IC 3528

{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices}} {{Close paraphrasing|source=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aa8a75|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox galaxy|name=IC 3528|image=File:IC3528 - SDSS DR14.jpg|caption=[[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]] image of IC 3528. Below the image is [[NGC 4540]]|constellation name=[[Coma Berenices (constellation)|Coma Berenices]]|z=0.04582 0.00004|dist_ly=657 [[Mly]] (201.43 [[Megaparsec|Mpc]])|type=SAB(r)b, Sy 1.5|notes=[[Seyfert Galaxy]]|names=[[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 41882, GSC 01446-00639, [[2MASX]] J12345592+1533561, VCC 1593, Z 99-95, [[NRAO VLA Sky Survey|NVSS]] B123244+155026, ALFALFA 1-358, AGC 220811, [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]] J123455.90+153356.2, FAUST 3256, [HB91] 1232+158, [[Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database|LEDA]] 41882|appmag_v=14.6|h_radial_v=13,773 km/s|ra={{RA|12|34|55.90}}|dec={{Dec|+15|33|56.2}}|appmag_b=15.4|size=0.40' x 0.4'|epoch=[[J2000]]}}

'''IC 3528''' is [[spiral galaxy]] located 660 million [[light-year]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your NED Search Results |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=57064&objname=1&img_stamp=YES&hconst=73.0&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref> away in the constellation of [[Coma Berenices]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revised IC Data for IC 3528 |url=https://spider.seds.org/ngc/revngcic.cgi?IC+3528 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=spider.seds.org}}</ref> It lies near to another spiral galaxy [[NGC 4540]], although the two of them are quite far.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kopernik.org/images/archive/i3528.htm |access-date=2024-04-21|title=Galaxies IC 3528 & NGC 4540 - Supernova 2001z |website=www.kopernik.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keel |first=William C. |date=1996-02-01 |title=Seyfert Galaxies With Companions: Orbital and Kinematic Clues to AGN Triggering |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..696K |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=111 |pages=696 |doi=10.1086/117816 |bibcode=1996AJ....111..696K |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> The object was discovered by [[Royal Harwood Frost]] on May 7, 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index Catalog Objects: IC 3500 - 3549 |url=https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ic35.htm#ic3528 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=cseligman.com}}</ref> Although listed as a member in the Virgo Cluster Catalogue<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Virgo Cluster |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.atlasoftheuniverse.com}}</ref> as VCC 1593, it is not a member of the [[Virgo Cluster|Virgo cluster]] but a background galaxy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Binggeli |first1=B. |last2=Sandage |first2=A. |last3=Tammann |first3=G. A. |date=1985-09-01 |title=Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area. |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985AJ.....90.1681B |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=90 |pages=1681–1758 |doi=10.1086/113874 |bibcode=1985AJ.....90.1681B |issn=0004-6256}}</ref>

