{{Short description|For people who have a severe mental illness}} <!-- Please leave this line alone! -->
'''IPS Supported Employment''' is an evidence-based approach to supported employment for people who have a mental illness. IPS stands for '''Individual Placement and Support'''. IPS supports people in their efforts to achieve steady, meaningful employment in mainstream competitive jobs, either part-time or full-time. This stands in contrast to other vocational rehabilitation approaches that employ people in sheltered workshops and other set-aside jobs.
IPS has been extensively researched and proven to be effective compared to standard employment services.<ref name="Bond_2008"/>
== Principles == IPS is based on eight principles.<ref name="Bond_2004"/> Mental health agencies that implement IPS aim to follow these principles in delivering vocational services. {| class="wikitable" |- ! || IPS Principles |- | 1 || Every person with severe mental illness who wants to work is eligible for IPS supported employment. |- | 2 || Employment services are integrated with mental health treatment services. |- | 3 || Competitive employment is the goal. |- | 4 || Personalized benefits counseling is provided. |- | 5 || The job search starts soon after a person expresses interest in working. |- | 6 || Employment specialists systematically develop relationships with employers based upon their client's preferences. |- | 7 || Job supports are continuous. |- | 8 || Client preferences are honored. |}
The implementation of these principles can be assessed by using a [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page21/files/se-fidelity-scale002c-2008.pdf fidelity scale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218120938/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page21/files/se-fidelity-scale002c-2008.pdf |date=2015-02-18 }} and an accompanying [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page49/page49.html manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918231659/http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Eips/page19/page49/page49.html |date=2015-09-18 }} that have been developed specifically for IPS.
== Research == IPS was first studied in a randomized controlled trial in 1996.<ref name="Drake_1996"/> Between 1996 and 2011, IPS was evaluated in 15 randomized controlled trials.<ref name="Drake_2011"/><ref name="Becker_2011_b" /> On average, 60% of research participants get a competitive job during the follow-up period when they receive IPS, whereas 24% of participants get a competitive job when receiving other vocational services.<ref name="Becker_2011_b" /> These results, along with data from non-research implementations of IPS, have resulted in the establishment of benchmark employment rates for IPS programs.<ref name="Becker_2011_b" /> This research has established IPS as an evidence-based practice in community psychiatry.
In addition to testing the comparative effectiveness of IPS, researchers have conducted implementation research on IPS,<ref name="Bond_2008_b"/> research on predictors of outcome (who gets jobs and why),<ref name="Bond_2008_c"/><ref name="Salkever_2007"/><ref name="Becker_2006"/><ref name="Michon_2005"/> barriers to employment for people who have a serious mental illness,<ref name="Biegel_2009"/><ref name="Henry_2004"/><ref name="Corbiere_2004"/><ref name="McQuilken_2003"/> and a number of other [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~charky1/page40/page23/files/voc-pubs.11-11.pdf related areas.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913025317/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~charky1/page40/page23/files/voc-pubs.11-11.pdf |date=2015-09-13 }}
== What happens in IPS == IPS services are typically delivered by supported employment teams that operate within community mental health agencies. These teams work with their agency's clinical staff to coordinate services. When a client at the agency expresses interest in working, that client is referred to an employment specialist on the IPS team for an initial meeting. The employment specialist works with the client to learn about his or her goals and preferences and provides information about how IPS works. When someone chooses to enroll in IPS, that person and the employment specialist make a plan together and begin to look for regular jobs in the community as soon as the client expresses interest in doing so. Employment specialists are trained to provide people with support, coaching, resume development, interview training, and on-the-job support. Employment specialists are also trained to do job development; a process in which employment specialists build relationships with employers in businesses that have jobs that are consistent with client preferences.
In IPS, the client's preferences are central. The client decides whether or not employers and potential employers know about her/his mental illness and whether or not the employment specialist will talk to employer/s on his or her behalf. The client also decides which jobs to apply for and how much he or she wants to work. The decision about how much to work is often influenced by a desire to transition to a working life while minimizing the risk of being both out of work and without disability benefits. Part of the employment specialist's job is to connect people with benefits counseling so that they can make informed decisions in this area.
People who try IPS often get a number of jobs before finding one that is a good fit. In IPS there is an orientation towards moving between jobs as part of a normal process. This process aims at convergence towards stable employment and toward the client's personal recovery goals.
