{{Short description|Satellite navigation system}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox navigation satellite system | name = Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) | image = File:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System logo.png | image_size = 200 | image_caption = Logo of NavIC | country = India | status = Operational | operator = ISRO | coverage = Regional (up to {{cvt|1500|km|disp=or}} from borders) | type = Military, Commercial | precision = {{cvt|3|m|disp=or}} (public)<br />{{cvt|2|m|disp=or}} (encrypted) | satellites_nominal = 7 | satellites_current = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes | 1 = '''IRNSS'''-<p>1B/1I ''(Operational)''</p> <p>1A/1C/1D/1E/1F/1G/1H ''(Clock failure, short-message services only, launch failure)''</p> | 2 = '''NVS'''-<p>01/02 ''(Operational)''</p>}} | first_launch = {{start date and age|1 July 2013}} | last_launch = 29 January 2025 | launch_total = 11 | regime = geostationary orbit (GEO), inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) | orbit_height = {{convert|35786|km|mi|abbr=on}} | cost = {{INRConvert|2246|c|0|lk=on}} as of March 2017<ref name=cag/> | Website = [https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html Official Website] [https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS_Programme.html IRNSS Programme] }} {{Geodesy|thumb|NavIC coverage}} '''Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System''' ('''IRNSS'''), with an operational name of '''NavIC''' (acronym for '''Navigation with Indian Constellation'''; also, {{transliteration|hi|ISO|nāvik}} 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/latest-headlines/irnss-1g-exemplifies-make-in-india--says-pm/139068.html | title=IRNSS-1G exemplifies 'Make in India', says PM | work=The Statesman | date=28 April 2016 | access-date=28 April 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923005239/http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/latest-headlines/irnss-1g-exemplifies-make-in-india--says-pm/139068.html | archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning, velocity and timing (PVT) services.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellites-are-in-the-sky-but-long-way-to-go-before-average-indians-get-desi-gps/articleshow/64506628.cms|title=Satellites are in the sky, but long way to go before average Indians get Desi GPS | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2018 }}</ref> It covers India and a region extending {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} around it, with plans for further extension up to {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}} with {{convert|10-20|m|abbr=on}} position accuracy and 40ns time accuracy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=Isro working to expand navigation system NaVIC coverage to 3,000 km from 1,500 km beyond India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-working-to-expand-navigation-system-navic-coverage-to-3000-km-from-1500-km-beyond-india/articleshow/103970279.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, {{cvt|1500|-|6000|km}} beyond borders where some of the NavIC satellites are visible but the position is not always computable with assured accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme|title=IRNSS Programme - ISRO|website=isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-07-14|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302041206/https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme|url-status=dead}}</ref>
NavIC offers two levels of service, standard positioning service (SPS), which will be open for civilian use and is interoperable with GNSS, and a restricted service (RS), an encrypted channel for authorized users including the military, in L1 (1575.42 MHz, in use since the second generation), L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S Band (2498.028 MHz).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellite Navigation Services |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> Originally designed as a seven satellite system with three atomic clocks each, which was achieved with the first generation of IRNSS satellite launches spanning 2013-2018, failure of on-board atomic clocks prompted ISRO to adopt indigenous atomic clocks, developed by Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, for its second generation of NVS satellites.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=India’s NavIC satellite navigation system is in distress with only three functional satellites |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/indias-navic-satellite-navigation-system-is-in-distress-with-only-three-functional-satellites-3935465 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Due to failure of on-board atomic clocks of the first generation satellites and launch delay of the second generation satellites, in March 2026, only three satellites of the constellation were providing navigation data, below a minimum number of four satellites required for an accurate position.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2026-03-17 |title=India’s NavIC is not fully functional even after 27 years—military loses the most |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-navic-not-functional-military/2881746/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2026-03-14 |title=Failure of atomic clock cripples ISRO’s NavIC system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-navic-system-atomic-clock-failure/article70743233.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
As of March 2026, five of the eight functional satellites, IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F,and IRNSS-1G are being used for one-way broadcast messaging service and the three satellites, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1I and NVS-01 providing PVT service. IRNSS-1D was decommissioned and two satellites, IRNSS-1H and NVS-02, failed to reach desired orbit. ISRO is planning to launch NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 by September 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2026-03-30 |title=ISRO encouraged to use indigenous atomic clocks for navigation satellites |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-encouraged-to-use-indigenous-atomic-clocks-for-navigation-satellites-2949684 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite news |date=25 Mar 2026 |title=PARLIAMENT QUESTION: NAVIC SATELLITE SYSTEM |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2244977®=3&lang=1 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6762&lsno=17|title=Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha - Unstarred Question number: 483 on Progress of IRNSS|date=20 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217073952/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6762&lsno=17|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=643&lsno=17|title=Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question No: 675 on Indigenous GPS|date=26 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217074637/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=643&lsno=17|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> and some consumer mobile phones with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=NavIC: List of Supported Phones and Difference between NavIC and GPS|url=https://www.getdroidtips.com/navic-list-of-supported-phones-and-difference-between-navic-and-gps/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Get Droid Tips|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sha|first=Arjun|date=2020-03-04|title=List of Smartphones with NavIC Support (Regularly Updated)|url=https://beebom.com/list-of-smartphones-with-navic-support/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Beebom|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Background == The system was developed partly because access to foreign global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region, which would have provided vital information.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms|title = How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS|last = Srivastava|first = Ishan|date = 5 April 2014|access-date = 9 December 2014|work = The Times of India}}</ref> The Indian government approved the project in May 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=N. Gopal |date=2013-06-26 |title=India prepares to establish navigation satellite system |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology//article60043969.ece |access-date=2022-06-13 |issn=0971-751X |quote=The project to establish the IRNSS at a cost of Rs. 1,420 crores was approved by the Union Government in June 2006.}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=Introducing NavIC 2.0: Leveraging India's strategic space advantage |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/introducing-navic-2-0-leveraging-india-s-strategic-space-advantage |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=orfonline.org}}</ref>
The first generation (IRNSS series) of the satellite network was designed for 7 satellites, with IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F and IRNSS-1G serving as initial set of satellites, and replacement satellites, IRNSS-1H failing to reach orbit,<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S |first=Madhumathi |date=2017-01-29 |title=Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Atomic-clocks-on-indigenous-navigation-satellite-develop-snag/article17114134.ece |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> followed by successful launch of IRNSS-1I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230840/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i |archive-date=2018-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> After continued failure of on-board atomic clocks of the first generation satellites, the second generation, utilizing mix of imported and indigenously developed atomic clocks and of increased operational lifetime from 10 to 12 years, are expected to support the network with 5 additional satellites, NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05. However, failure of atomic clocks of IRNSS satellites, failure of NVS-02 to reach orbit and launch delay of NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 have contributed to only three of the satellites providing navigation data in March 2026, below the four minimum number of satellites required to provide reliable position.<ref name=":26" />
== Developments ==
=== First Generation (IRNSS series) === As part of the project, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu, Karnataka on 28 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/isro-opens-navigation-centre-for-satellite-system_851487.html|title=ISRO opens navigation centre for satellite system|publisher=Zeenews.com|date=2013-05-28| access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref> A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the orbital determination of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal.