== Physical characteristics == IC 3528 is classified a narrow-line [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert 1.5 type galaxy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grünwald |first1=G. |last2=Boller |first2=Th. |last3=Rakshit |first3=S. |last4=Buchner |first4=J. |last5=Dauser |first5=Th. |last6=Freyberg |first6=M. |last7=Liu |first7=T. |last8=Salvato |first8=M. |last9=Schichtel |first9=A. |date=2023-01-01 |title=The first look at narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with eROSITA |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...669A..37G |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=669 |pages=A37 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202244620 |arxiv=2211.06184 |bibcode=2023A&A...669A..37G |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lipovetsky |first1=V. A. |last2=Neizvestny |first2=S. I. |last3=Neizvestnaya |first3=O. M. |date=1988-01-01 |title=A catalogue of Seyfert galaxies. |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988SoSAO..55....5L |journal=Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii |volume=55 |pages=5–133|bibcode=1988SoSAO..55....5L }}</ref> Containing [[X-ray]] emission,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Scott F. |last2=Margon |first2=Bruce |last3=Voges |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Plotkin |first4=Richard M. |last5=Syphers |first5=David |last6=Haggard |first6=Daryl |last7=Collinge |first7=Matthew J. |last8=Meyer |first8=Jillian |last9=Strauss |first9=Michael A. |last10=Agüeros |first10=Marcel A. |last11=Hall |first11=Patrick B. |last12=Homer |first12=L. |last13=Ivezić |first13=Željko |last14=Richards |first14=Gordon T. |last15=Richmond |first15=Michael W. |date=2007-01-01 |title=A Large, Uniform Sample of X-Ray-emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from the ROSAT All Sky and Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: The Data Release 5 Sample |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133..313A |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=313–329 |arxiv=astro-ph/0609458 |bibcode=2007AJ....133..313A |doi=10.1086/509765 |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> the galaxy shows strong evidence of non-gravitational outflow [[kinematics]] in its [O III] λ5007 emission feature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sexton |first1=Remington O. |last2=Matzko |first2=William |last3=Darden |first3=Nicholas |last4=Canalizo |first4=Gabriela |last5=Gorjian |first5=Varoujan |date=2021-01-01 |title=Bayesian AGN Decomposition Analysis for SDSS spectra: a correlation analysis of [O III] λ5007 outflow kinematics with AGN and host galaxy properties |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=500 |issue=3 |pages=2871–2895 |doi=10.1093/mnras/staa3278 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2010.09748 |bibcode=2021MNRAS.500.2871S |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> In addition, IC 4528 contains broad [[emission lines]] with [[Three-dimensional space|widths]] measuring Hβ [[Full width at half maximum|FWHM]] ≤ 2000 km s−1 and is a type-1 [[active galactic nucleus]] (AGN) hosted inside a lower-luminosity galaxy that is found having a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, with [[Barred spiral galaxy|barred]] morphology, and considered less disturbed. This suggests narrow-line Type 1 AGNs like in the case of IC 3528, experiences a more quiescent [[History of life|evolutionary history]] that is driven primarily by internal secular evolution rather than external dynamical [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Minjin |last2=Ho |first2=Luis C. |last3=Peng |first3=Chien Y. |last4=Barth |first4=Aaron J. |last5=Im |first5=Myungshin |date=2017-10-01 |title=Stellar Photometric Structures of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=232 |issue=2 |pages=21 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/aa8a75 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1710.02194 |bibcode=2017ApJS..232...21K |issn=0067-0049}}</ref>

=== Starburst activity === IC 3528 has an estimated [[star formation]] rate of ≳6 M☉ yr−1<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lutz |first1=D. |last2=Shimizu |first2=T. |last3=Davies |first3=R. I. |last4=Herrera-Camus |first4=R. |last5=Sturm |first5=E. |last6=Tacconi |first6=L. J. |last7=Veilleux |first7=S. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A...9L |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=609 |pages=A9 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731423 |arxiv=1709.00857 |bibcode=2018A&A...609A...9L |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> It is a dusty [[starburst galaxy]] exhibiting a strong [[Balmer series|Hδ]] line in absorption and modest [O II] emission, whom researchers found the galaxy is affected by [[Extinction (astronomy)|reddening]]. Based on star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosities with the estimates based on the [[Hydrogen-alpha|Hα]] line, they found the values obtained from these optical [[Spectral line|emission lines]] in IC 3528 are a factor of 10-70 (Hα) and 20-140 ([O II]) lower than the FIR estimates (50-300 Msolar yr−1).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poggianti |first1=Bianca M. |last2=Wu |first2=Hong |date=2000-01-01 |title=Optical Spectral Signatures of Dusty Starburst Galaxies |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...529..157P |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=529 |issue=1 |pages=157–169 |doi=10.1086/308243 |arxiv=astro-ph/9908180 |bibcode=2000ApJ...529..157P |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

=== Metallicity === IC 3528 has a low [[gas]] fraction and higher [[oxygen]] abundance, making a it gas-poor galaxy and [[Metallicity|metal-rich]], which demonstrates the idea that removal of gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed average [[metallicity]] by ~0.1 dex.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=T. M. |last2=Cortese |first2=L. |last3=Boselli |first3=A. |last4=Gavazzi |first4=G. |last5=Davies |first5=J. I. |date=2013-02-01 |title=The role of cold gas and environment on the stellar mass-metallicity relation of nearby galaxies |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...550A.115H |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=550 |pages=A115 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201218822 |arxiv=1207.4191 |bibcode=2013A&A...550A.115H |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>

