{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices}} {{Infobox galaxy|name=IC 4040|image=File:IC4040 - SDSS DR14.jpg|caption=[[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]] of IC 4040|constellation name=[[Coma Berenices]]|z=0.025530|ra=13h 00m 37.9s|dec=+28d 03m 26.50s|h_radial_v=7,556 [[kilometer per second|km/s]]|dist_ly=353 [[Mly]] (108.2 [[Megaparsec|Mpc]])|group_cluster=[[Coma Cluster]]|appmag_v=14.76|type=Sdm, HII|size=105,000 [[light year|ly]]|names=[[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 44789, [[Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies|CGCG]] 160-252, [[Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies|MCG]] +05-31-085, [[2MASX]] J13003794+2803266, 74W 019, [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]] J130037.78+280326.8, [[IRAS]] F12582+2819, CG 0954, NSA 162814, [[Fifth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources|5C]] 04.108, [[NRAO VLA Sky Survey|NVSS]] J130037+280323, WBL 426-106, AGC 221406, FOCA 0388, [[Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database|LEDA]] 44789|epoch=[[J2000]]}}
'''IC 4040''' is a type SABc [[spiral galaxy]] with a bar<ref>{{Cite web |title=HyperLeda -object description |url=http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/hyperleda/ledacat.cgi?o=IC%204040 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=atlas.obs-hp.fr}}</ref> in [[Coma Berenices]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IC 4040 - Intermediate Spiral Galaxy in Coma Berenices {{!}} TheSkyLive.com |url=https://theskylive.com/sky/deepsky/ic4040-object |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=theskylive.com}}</ref> It is located 353 million [[light-year]]s away from the [[Solar System]] and has an estimated [[diameter]] of 105,000 light-years making it slightly larger than the [[Milky Way]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your NED Search Results |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=58749&objname=1&img_stamp=YES&hconst=73.0&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref> IC 4040 was discovered on April 12, 1891, by [[Guillaume Bigourdan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index Catalog Objects: IC 4000 - 4049 |url=https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ic40.htm#ic4040 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=cseligman.com}}</ref> and is a member of the [[Coma Cluster]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=The Coma Berenices galaxy cluster, best in April and May |url=https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/the-coma-berenices-galaxy-cluster/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=earthsky.org }}</ref>
== Characteristics == IC 4040 is considered a [[jellyfish galaxy]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=I. D. |last2=Weeren |first2=R. J. van |last3=McGee |first3=S. L. |last4=Botteon |first4=A. |last5=Drabent |first5=A. |last6=Ignesti |first6=A. |last7=Rottgering |first7=H. J. A. |last8=Shimwell |first8=T. W. |last9=Tasse |first9=C. |date=2021-06-01 |title=LoTSS jellyfish galaxies - I. Radio tails in low redshift clusters |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2021/06/aa40784-21/aa40784-21.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=650 |pages=A111 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202140784 |arxiv=2104.05383 |bibcode=2021A&A...650A.111R |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> due to its close proximity to the cluster where gas is stripped from the galaxy by the action of [[ram pressure]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last1=Hao | first1=Chen | last2=Ming | first2=Sun | last3=Masafumi | first3=Yagi | last4=Hector | first4=Bravo-Alfaro | last5=Elias | first5=Brinks | last6=Jeffrey | first6=Kenney | last7=Francoise | first7=Combes | last8=Suresh | first8=Sivanandam | last9=Pavel | first9=Jachym | last10=Matteo | first10=Fossati | last11=Giuseppe | first11=Gavazzi | last12=Alessandro | first12=Boselli | last13=Paul | first13=Nulsen | last14=Craig | first14=Sarazin | last15=Chong | first15=Ge | last16=Michitoshi | first16=Yoshida | last17=Elke | first17=Roediger |title=The ram pressure stripped radio tails of galaxies in the Coma cluster |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/496/4/4654/5866506?login=false |access-date=2024-04-27 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=21 August 2020 | volume=496 | issue=4 | page=4654 | doi=10.1093/mnras/staa1868 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2004.06743 | bibcode=2020MNRAS.496.4654C }}</ref> A radio continuum tail can be seen extending outwards from the galaxy, showing widespread occurrence of relativistic electrons and magnetic fields which is being removed by pressure.<ref name=":0" /> The stripped electrons are re-accelerated by turbulence and ICM shocks or by new [[supernova]]e, since massive stars can be found in [[H II region]]s that are located in its ram pressure stripped tail.<ref name=":0" />