A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low latitudes facilitates coverage with low-inclination satellites. Three satellites will be in geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean. Missile targeting could be an important military application for the constellation.<ref name=DN239>{{cite news|title=India Making Strides in Satellite Technology |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239 |access-date=26 July 2012 |newspaper=Defence News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606194638/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239 |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
The total cost of the project was expected to be {{INRConvert|14.2|b|0|lk=r}}, with the cost of the ground segment being {{INRConvert|3|b|0|nolink=yes}}, each satellite costing {{INRConvert|1.5|b|0|nolink=yes}} and the PSLV-XL version rocket costing around {{INRConvert|1.3|b|0|nolink=yes}}. The planned seven rockets would have involved an outlay of around {{INRConvert|9.1|b|0|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="twostand">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/isro-starts-countdown-to-launch-fifth-navigation-satellite-irnss-1e/story-qSv6U8T8dT4pRThRHc3VIO.html|title=Isro to launch 5th navigation satellite on Jan 20, first in 2016|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="dnai2j13">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/1855830/report-india-s-first-ever-dedicated-navigation-satellite-launched|title=India's first ever dedicated navigation satellite launched|date=2 July 2013|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=DNA India}}</ref><ref name="ndtv2j13">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-s-first-dedicated-navigation-satellite-placed-in-orbit-386649|title=India's first dedicated navigation satellite placed in orbit|date=2 July 2013|access-date=24 July 2013|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
The necessity for two replacement satellites, and PSLV-XL launches, has altered the original budget, with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India reporting costs (as of March 2017) of {{INRConvert|22.46|b|0}}.<ref name=cag>{{cite web|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/cag-pulls-up-isro-on-NavIC-delays-cost-overruns/|title=CAG pulls up ISRO on NavIC delays, cost overruns|website=Geospatial World|date=14 March 2018|last1=Datta|first1=Anusuya}}</ref>
India's Department of Space in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=October 2011 |title=Five Year Plan |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf |journal=Department of Space |volume=12th FYP |pages=96}}</ref> These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP (2018–23) in geosynchronous orbit of 42° inclination.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellite Systems Space Service Volume |url=https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126094757/http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=13 November 2019 |pages=62, 95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12th Five Year Plan report, Department of Space, DST |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf#page=52 |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=dst.gov.in}}</ref> Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=ISRO to test space robustness of indigenous atomic clocks this December |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-to-test-space-robustness-of-indigenous-atomic-clocks-this-december/ |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref> along with a study and development initiative for an all optical atomic clock (ultra stable for IRNSS and deep space communication).<ref name="dst.gov.in">{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=Report of Working Group (WG-14) |url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Department of Space, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
The NavIC Signal in Space ICD was released for evaluation in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gpsworld.com/irnss-signal-in-space-icd-released/|title=IRNSS Signal in Space ICD Released|date=25 September 2014|website=GPS World|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref>
From 1 April 2019, use of AIS 140 compliant NavIC-based vehicle tracking systems were made compulsory for all commercial vehicles in India.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
In December 2019, the United States Congress consented to designate NaVIC as one of their allied navigational satellite systems along with Galileo (Europe) and QZSS (Japan). The approval was as a part of National Defense Authorization Act 2020. The proposal was put forward by United States Secretary of Defense in consultation with Director of National Intelligence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-11 |title=US Congress consents to designate India's NavIC as allied system |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-congress-consents-to-designate-indias-NavIC-as-allied-system/articleshow/72468353.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Congress Nod To Designate India's Navigation Satellite As Allied System |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-congress-nod-to-designate-indias-navigation-satellite-as-allied-system-2147385 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
=== Clock failure === In September 2008, it was reported that SpectraTime received a contract worth {{Euro|4 million}} to supply Rubidium Space Clocks to ISRO for the IRNSS programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-16 |title=Spectratime Awarded Contract To Supply Rubidium Space Clocks To IRNSS |url=https://spacedaily.com/spectratime-awarded-contract-to-supply-rubidium-space-clocks-to-irnss-999/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2017, it was announced that all three SpectraTime supplied rubidium atomic clocks on board IRNSS-1A had failed, mirroring similar failures in the European Union's Galileo constellation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpectraTime to Supply Atomic Clocks to IRNSS {{!}} Inside GNSS |url=http://www.insidegnss.com/node/789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626094324/http://www.insidegnss.com/node/789 |archive-date=26 June 2017 |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=www.insidegnss.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spectratime Awarded Contract To Supply Rubidium Space Clocks To IRNSS |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Spectratime_Awarded_Contract_To_Supply_Rubidium_Space_Clocks_To_IRNSS_999.html |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=spacedaily.com}}</ref> The first failure occurred in July 2016, followed soon after by the two other clocks on IRNSS-1A. This rendered the satellite non-functional and required replacement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |title=Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Atomic-clocks-on-indigenous-navigation-satellite-develop-snag/article17114134.ece |access-date=2017-01-31 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I in June 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/navigation-satellite-clocks-ticking-system-to-be-expanded-isro/articleshow/59082657.cms|title=Navigation satellite clocks ticking; system to be expanded: ISRO|date=2017-06-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Degraded">{{cite web |author1=Vasudevan Mukund |date=2 September 2017 |title=India's 'GPS' Remains Unfinished |url=https://thewire.in/173088/irnss-isro-pslv-c39-spectratime-atomic-clocks-space-debris/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126214443/https://thewire.in/173088/irnss-isro-pslv-c39-spectratime-atomic-clocks-space-debris/ |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |website=The Wire |location=Wayback Machine}}</ref> The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018.<ref name=":6" />