==Access to IPS Services== As of 2009 only 2.1% of U.S. mental health clients had access to evidence-based vocational services.<ref name="SAMHSA_2009"/> Mental health agencies often face financing challenges in implementing IPS due to the absence of clear reimbursement policies for vocational services in psychiatry.<ref name="Drake_2009"/> Nonetheless, as of 2011, IPS was offered by mental health agencies in at least 13 states.<ref name="Becker_2011"/> Because there is no national directory of IPS providers, people interested in access to these services must ask local mental health services providers about their vocational services in order to find out whether or not evidence-based vocational services are available.
== Dissemination == The [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page3/page10/page10.html Johnson & Johnson – Dartmouth Community Mental Health Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308043924/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page3/page10/page10.html |date=2012-03-08 }} was created to further the dissemination of IPS by providing a structure for supporting implementations of IPS at the state level. In 2001, the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120217114552/http://prc.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center] launched this program with philanthropic support from [http://www.jnj.com/connect/caring/corporate-giving/ Johnson & Johnson Corporate Contributions]. This program has resulted in the formation of a national learning collaborative that supports the implementation of IPS services in everyday (i.e., non-research) settings. Membership in this collaborative is widespread. As of 2011, 13 states containing 130 participating mental health agencies were part of the collaborative.<ref name="Becker_2011"/> States that enter the learning collaborative receive four years of seed funding to support initial implementation efforts. After this first phase, states and their participating agencies stay involved by sharing outcome and service data, participating in research projects, and by continuing statewide implementation efforts.
== IPS outside of the United States == Although IPS was developed in the United States, research literature suggests a wider interest in IPS and suggests that the intervention is effective across a range of cultures and policy environments. Randomized trials of IPS have been conducted in Canada,<ref name="Latimer_2006"/> throughout the EU,<ref name="Burns_2007"/> including in UK, Australia,<ref name="Killackey_2008"/> The Netherlands,<ref name="Michon_2011"/> Switzerland,<ref name="Hoffman_2011"/> and Hong Kong.<ref name="Wong_2008"/>
In the UK, Centre for Mental Health has developed a Centres of Excellence project based on the Dartmouth Medical School scheme. The Centres will act as exemplars of how Individual Placement and Support (IPS) can be implemented in localities across England. The Centre for Homelessness Impact is running the first trial for people experiencing homelessness. Funded by the Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government (MHCLG), the trial will compare outcomes to 460 people referred to the service over an 18-month period with results expected in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Test and Learn: Individual Placement and Support |url=https://www.homelessnessimpact.org/projects/individual-placement-and-support |url-status=live |website=Centre for Homelessness Impact}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist| refs= <ref name="Bond_2008"> {{cite journal|last=Bond|first=Gary|author2=Drake, Robert |author3=Becker, Deborah |title=An Update on Randomized Controlled Trials of Evidence-Based Supported Employment|journal=Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal|year=2008|volume=31|issue=4|pages=280–290|doi=10.2975/31.4.2008.280.290|pmid=18407876}} </ref> <ref name="Becker_2011"> {{cite journal|last=Becker|first=Deborah|title=Best practices: A national mental health learning collaborative on supported employment|journal=Psychiatric Services|year=2011|author2=Drake, Robert |author3=Bond Gary |author4= Nawaz, Saira |author5=Haslett, William |author6=Martinez, Rick |volume=62|issue=7|pages=704–706|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.62.7.704|pmid=21724779}} </ref> <ref name="SAMHSA_2009">{{cite web|title=2009 CMHS Uniform Reporting System Output Tables|url=http://www.samhsa.gov/dataoutcomes/urs/urs2009.aspx|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|accessdate=30 December 2011|archive-date=18 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018021307/http://www.samhsa.gov/dataoutcomes/urs/urs2009.