }}</ref> is recognised by the autonomous community of Asturias. It is one of the Asturleonese dialects along with '''Mirandese''', which in Portugal holds an official status as a minority language.<ref>See: [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/asturia/an/i1/i1.html Euromosaic report]</ref>

==Family tree== {{Original research|part=section|date=April 2023}} {{Main|Romance languages}}

thumb|500px|Ibero-Romance languages around the world

The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages. Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group (the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor). Phylogenetically, there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group; for example, some authors consider that East Iberian, also called Occitano-Romance, could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy (or also Franco-Provençal, the langues d'oïl and Rhaeto-Romance). A common conventional geographical grouping is the following:

*East Iberian *West Iberian

Daggers (†) indicate extinct languages

{{tree list}} *Iberian Romance languages **East Iberian (alternatively classified as Gallo-Romance languages) ***Catalanic ****Catalan ****Judaeo-Catalan† ***Occitanic ****Gardiol ****Occitan ****Shuadit† **West Iberian ***Asturleonese ****Asturian ****Cantabrian ****Extremaduran ****Leonese ****Mirandese ***Castilian ****Spanish ****Judaeo-Spanish ***Galician-Portuguese ****Eonavian ****Fala ****Galician ****Judaeo-Portuguese† ****Portuguese *** Pyrenean–Mozarabic ****Navarro-Aragonese† *****Aragonese ******Valencian Aragonese† ******Judaeo-Aragonese† *****Navarrese† *****Riojan† ****Mozarabic† {{tree list/end}}

==See also== *Languages of Iberia *Barranquenho

==References== {{reflist|group=note}} {{reflist}}

==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061112034325/http://latine.iespana.es/latine.index.html Spanish words of Latin origin]

Category:Western Romance languages Category:Iberian Romance languages Category:Languages of Spain Category:Languages of Portugal

pl:Języki zachodnioromańskie