In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five,<ref name=":0" /> in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |date=2018-05-05 |title=ISRO's clock to prop up India's own GPS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isros-clock-to-prop-up-indias-own-gps/article23787959.ece |access-date=2019-12-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites.<ref name=":0" />
{{As of|2023|May}} only four first generation satellites were capable of providing navigation services which is the minimum number required for service to remain operational.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=New NavIC satellite launching today: why a regional navigation system matters to India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529024145/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-01 |work=The Indian Express |quote=Currently, only four IRNSS satellites are able to provide location services, according to ISRO officials. The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen.}}</ref>
{{As of|2024|September}} only four satellites IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1F, IRNSS-1I and NVS-01 were capable of providing navigation services.<ref name="NavIC_Status_20241031">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Fy63bgQNGE&t=2840s |title=Sardar Patel Memorial Lecture 2024 'Indian Space Odyssey In Search of New Frontiers' by S. Somanath |date=2024-10-31 |minutes= |time=47 min 20 sec. |quote=Four satellites providing PNT service (IRNSS-1B, 1F, 1I, and NVS-01).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navic System |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU2548_Zpuaoq.pdf?source=pqals |page=2 |quote=Currently, there are four functional satellites providing PNT service.}}</ref>
In July 2025, while responding to a query through Right to Information Act, the ISRO revealed that five IRNSS satellites are completely defunct, with all of their three clocks having failed. Additionally, one satellite has only one functional clock and only two satellites are fully functional.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2025-08-23 |title=Indigenous clocks delay ISRO’s plans to replace defunct Navic satellites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indigenous-clocks-delay-isros-plans-to-replace-defunct-navic-satellites/article69969206.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013173734/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indigenous-clocks-delay-isros-plans-to-replace-defunct-navic-satellites/article69969206.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
On 10 March 2026, with IRNSS-1F clock failure marking completion of its 10 year mission life reduced the satellite network to only three operational satellites sending position data, below minimum number of satellites needed for accurate position data.<ref name=":30">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-03-25 |title=With NavIC setback, India unable to use satellite system for security purposes: experts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/another-satellite-in-navic-satellite-system-unable-to-function-limiting-its-security-capabilities-amid-concerns-of-reliance-on-foreign-navigation-systems/article70783744.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Radifah |date=2026-03-15 |title=India's GPS is dying: Isro's NavIC satellite network is down to three satellites |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/navic-india-gps-satellite-failure-atomic-clock-isro-2026-2882274-2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It will be a part of five satellites out of the eight remaining functional satellites, being used to provide one way broadcast messaging services from thereon. India had launched a total of eleven NavIC satellites at that point.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=IRNSS-1F successfully completed its mission life of 10 years|date=2026-03-13|publisher=ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS-F_successfully.html|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref name=":31" />
===Indian Atomic clock=== In order to reduce the dependency on imported frequency standards ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad had been working on domestically designed and developed Rubidium based atomic clocks.<ref name=":17" /><ref name="dst.gov.in" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":4" /> To overcome the clock failures on first generation navigation satellites and its subsequent impact on NavIC's position, navigation, and timing services, these new clocks would supplement the imported atomic clocks in next generation of navigation satellites.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bandi |first1=Thejesh N. |title=2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC) |last2=Kaintura |first2=Jaydeep |last3=Saiyed |first3=Azhar R. |last4=Ghosal |first4=Bikash |last5=Jain |first5=Pratik |last6=Sharma |first6=Richa |last7=Priya |first7=Priyanka |last8=Shukla |first8=Keya |last9=Mandal |first9=Sarathi |date=March 2019 |isbn=978-908-25987-5-9 |pages=1 |chapter=Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation |doi=10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8738208 |last10=Reddy |first10=Niranjan |last11=Soni |first11=Ashish |last12=Somani |first12=Sandip |last13=Patel |first13=Arvind |last14=Attri |first14=Deepak |last15=Mishra |first15=Deepak |s2cid=195225382}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-20 |title=India developing atomic clocks for use on satellites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/india-developing-atomic-clocks-for-use-on-satellites/article7229191.ece |access-date=2022-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A desi atomic clock |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180521-isro-space-applications-centre-builds-atomic-clock-aerospace-technology-1231716-2018-05-10 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=India Today |date=10 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Five new advanced navigation satellites for strategic needs – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2022/Nov/27/five-new-advanced-navigation-satellitesfor-strategic-needs-2522483.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.newindianexpress.com |date=27 November 2022 }}</ref>
On 5 July 2017, ISRO and Israel Space Agency (ISA) signed an Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on space qualifying a Rubidium Standard based on AccuBeat model AR133A and to test it on an ISRO satellite.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=NavIC: How is India's very own navigation service different from US-owned GPS? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/navic-how-is-indias-very-own-navigation-service-different-from-us-owned-gps-11342771.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Firstpost|date=27 September 2022 }}</ref>
The clocks are utilised by the NVS series of satellites.<ref name=":21" /> As part of the '''Times Dissemination Project''', which is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution, NavIC will take the position of GPS as the reference time provider at the National Physical Laboratory of India from 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dash |first=Dipak K |date=2025-01-28 |title=Now, India will move to 'one nation, one time', thanks to desi satellites network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/now-india-will-move-to-one-nation-one-time-thanks-to-desi-satellites-network/articleshow/117615893.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
=== Microprocessor === The SPARC V8 ISA compatible AJIT microprocessor for robotics and industrial applications was created in 2018 by IIT Bombay. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, IIT Bombay, and Powai Labs, a private firm from Mumbai, provided funding for the project. Initially produced by Semi-Conductor Laboratory utilizing 180nm process, commercial production using 65nm and 45nm are planned. AJIT operates at clock speeds between 70 and 120 MHz and can execute one instruction every clock cycle.