According to studies, extended [[Plasma (physics)|ionized gas]] can be found surrounding IC 4040. This shows increased radial velocities which reaches up between 400 and 800 [[Metre per second|kilometer per seconds]] within distance from the nucleus of the galaxy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=Michitoshi |last2=Yagi |first2=Masafumi |last3=Komiyama |first3=Yutaka |last4=Furusawa |first4=Hisanori |last5=Kashikawa |first5=Nobunari |last6=Hattori |first6=Takashi |last7=Okamura |first7=Sadanori |date=March 2012 |title=KINEMATICS AND EXCITATION OF THE RAM PRESSURE STRIPPED IONIZED GAS FILAMENTS IN THE COMA CLUSTER OF GALAXIES* |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/43 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=749 |issue=1 |pages=43 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/43 |arxiv=1202.1044 |bibcode=2012ApJ...749...43Y |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> Not to mention, a low velocity filament is found at the southeastern edge of IC 4040 which exhibits blue continuum and strong Hα emission. The widths exceeds 200 Å and much more compared to 1000 Å for some knots, indicating the intensive activity of [[star formation]].<ref name=":1" /> Some of these filaments show signs of shock [[Spectral line|emission-line spectra]] suggesting [[Shock wave|shock heating]] plays an important function in excitation and ionization of extended ionized gas.<ref name=":1" /> IC 4040 also presents a strong [[Astronomical radio source|radio source]] compared to galaxies of type E/SO.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1970MNRAS.151....1W Page 1 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|bibcode=1970MNRAS.151....1W |last1=Willson |first1=M. A. G. |date=1970 |volume=151 |page=1 |doi=10.1093/mnras/151.1.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Supernovae == Two [[supernova]]e have been discovered in IC 4040 so far: PTF11gdh in 2011 and SN 2022jo in 2022.
=== <u>PTF11gdh</u> === PTF11gdh was discovered on June 21, 2011, in IC 4040 by [[Palomar Transient Factory]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2011. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2011/index.html#PTF11gdh |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref> The supernova was located 0" east and 0" south of the nucleus.<ref name=":2" /> The supernova was [[Type Ia supernova|Type la]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Yen-Chen |title=High-velocity Type Ia Supernova Has a Unique Host Environment |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=2020 |volume=895 |issue=1 |pages=L5 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab8e47|doi-access=free |arxiv=2004.14544 |bibcode=2020ApJ...895L...5P }}</ref>
=== <u>SN 2022jo</u> === SN 2022jo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory |url=https://www.swift.psu.edu/toop/too_detail.php?id=16870 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.swift.psu.edu}}</ref> was discovered in IC 4040 on January 9, 2022, by a group of [[astronomer]]s; Chunpeng Bi, Jianlin Xu, Mi Zhang, Jingyuan Zhao, Guoyou Sun, Jiangao Ruan and Wenjie Zhou from [[Xingming Observatory]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SN 2022jo {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2022jo |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.wis-tns.org}}</ref> SN 2022jo was found at Right Ascension (13hr 00min 37s .666) and Declination (+28 degrees 0.3' 25".71). It was located 0".0 east and 0".0 north of the nucleus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2022. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2022/index.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref> The supernova was [[Type II supernova|Type II]].<ref name=":3" />
== References == <references />
{{Coma Berenices}}
[[Category:IC objects|4040]] [[Category:Spiral galaxies]] [[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|044789]] [[Category:Coma Cluster]] [[Category:Coma Berenices]] [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1891]] [[Category:Discoveries by Guillaume Bigourdan]] [[Category:LEDA objects|044789]] [[Category:SDSS objects]] [[Category:MCG objects|+05-31-085]] [[Category:IRAS catalogue objects|F12582+2819]]