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Drake_2009"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.761|title=Social Security and Mental Illness: Reducing Disability with Supported Employment|year=2009|last1=Drake|first1=R. E.|last2=Skinner|first2=John|last3=Bond|first3=Gary|last4=Goldman|first4=Howard|journal=Health Affairs|volume=28|issue=3|pages=761–70|pmid=19414885|pmc=2828629}} </ref> <ref name="Bond_2004"> {{cite journal|last=Bond|first=Gary|title=Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice|journal=Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal|year=2004|volume=27|issue=4|pages=345–359|doi=10.2975/27.2004.345.359|pmid=15222147}} </ref> <ref name="Drake_1996"> {{cite journal|last=Drake|first=Robert|author2=McHugo, Gregory |author3=Becker, Deborah |author4=Anthony, William |author5=Clark, Robin |title=The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|year=1996|volume=64|issue=2|pages=391–399|doi=10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.391|pmid=8871423}} </ref> <ref name="Drake_2011"> {{cite journal|last=Drake|first=Robert|author2=Bond, Gary|title=IPS Supported Employment: A 20-YearUpdate|journal=American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation|year=2011|volume=14|pages=155–164|doi=10.1080/15487768.2011.598090|issue=3|s2cid=144331303 }} </ref> <ref name="Becker_2011_b"> {{cite journal|last=Becker|first=Deborah|author2=Drake, Robert |author3=Bond, Gary |title=Benchmark Outcomes in Supported Employment|journal=American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation|year=2011|volume=14|pages=230–236|doi=10.1080/15487768.2011.598083|issue=3|s2cid=72874523 }} </ref> <ref name="Bond_2008_b"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.411|title=Barriers to Employment for People with Schizophrenia|year=2006|last1=Rosenheck|first1=R.|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=163|issue=3|pages=411–7|pmid=16513861|last2=Leslie|first2=D|last3=Keefe|first3=R|last4=McEvoy|first4=J|last5=Swartz|first5=M|last6=Perkins|first6=D|author6-link=Diana Perkins|last7=Stroup|first7=S|last8=Hsiao|first8=JK|last9=Lieberman|first9=J<!--exactly 9 authors-->}} </ref> <ref name="Bond_2008_c"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e328300eb0e|title=Predictors of competitive employment among patients with schizophrenia|year=2008|last1=Bond|first1=Gary R|last2=Drake|first2=Robert E|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=21|issue=4|pages=362–9|pmid=18520741|s2cid=41420050 }} </ref> <ref name="Salkever_2007"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.58.3.315|title=Measures and Predictors of Community-Based Employment and Earnings of Persons with Schizophrenia in a Multisite Study|year=2007|last1=Salkever|first1=D. S.|last2=Karakus|first2=M. C.|last3=Slade|first3=E. P.|last4=Harding|first4=C. M.|last5=Hough|first5=R. L.|last6=Rosenheck|first6=R. A.|last7=Swartz|first7=M. S.|last8=Barrio|first8=C.|last9=Yamada|first9=A. M.<!--exactly 9 authors-->|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=58|issue=3|pages=315–24|pmid=17325103}} </ref> <ref name="Becker_2006"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10597-006-9037-8|title=What Predicts Supported Employment Program Outcomes?|year=2006|last1=Becker|first1=Deborah R.|last2=Xie|first2=Haiyi|last3=McHugo|first3=Gregory J.|last4=Halliday|first4=John|last5=Martinez|first5=Rick A.|journal=Community Mental Health Journal|volume=42|issue=3|pages=303–13|pmid=16532378|s2cid=22974864 }} </ref> <ref name="Michon_2005"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00127-005-0910-5|title=Person-related predictors of employment outcomes after participation in psychiatric vocational rehabilitation programmes|year=2005|last1=Michon|first1=Harry W. C.|last2=Weeghel|first2=Jaap|last3=Kroon|first3=Hans|last4=Schene|first4=Aart H.|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=408–16|pmid=15902412|s2cid=22245825 }} </ref> <ref name="Biegel_2009"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1049731509333373|title=Predictors of Competitive Employment Among clients with Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders|year=2009|last1=Biegel|first1=D. E.|last2=Stevenson|first2=L. D.|last3=Beimers|first3=D.|last4=Ronis|first4=R. J.|last5=Boyle|first5=P.|journal=Research on Social Work Practice|volume=20|issue=2|pages=191|s2cid=58174676 }} </ref> <ref name="Henry_2004"> {{cite journal|pmid=15156083|year=2004|last1=Henry|first1=AD|last2=Lucca|first2=AM|title=Facilitators and barriers to employment: The perspectives of people with psychiatric disabilities and employment service providers|volume=22|issue=3|pages=169–82|journal=Work (Reading, Mass.)}} </ref> <ref name="Corbiere_2004"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1069072704267738|title=Perceptions of Barriers to Employment, Coping Efficacy, and Career Search Efficacy in People with Mental Illness|year=2004|last1=Corbiere|first1=M.