It includes a memory management unit that stores and retrieves data from memory, as well as an arithmetic logic unit that performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Additionally, there is a floating point unit that can effectively manage computations involving non-integer quantities. A hardware debugger unit is used to monitor and control the microprocessor in order to program it. The Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research will incorporate AJIT in the receivers being developed for NavIC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shubha |date=2019-05-08 |title=IIT-B researchers develop ‘Made in India’ microprocessor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/iit-b-researchers-develop-made-in-india-microprocessor/article27073816.ece |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Ambika |date=2019-04-30 |title=India Makes The Most Cost-Efficient Chip Ajit That Can Power Robotic & Automation Systems |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/india-makes-the-most-cost-efficient-chip-ajit-that-can-power-robotic-automation-systems/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=DHRUV64: India’s First 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core Microprocessor |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=156505&NoteId=156505&ModuleId=3®=6&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
=== NavIC chip === In accordance with the range requirements for NavIC for both military and commercial applications, Defence Research and Development Organisation, through the Technology Development Fund scheme, has commissioned Accord Software and Systems, to build a tailored and flexible IRNSS Network Timing system domestically. Using NavIC data, the receiver chip will obtain and distribute Indian time for navigation. India currently depends on the US for this service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Bosky |date=2024-07-12 |title=DRDO partners with Bengaluru firm for Indigenous NavIC chip development |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jul/12/drdo-partners-with-bengaluru-firm-for-indigenous-navic-chip-development |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
In 2020, Qualcomm launched four Snapdragon 4G chipsets and one 5G chipset with support for NavIC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Debashis |date=21 January 2020 |title=Qualcomm launches three chipsets with Isro's Navic GPS for Android smartphones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/qualcomm-launches-three-chipsets-with-isros-NavIC-gps-for-android-smartphones/articleshow/73475177.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch of mobile chipset compatible to NavIC - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-jan-2020/launch-of-mobile-chipset-compatible-to-NavIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804152245/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-jan-2020/launch-of-mobile-chipset-compatible-to-navic |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> NavIC is planned to be available for civilian use in mobile devices, after Qualcomm and ISRO signed an agreement.<ref name="operational">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-isro-qualcomm-pact-NavIC-compatible-mobiles-navigation-devices-to-hit-market-next-year/articleshow/71606495.cms|title=After Isro-Qualcomm pact, NavIC-compatible mobiles, navigation devices to hit market next year|date=16 October 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2019 |title=NavIC support in upcoming Mobile, Automotive and IoT Platforms is poised to deliver superior Location-Based services to India's Industries and Technology Ecosystem Through Qualcomm |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-oct-2019/NavIC-support-upcoming-mobile-automotive-and-iot-platforms-poised-to-deliver |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016193800/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-oct-2019/navic-support-upcoming-mobile-automotive-and-iot-platforms-poised-to-deliver |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> To increase compatibility with existing hardware, ISRO will add L1 band support. For strategic application, Long Code support is also coming.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2022-10-26 |title=ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-to-upgrade-indian-gps-navic-to-widen-user-base/article66056505.ece |access-date=2022-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordoloi |first=Pritam |date=2022-10-03 |title=India's Indigenous Navigation System Can Make Your Phones Expensive |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/indias-indigenous-navigation-system-can-make-your-phones-expensive/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
On December 7, 2023, Qualcomm revealed that select chipset platforms will enable NavIC L1 signals. The Qualcomm location suite, supports up to seven satellite constellations simultaneously and allows for faster Time to First Fix (TTFF) position acquisition for enhanced location-based services. It also makes use of all of NavIC's L1 and L5 signals for precise positioning. In the second half of 2024, Qualcomm chipset platforms will add further support for the NavIC L1 signals, and in the first half of 2025, commercial products that support the NavIC L1 signals should be available for sale.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-07 |title=Qualcomm announces NavIC support in select chipset starting H2 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/qualcomm-announces-navic-support-in-select-chipset-starting-h2-2024/article67613660.ece |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm Announces Support for India's NavIC Satellite Navigation System L1 signals in Commercial Chipset Platforms |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2023/12/qualcomm-announces-support-for-india-s-navic-satellite-navigatio |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.qualcomm.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Timeline == In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed,<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Anandan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/article393892.ece |title=Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2010 |access-date=2010-12-30}}</ref> and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this.<ref>{{cite web |author=H. Pathak |url=http://informationmadness.com/technology/tech-tips/3684-3-satellites-to-be-launched-by-isro-on-20th-april.html |title=3 Satellites To Be Launched By ISRO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417015013/http://informationmadness.com/technology/tech-tips/3684-3-satellites-to-be-launched-by-isro-on-20th-april.html |archive-date=17 April 2011}}</ref>
Seven satellites with the prefix "IRNSS-1" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013.<ref name="isro">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx#Satellite|title=ISRO's Future programme|publisher=ISRO|access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="businessline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/countdown-begins-for-pslvc22-launch/article4863108.ece|title=Countdown begins for PSLV-C22 launch|work=Business Line|date=29 June 2013 |access-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> IRNSS-1B was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-successfully-launches-navigation-satellite-IRNSS-1B/articleshow/33240651.cms | title=Isro successfully launches navigation satellite IRNSS-1B | work=The Times of India| date=4 April 2014 | access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> IRNSS-1C was launched on 16 October 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO puts India's Navigation satellite IRNSS 1B into orbit|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/isro-puts-second-irnss-navigation-satellite-into-orbit/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> IRNSS-1D on 28 March 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-launches-IRNSS-1D-fourth-of-seven-navigation-satellites/articleshow/46727095.cms|title=India successfully launches IRNSS-1D, fourth of seven navigation satellites|work=The Times of India|date=28 March 2015 |access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> IRNSS-1E on 20 January 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|title = India launches 5th navigation satellite IRNSS-1E powered by PSLV rocket|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-launches-5th-navigation-satellite-irnss-1e-powered-by-psl-rocket/story-iQcSrv7tV5sL3nfU49kLII.html|website = Hindustan Times|date = 20 January 2016|access-date = 2016-01-20}}</ref> IRNSS-1F on 10 March 2016 and IRNSS-1G was launched on 28 April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-gets-its-own-gps-with-successful-launch-of-7th-navigation-satellite-116042800308_1.html|title=India gets its own GPS with successful launch of 7th navigation satellite|first=T. E.|last=Narasimhan|date=29 April 2016|work=Business Standard|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref>