== Supernova == SN 2001Z, a [[Type II supernova]] was discovered in IC 3528<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2001. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2001/index.html#2001Z |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hakobyan |first1=A. A. |last2=Adibekyan |first2=V. Zh. |last3=Aramyan |first3=L. S. |last4=Petrosian |first4=A. R. |last5=Gomes |first5=J. M. |last6=Mamon |first6=G. A. |last7=Kunth |first7=D. |last8=Turatto |first8=M. |date=2012-08-01 |title=Supernovae and their host galaxies. I. The SDSS DR8 database and statistics |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...544A..81H |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=544 |pages=A81 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201219541 |arxiv=1206.5016 |bibcode=2012A&A...544A..81H |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> by astronomers Modjaz and Li, whom they saw it on an unfiltered image taken with KAIT on Mar. 3.5 UT. The supernova was located at R.A. = {{RA|12|34|55.87}}, Decl. = {{Dec|+15|34|07.5}} (equinox 2000.0), which was located 0".5 west and 11".2 north of the nucleus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=W. D. |last2=Modjaz |first2=M. |last3=Schwartz |first3=M. |date=2001-03-01 |title=Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IAUC.7592....2L |journal=International Astronomical Union Circular |issue=7592 |pages=2 |bibcode=2001IAUC.7592....2L |issn=0081-0304}}</ref> SN 2001Z was also captured by other astronomers named Phillips, Martin and Valladares who obtained its spectrum on Mar. 5.37 UT with the [[Magellan Telescopes|Baade telescope]]. They found the spectrum has a weak, relatively narrow [[Hydrogen-alpha|H-alpha]] and [[H-beta]] emission lines on a strong, blue continuum and consistent with a type-II supernova caught at a very early epoch. The redshift of the [[Spectral line|emission lines]] is z = 0.045.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=M. |last2=Martin |first2=G. |last3=Valladares |first3=G. |date=2001-03-01 |title=Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IAUC.7593....4P |journal=International Astronomical Union Circular |issue=7593 |pages=4 |bibcode=2001IAUC.7593....4P |issn=0081-0304}}</ref>

== Black hole == Initially having an estimated range of {{val|e=5.1}} to {{val|e=10.3|u=solar mass}} with an [[Eddington luminosity|Eddington]] ratio varying from −3.3 to 1.3 in [[logarithmic scale]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=He-Yang |last2=Liu |first2=Wen-Juan |last3=Dong |first3=Xiao-Bo |last4=Zhou |first4=Hongyan |last5=Wang |first5=Tinggui |last6=Lu |first6=Honglin |last7=Yuan |first7=Weimin |date=2019-08-01 |title=A Comprehensive and Uniform Sample of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei from the SDSS DR7 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=243 |issue=2 |pages=21 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ab298b |doi-access=free |arxiv=1906.05597 |bibcode=2019ApJS..243...21L |issn=0067-0049}}</ref> IC 3528 has a low-mass [[black hole]] (BH) of BH masses MBH {{val|p=~|e=6}} to {{val|e=8|u=solar mass}}, powered by accretion matter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Viswanath |first1=Gayathri |last2=Stalin |first2=C. S. |last3=Rakshit |first3=Suvendu |last4=Kurian |first4=Kshama S. |last5=Ujjwal |first5=K. |last6=Gudennavar |first6=Shivappa B. |last7=Kartha |first7=Sreeja S. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Are Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Powered by Low-mass Black Holes? |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=881 |issue=1 |pages=L24 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab365e |doi-access=free |arxiv=1907.02683 |bibcode=2019ApJ...881L..24V |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> Similar to IC 750, the budge-mass and stellar mass is found to be {{val|7.3|2.7|e=8|u=solar mass}} and {{val|1.4|e=10|u=solar mass}} respectively, which the mass upper limit of the BH decreases by two orders of [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] below the MBH-σ* relation and roughly one order of magnitude below the MBH-MBulge and MBH-M* relations. This is found larger than the relations' intrinsic scatters of {{val|0.58|0.09|u=dex}}, 0.69 dex, and {{val|0.65|0.09|u=dex}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaw |first1=Ingyin |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Michael J. |last3=Katkov |first3=Ivan Yu. |last4=Gelfand |first4=Joseph D. |last5=Chen |first5=Yan-Ping |last6=Greenhill |first6=Lincoln J. |last7=Brisken |first7=Walter |last8=Noori |first8=Hind Al |date=2020-07-01 |title=An Accreting, Anomalously Low-mass Black Hole at the Center of Low-mass Galaxy IC 750 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=897 |issue=2 |pages=111 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab9944 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2006.01114 |bibcode=2020ApJ...897..111Z |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

== References == <references />

[[Category:IC objects|3528]] [[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|041882]] [[Category:Coma Berenices]] [[Category:Spiral galaxies]] [[Category:Seyfert galaxies]] [[Category:LEDA objects|041882]] [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1904]] [[Category:Discoveries by Royal Harwood Frost]]