|journal=Journal of Career Assessment|volume=12|issue=4|pages=460–478|s2cid=144134727 }} </ref> <ref name="McQuilken_2003"> {{cite journal|title=The work project survey: client perspectives on work|year=2003|journal=Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation|last1=McQuilken|first1=Michael|volume=18|issue=1|doi=10.3233/JVR-2003-00178 }} </ref> <ref name="Latimer_2006"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.105.012641|title=Generalisability of the individual placement and support model of supported employment: results of a Canadian randomised controlled trial|year=2006|last1=Latimer|first1=Eric A.|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=189|pages=65–73|pmid=16816308|last2=Lecomte|first2=Tiana|last3=Becker|first3=Deborah R.|last4=Drake|first4=Robert E.|last5=Duclos|first5=Isabelle|last6=Piat|first6=Myra|last7=Lahaie|first7=Nicole|last8=St-Pierre|first8=Marie-Sylvie|last9=Therrien|first9=Claude|last10=Xie|first10=Haiyi|doi-access=free}} </ref> <ref name="Burns_2007"> {{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61516-5 | pmid=17905167 | title=The effectiveness of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: A randomised controlled trial | year=2007 | last1=Burns | first1=Tom | last2=Catty | first2=Jocelyn | last3=Becker | first3=Thomas | last4=Drake | first4=Robert E | last5=Fioritti | first5=Angelo | last6=Knapp | first6=Martin | last7=Lauber | first7=Christoph | last8=Rössler | first8=Wulf | last9=Tomov | first9=Toma | last10=van Busschbach | first10=Jooske | last11=White | first11=Sarah | last12=Wiersma | first12=Durk | journal=The Lancet | volume=370 | issue=9593 | pages=1146–52| s2cid=46011460 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/897054 }} </ref> <ref name="Killackey_2008"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043109|title=Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: Individual placement and support v. Treatment as usual|year=2008|last1=Killackey|first1=E.|last2=Jackson|first2=H. J.|last3=McGorry|first3=P. D.|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=193|issue=2|pages=114–20|pmid=18669993|doi-access=free}} </ref> <ref name="Michon_2011"> {{cite journal|last=Michon|first=Harry |author2=van Vugt, M. |author3=van Busschbach, J. |title=Effectiveness of Individual Placement and Support; 18 & 30 months follow-up|journal=Paper Presented at the Enmesh Conference, Ulm, Germany|year=2011}} </ref> <ref name="Hoffman_2011"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01780.x|title=A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supported employment|year=2012|last1=Hoffmann|first1=H.|last2=Jäckel|first2=D.|last3=Glauser|first3=S.|last4=Kupper|first4=Z.|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=125|issue=2|pages=157–67|pmid=22077907|s2cid=19293405 }} </ref> <ref name="Wong_2008"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.59.1.84|title=A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Supported Employment Program for Persons with Long-Term Mental Illness in Hong Kong|year=2008|last1=Kin Wong|first1=K.|last2=Chiu|first2=R.|last3=Tang|first3=B.|last4=Mak|first4=D.|last5=Liu|first5=J.|last6=Chiu|first6=S. N.|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=59|pages=84–90|pmid=18182544|issue=1}} </ref> }}
== External links == * [http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Supported-Employment-Evidence-Based-Practices-EBP-KIT/SMA08-4365 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration publications on implementing IPS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016011613/http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Supported-Employment-Evidence-Based-Practices-EBP-KIT/SMA08-4365 |date=2011-10-16 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162805/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/ The IPS Supported Employment Center at Dartmouth College] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326044502/http://www.socwel.ku.edu/mentalhealth/index.shtml University of Kansas information on IPS and other evidence-based practices] * [http://www.centerforebp.case.edu/practices/se Case Western Reserve University Center for Evidence-Based Practices information on IPS] * [http://www.thresholds.org/find-services/supported-employment IPS at the Thresholds mental health agency] * [https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/our-work/38 IPS programme in the UK, managed by Centre for Mental Health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111428/https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/our-work/38 |date=2019-03-06 }}
<!--- Categories ---> Category:Employment Category:Mental health