The eighth satellite, IRNSS-1H, which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the heat shields failed to separate from the 4th stage of the rocket.<ref name=":5" /> IRNSS-1I was launched on 12 April 2018 to replace it.<ref name = "IRNSS-1I">{{Cite web|title = IRNSS-1I|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/irnss-1i|access-date = 19 October 2019|website = isro.gov.in|publisher = Indian Space Research Organisation|archive-date = 11 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180411050506/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/irnss-1i|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = "irnss-1i">{{Cite news|title = PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i|date = 12 April 2018|access-date = 19 October 2019|website = isro.gov.in|publisher = Indian Space Research Organisation|archive-date = 6 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230840/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i|url-status = dead}}</ref> NVS-01, first of the second generation satellites, was successfully launched on 29 May 2023 and was placed into orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NVS-01 placed into orbit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uncategorized/nvs-01-placed-into-orbit-512442/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> NVS-02, launched on 29 January 2025, failed to reach orbit.<ref name=":27" /> NVS-03 was expected to launch in 2025 and NVS-04 and NVS-05 was expected to launch in 2026, however none of these have had launch schedules fixed.<ref name=":26" />
== System description == The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support ground segment.
=== Space segment === The constellation consists of 7 satellites. Three of the seven satellites are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) at longitudes 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E, approximately {{convert|36000|km|abbr=on}} above Earth's surface. The remaining four satellites are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Two of them cross the equator at 55° E and two at 111.75° E.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.isac.gov.in/navigation/irnss.jsp|title=IRNSS|website=isac.gov.in|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><ref name="ASM">{{cite web|url=http://www.asmmag.com/news/first-irnss-satellite-by-december-|title=First IRNSS satellite by December|date=5 May 2009|work=Magazine article|publisher=Asian Surveying and Mapping |access-date=2009-05-05}} {{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms | title=How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS | work=The Times of India | date=5 April 2014 | access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>
=== Ground segment === The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The ground segment comprises:<ref name=":2" /> * IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF) * ISRO Navigation Centre (INC) * IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS) * IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT) * IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR) * Laser Ranging Stations * IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)
thumb|Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite The IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions.<ref name="ar-2021" /> Seven {{convert|7.2|m|adj=on}} FCA and two {{convert|11|m|adj=on}} FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for LEOP and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|author=K. Radhakrishnan|date=29 December 2013|title=Mars and more, final frontier|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/mars-and-more-final-frontier|access-date=28 April 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
The INC established at Byalalu performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations. The ISRO Navigation Centers (INC) are operational at Byalalu, Bengaluru and Lucknow. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide operations with redundancy.<ref name=":11" />
16 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=75 Major Activities of ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218074246/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2022 |quote=ISTRAC has established a network of stations to support IRNSS satellites consisting of four IRCDR stations (Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur and Shillong), 16 IRIMS stations (Bengaluru, Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur, Shillong, Dehradun, Port Blair, Mahendragiri, Lucknow, Kolkata, Udaipur, Shadnagar, Pune and Mauritius). ISTRAC has also established ISRO Navigation Centre-1, including an IRNWT facility at Bengaluru and ISRO Navigation Centre-2, including an IRNWT facility at Lucknow.}}</ref> A few more are planned in Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France and Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunhikrishnan |first=P |date=20 June 2019 |title=Update on ISRO's International Cooperation |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf |page=5 |quote=Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France, Japan (IRIMS)}}</ref> CDMA ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on a regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of {{convert|2|ns|s|lk=on|abbr=on}} (2 sigma) with respect to UTC. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of ILRS stations around the world. Navigation software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters, such as satellite ephemeris, clock corrections, integrity parameters, and secondary parameters, such as iono-delay corrections, time offsets with respect to UTC and other GNSSes, almanac, text message, and earth orientation parameters, are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and VSAT links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and JAXA are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=Quad push: ISRO taking space ties with US, Japan and Australia to a higher orbit|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/quad-push-isro-taking-space-ties-with-us-japan-and-australia-to-a-higher-orbit/articleshow/81530295.cms|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> ISRO is also under discussion with CNES for a NavIC ground reference station in France.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2021|title=India, France Working On 3rd Joint Space Mission, Says ISRO Chairman|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-france-working-on-3rd-joint-space-mission-says-isro-chairman-k-sivan-2395047|access-date=2021-03-21|website=NDTV}}</ref> ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at Cocos (Keeling) Islands and is in talks with the Australian Space Agency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Gaganyaan, India's human space mission, will use 'green propulsion': ISRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-india-s-human-space-mission-will-use-green-propulsion-isro-101616776504769.html|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
=== Signal === NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Restricted Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/NAVIC|title=Navigation Indian Constellation (NAVIC)|access-date=December 1, 2022|publisher=ESA}}</ref> The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz BPSK signal. The Restricted Service will use BOC(5,2). The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the L5 (1176.45 MHz) & S band (2492.028 MHz) frequencies and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately {{cvt|1330|kg}} and their solar panels generate 1,400 W.
A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indian-gps-for-public-use-by-year-end/articleshow/57470942.cms|title=Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref>
=== Accuracy === The Standard Positioning Service system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of about 5 to 10 metres throughout the Indian landmass and an accuracy of about {{convert|20|m}} in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} around India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indian-gps-for-public-use-by-year-end/articleshow/57470942.cms |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>A. Bhaskaranarayana Director SCP/FMO & Scientific Secretary Indian Space Research Organisation – [http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2008/expert/2-3.pdf Indian IRNSS and GAGAN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205044458/http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2008/expert/2-3.pdf |date=5 December 2010 }}</ref> GPS, for comparison, has a position accuracy of 5 m under ideal conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS.gov: GPS Accuracy |url=https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.gps.gov}}</ref> However, unlike GPS, which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequencies (S and L bands). When a low-frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. GPS depends on an atmospheric model to assess frequency error, and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In NavIC, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of the two frequencies (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and can be more accurate than GPS.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/get-ready-indias-own-gps-set-to-hit-the-market-early-next-year/articleshow/58876680.cms | title=Get ready! India's own GPS set to hit the market early next year - Times of India| website=The Times of India| date=28 May 2017}}</ref>
==Future developments==
=== Second Generation (NVS series) === ISRO will be launching five next generation satellite featuring new payloads and extended lifespan of 12 years. Five new satellites viz. NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 will supplement and augment the current constellation of satellites. The new satellites will feature the L5 and S band and introduces a new interoperable civil signal in the L1 band in the navigation payload and will use Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (iRAFS.)<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2019|title=Indigenous Atomic Clock and Monitoring Unit for NavIC|url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2019/icg14/WGD/icg14_wgd_09.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bandi|first1=Thejesh N.|last2=Kaintura|first2=Jaydeep|last3=Saiyed|first3=Azhar R.|last4=Ghosal|first4=Bikash|last5=Jain|first5=Pratik|last6=Sharma|first6=Richa|last7=Priya|first7=Priyanka|last8=Shukla|first8=Keya|last9=Mandal|first9=Sarathi|last10=Reddy|first10=Niranjan|last11=Soni|first11=Ashish|title=2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC) |chapter=Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8738208|year=2019 |pages=1|doi=10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208|isbn=978-908-25987-5-9 |s2cid=195225382 }}</ref> This introduction of the new L1 band will help facilitate NavIC proliferation in wearable smart and IoT devices featuring a low power navigation system. NVS-01 is a replacement for IRNSS-1G satellite and was launched on GSLV in 2023.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/annualreport2018-19.pdf|title=Annual Report of Department of Space 2018-19|date=28 May 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527183016/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/annualreport2018-19.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2019|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ar-2021">{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2020-2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425173704/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=ISRO |page=47 |quote="IRNSS-1A and IRNSS-1G are currently being used for short messaging services."}}</ref><ref name="TR-290523">{{cite news |date=2023-05-29 |title=NVS-01 placed into orbit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/nvs-01-placed-into-orbit-512442 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>
ISRO has plans for a total of 7 NVS series satellites (including already launched NVS-1) for civilian navigation requirements. The IRNSS network is, as of November 2024, confined to strategic use by the Indian Armed Forces. They will be equipped with L1 band along with the L5 and S band. The system will provide an accuracy of {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} within India, {{Convert|20|m|abbr=on}} for the area surrounding India by {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=India to have its own navigation system for citizens, Isro to launch 7 NaVIC satellites |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-navigation-system-for-citizens-isro-to-launch-7-navic-satellites-13833642.html#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17311356723830&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&share=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-navigation-system-for-citizens-isro-to-launch-7-navic-satellites-13833642.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=How ISRO Planning To Make Regional Navigation System NaVIC Accessible To Civilians - INSPACe Chairperson Explains |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/how-isro-planning-to-make-regional-navigation-system-navic-accessible-to-civilians-inspace-chairperson-explains-article-115121996 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
Approved project cost of first five NVS satellites (NVS-01 to NVS-05) is {{INRConvert|964.68|c|year=2022}} excluding the launch costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Unstarred Question No. 5681 on 'ISRO space missions' |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU5681.pdf?source=pqals}}</ref>
As reported in August 2025, ISRO plans to launch at least three satellites by the end of 2026. However, the development of indigenous atomic clocks is an "element impeding the launch". The development is also being delayed since multiple components are needed to be imported which leads to procurement challenges. Following the multiple instances of atomic clock failures, five atomic clocks per satellite has been proposed for future units.<ref name=":24" />
=== Global Indian Navigation System === Study and analysis for the Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17).<ref name="dst.gov.in"/> The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned {{Convert|24000|km|4=0|abbr=on}} above Earth. {{As of|2013}}, the statutory filing for frequency spectrum of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/global-indian-navigation-system-on-cards/article991761.ece|title=Global Indian Navigation system on cards|date=2010-05-14|work=Business Line|access-date=2017-06-22|language=en}}</ref> As per new 2021 draft policy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Satellite Navigation Policy-2021 (SATNAV Policy-2021)|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/satnav_policy-29.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730141223/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/satnav_policy-29.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2021|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> ISRO and Department of Space (DoS) is working on expanding the coverage of NavIC from regional to global that will be independent of other such system currently operational namely GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo while remaining interoperable and free for global public use.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutt|first=Anonna|date=2021-08-03|title=ISRO to expand reach of navigation system globally: New draft policy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-expand-reach-of-navigation-system-globally-new-draft-policy-101627930648368.html|access-date=2021-08-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ISRO has proposed to Government of India to expand the constellation for global coverage by initially placing twelve satellites in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).<ref name=":15" />
==List of satellites== The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows:
===IRNSS series satellites=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+IRNSS-1 series satellites<ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mgex.igs.org/mgex/constellations/#navic|title=IGS MGEX NavIC|website=mgex.igs.org|language=en|access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> !Satellite !SVN !PRN !Int. Sat. ID !NORAD ID !Launch Date !Launch Vehicle !Orbit !Status !Remarks |- |IRNSS-1A |I001 |I01 |2013-034A |39199 |1 July 2013 |PSLV-XL-C22 |Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}} |Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/index.html#50|title=Annual Report 2019-20|publisher=Department of Space|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406131804/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/index.html#50|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/103934/atomic-clock-rubidium-irnss/|title=3 Atomic Clocks Fail Onboard India's 'Regional GPS' Constellation|last=Mukunth|first=Vasudevan|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Atomic-clocks-on-indigenous-navigation-satellite-develop-snag/article17114134.ece|title=Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag|last=D.S.|first=Madhumathi|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-08|language=en}}</ref><ref name="RSPSC_Report410" /> |- |IRNSS-1B |I002 |I02 |2014-017A |39635 |4 April 2014 |PSLV-XL-C24 |Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{Success|Operational|align=center}} |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T E |date=8 April 2014 |title=Isro conducts 4th orbit raising operation of IRNSS-1B successfully |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-conducts-4th-orbit-raising-operation-of-irnss-1b-successfully-114040800952_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424043359/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-conducts-4th-orbit-raising-operation-of-irnss-1b-successfully-114040800952_1.html |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=Business Standard |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |IRNSS-1C |I003 |I03 |2014-061A |40269 |16 October 2014 |PSLV-XL-C26 |Geostationary (GEO) / 83°E, 5° inclined orbit |{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}} |Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name="NavIC_Status_20241031" /><ref name="RSPSC_Report410" /> |- |IRNSS-1D |I004 |I04 |2015-018A |40547 |28 March 2015 |PSLV-XL-C27 |Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbit |Decommissioned |Satellite has been decommissioned. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-05 |title=Launch of IRNSS-1D Delayed Due to Technical Problem |url=https://insidegnss.com/launch-of-irnss-1d-delayed-due-to-technical-problem/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Inside GNSS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=K. S. |date=2015-03-30 |title=India Launches Fourth Navigation Satellite |url=https://spacenews.com/india-launches-fourth-navigation-satellite/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=DoS Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2023_24_English.pdf |page=58 |quote=With the inclusion of NVS-01, the NavIC base layer now consists of five satellites (IRNSS-1B, 1C, 1F, 1I and NVS-01) for operational service.}}</ref><ref name="RSPSC_Report410">{{Cite web |title=Report No. 410 by Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Demands for Grants (2026-2027) of the Department of Space |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/19/217/410_2026_3_12.pdf?source=rajyasabha |page=40 |quote=Four satellites are providing continuous PNT service. Four satellites (IRNSS-1A, 1C, 1E, and 1G) are utilized for one-way broadcast messaging service. These satellites cannot provide PNT service due to failure of in-orbit atomic clocks. One satellite (IRNSS-1D) is decommissioned after its life span. One mission was unaccomplished (IRNSS-1H).}}</ref> |- |IRNSS-1E |I005 |I05 |2016-003A |41241 |20 January 2016 |PSLV-XL-C31 |Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}} |Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name = "ICG16">{{cite web |title=NavIC and GAGAN System Updates |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2022/ICG16/05.pdf |access-date=1 June 2023 |quote=NavIC is offering short messaging service for users in Indian region through IRNSS-1A and 1E satellites.}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=NavIC (IRNSS) Standard Positioning Service Performance Report Oct-Dec 2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/pe_report_q4_2021.pdf |page=5 |quote=IRNSS 1G is not available for performance evaluation since October 05, 2019. IRNSS 1E is not available for performance evaluation since August 04, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref name="RSPSC_Report410" /> |- |IRNSS-1F |I006 |I06 |2016-015A |41384 |10 March 2016 |PSLV-XL-C32 |Geostationary (GEO) / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbit |{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}} |Atomic clocks failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref>{{Cite news |last=T.K. |first=Rohit |date=2016-03-10 |title=India's sixth navigation satellite, IRNSS-1F, placed in orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/PSLV-C32-lifts-off-with-navigation-satellite-IRNSS-1F/article60513379.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":30" /> |- |IRNSS-1G |I007 |I07 |2016-027A |41469 |28 April 2016 |PSLV-XL-C33 |Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit |{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}} |Replaced by NVS-01. Currently being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name="ar-2021" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name="RSPSC_Report4102" /> |- |IRNSS-1H |I008 |I08 | | |31 August 2017 |PSLV-XL-C39 |Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{failure|Launch Failed|align=center}} |The payload fairing failed to separate and satellite could not reach the desired orbit.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-irnss-1h-launch-a-big-leap-for-private-sector-in-space/articleshow/60309043.cms|title=ISRO says launch of navigation satellite IRNSS-1H unsuccessful|date=2017-08-31|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/irnss-1h-launch-unsuccessful-says-isro-4822677/|title=IRNSS-1H launch unsuccessful, says ISRO|date=2017-08-31|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> It was meant to replace defunct IRNSS-1A.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> |- |IRNSS-1I |I009 |I09 |2018-035A |43286 |12 April 2018 |PSLV-XL-C41 |Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{Success|Operational|align=center}} |<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-completes-NavIC-constellation-with-7th-satellite/articleshow/63721895.cms|title=India completes NavIC constellation with 7th satellite - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref> |} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | width = 200 | header = Animation of IRNSS | image1 = Animation of IRNSS orbit around Earth.gif | caption1 = Around the Earth | image2 = Animation of IRNSS orbit around Earth - Polar view.gif | caption2 = Around the Earth - Polar view | image3 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - front view.gif | caption3 = Earth fixed frame - Equatorial view, front | image4 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - side view.gif | caption4 = Earth fixed frame - Equatorial view, side | image5 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - polar view.gif | caption5 = Earth fixed frame - Polar view | footer = {{legend2| RoyalBlue | Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2| magenta |IRNSS-1B }}{{·}}{{legend2| lime |IRNSS-1C }}{{·}}{{legend2| Cyan |IRNSS-1E }}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|IRNSS-1F }}{{·}}{{legend2| OrangeRed|IRNSS-1G }}{{·}}{{legend2| Red|IRNSS-1I}} }} {{clear}}
===NVS series satellite=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+NVS series satellites<ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto"/> !Satellite !SVN !PRN !Int. Sat. ID !NORAD ID !Launch Date !Launch Vehicle !Orbit !Status !Remarks |- |NVS-01 (IRNSS-1J) |I010 |I10 |2023-076A |56759 |29 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Isro to launch navigation satellite NVS-01 on May 29 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-launch-navic-satellite-nvs-01-on-gslv-mk-ii-in-may-to-replace-irnss-1g-offer-better-accuracy-and-coverage-101684006373706.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-16 |title=Isro to launch new navigation satellite on May 29 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-launch-new-navigation-satellite-on-may-29/articleshow/100261330.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |GSLV Mk II - F12<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Monthly Summary of Department of Space for February 2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummar_February2023.pdf}}</ref> |Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit |{{Success|Operational|align=center}} |Replaced IRNSS-1G. Features extended lifespan, indigenous clock and new civilian band L1 for low power devices.<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-aims-for-7-more-launches-from-india-in-2021/articleshow/81455856.cms|title=Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021|publisher=Times of India|date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd-gen ISRO navigation satellite launches today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/may/29/2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529103549/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/may/29/2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> |- |NVS-02 (IRNSS-1K) | | | | | 29 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2024 |title=ISRO set to launch NVS-02 satellite in Jan 2025, with more missions planned for upcoming year: ISRO Chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-set-to-launch-nvs-02-satellite-in-jan-2025-with-more-missions-planned-for-upcoming-year-isro-chief/articleshow/116813811.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=ANI }}</ref> |GSLV Mk II - F15 | |{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}} |Intended replacement of malfunctioning IRNSS-1E satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV-F15 NVS-02 Mission Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/GSLVF15/GSLV-F15_NVS-02_EngBrochure240125.pdf |page=5 |quote=It will be placed at 111.75ºE replacing IRNSS-1E}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=Overview of New NavIC L1 SPS Signal Structure & SBOC Modulation and Modified-CEMIC Multiplexing Scheme|url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2021/ICG15/WGS/icg15_wgs_01.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=28 September 2021|title=NavIC and GAGAN System Update|url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2021/ICG15/04.pdf}}</ref> However, NVS-02 suffered from a propulsion system failure and the ISRO is looking for alternative uses for the satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Latest Mission Hits A Hurdle, Satellite Faces Technical Glitch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-100th-mission-hits-a-hurdle-satellite-faces-technical-glitch-7618493 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-02 |title=ISRO's orbit raising operations for NVS-02 satellite disrupted by valve malfunction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-orbit-raising-operations-for-nvs-02-satellite-disrupted-by-valve-malfunction/article69173305.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> |- |NVS-03 (IRNSS-1L) | | | | |TBD 2026 |GSLV Mk II-F18 |Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{Planned|align=center}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outcome Budget 2025-2026 Ministry of Finance |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/OutcomeBudgetE2025_2026.pdf |page=260 |access-date=4 February 2025 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201092918/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/OutcomeBudgetE2025_2026.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNIE |first=Team |date=2025-08-17 |title=‘Our mission: space station by 2035, man on moon by 2040’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Aug/17/our-mission-space-station-by-2035-man-on-moon-by-2040 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |NVS-04 (IRNSS-IM) | | | | |TBD |GSLV Mk II |Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{Planned|align=center}} |<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> |- |NVS-05 (IRNSS-1N) | | | | |TBD |GSLV Mk II |Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{Planned|align=center}} |<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> |- |NVS-06 | | | | |TBD |GSLV Mk II |Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit |{{Planned|align=center}} |<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> |- |NVS-07 | | | | |TBD |GSLV Mk II |Geosynchronous (IGSO), |{{Planned|align=center}} |<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> |}
== See also == * Bhuvan * Indian Space Research Organisation * GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) * List of Indian satellites * Indian Remote Sensing Programme (IRSP) * Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) * GSAT
=== Other systems === {{Main|Satellite navigation}}
* BeiDou – global navigation satellite system operated by China. * Galileo – global navigation satellite system operated by the European Union. * GLONASS – global navigation satellite system operated by Russia. * GPS – global navigation satellite system operated by the United States. * QZSS – regional navigation satellite system operated by Japan, receivable in the Asia-Oceania region.
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
===Footnotes=== # {{note|article}} SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April – September 2006 Issue.
== External links == * [https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme IRNNS programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302041206/https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme |date=2 March 2022 }} * [https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html Official Website] * [https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS_Programme.html IRNSS Programme] at ISRO
{{IRNSS satellites}} {{Indian space programme}} {{Indian spacecraft}} {{Satellite navigation systems}} {{Satellite constellations}} {{Time signal stations}} {{Portal bar|Spaceflight|Geography|India}}
Category:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Category:ISRO programmes Category:Satellite navigation systems Category:2013 establishments in India Category:Navigation satellite constellations