{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the St John's wort family}}

{{Speciesbox | image = Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues (Plate 68) (9340619637).jpg | genus = Hypericum | parent = Hypericum sect. Heterophylla | species = heterophyllum | authority = Vent. }}

'''''Hypericum heterophyllum''''' is a flowering plant in the Hypericaceae family and is the only species in '''''Hypericum'' sect. ''Heterophylla'''''.

== Distribution and habitat == ''H. heterophyllum'' is endemic to Turkey, being found in the north-west and west-central regions of Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hypericum heterophyllum {{!}} Euro+Med-Plantbase|url=http://www.europlusmed.org/?q=cdm_dataportal/taxon/7bae972b-ac71-458a-8cc8-66247119ee24|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.europlusmed.org|language=en}}</ref> It is found in dry clearings of ''Pinus nigra'' forests and in garrigue among ''Cistus laurifolius'' at elevations of {{Convert|1200-1500|m|ft|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nomenclature {{!}} Hypericum online|url=http://hypericum.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/939/descriptions|access-date=2020-12-11|website=hypericum.myspecies.info}}</ref>

== Taxonomy == The specific epithet "''heterophyllum''" indicates the differing forms of the species' leaves on different parts of the stem.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nürk|first1=Nicolai M.|last2=Crockett|first2=Sara L.|date=2011|title=Morphological and Phytochemical Diversity among Hypericum Species of the Mediterranean Basin|journal=Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology|volume=5|issue=Special Issue 1|pages=14–28|issn=1752-3389|pmc=3364718|pmid=22662020}}</ref> The species is related to ''H.&nbsp;aegypticum'' but is systematically isolated within the genus. It lacks the specializations of sect. ''Adenotrias'', and has a chromosome number of 2n=18 as opposed to ''H.&nbsp;aegypticum''<nowiki/>'s 2n=20.<ref name=":1" />

== Description == ''H. heterophyllum'' is a shrublet that usually grows between {{Convert|0.1-0.2|m|in}} tall. It is many branched and forms a generally flattish-topped bush, with the lower branches having a more woody composition and being branched in a falsely dichotomous arrangement. The cortex of these woody branches is green, and the bark is smooth with a reddish brown or greyish brown color. All of the branches can range form eirect and straight to decumbent and twisted; they completely lack hairs and are without dark glands. The stems are 2-lined and have short internodes and small scaly leaves at first, but later they can become terete and have elongated internodes. Once the stems bear flowers, they become obscurely glandular and begin to wither, leaving the over-wintering base part bearing pairs of strobiliform condensed shoots.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=Norman|date=1996|title=Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 6. Sections 20. Myriandra to 28. Elodes|journal=Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. (London), Bot.|volume=26|pages=75–271}}</ref>

The leaves are free but sessile, and have different morphological characteristics based on where they are located on the plant. The leaves on the lower part of the plant are perennating, while the leaves on the upper part of the plant are deciduous. The perrenating scale-leaves are {{Convert|0.5-1.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} long; they are either shaped like broad ovals or disks in a manner resembling a hood. They can have short, sharply pointed tips or can lack pointed tips. All of the leaves elongate in the spring into a spathulate shape and the upper sides take on a dull grayish-green color. The foliage leaves measure {{Convert|5-15|mm|in|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|1-2|mm|in|abbr=on}} and can be elliptic-oblong and narrow or linear. They have a leathery texture and acute apexes, with a plane margin and wedge-shaped base.<ref name=":0" />

The inflorescence is 3–5 flowered, with cymules of flowers on the lower nodes of the stem, and the plant can have up to 13 flowers in total. The inflorescence is shaped into a rounded pyramid; its bracteoles are a triangular lance shape or linear; the pedicels are very short or absent altogether. The flowers themselves are {{Convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}}–{{Convert|12|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter with oval shaped buds which are subacute. The sepals are green and measure {{Convert|2-3.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|0.8-1.2|mm|in|abbr=on}}. They overlap each other and are unequal, with an oblong shape. There are typically five veins, with only the midrib prominent if any at all. The petals are bright yellow without any tinge of red. They number between 2.2 and 2.5 times as many as the sepals and are obtuse to rounded with a small point and linear laminar glands. The flowers have between 35 and 45 stamens which range from {{Convert|4.5-7|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length. The ovaries are {{Convert|1.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|0.7|mm|in|abbr=on}}, with a cylindrical oval shape and truncate end. Their styles are widely spreading and measure {{Convert|4|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and number approximately 2.4 times the number of ovaries. The seed capsule is shaped like a narrow cylinder, is longer than the sepals, and is surrounded by old petals. There are two seeds on each placenta which are not seen mature, and their testa have small pits along their surface.<ref name=":1" />

== Biochemistry == Most species in the genus ''Hypericum'' contain significant amounts of the substances Hypericin or Pseudohypericin, or both. Unusually, however, ''H.&nbsp;heterophyllum'' contains neither of the two substances.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayan|first1=Ali|last2=Çirak|first2=Cüneyt|date=2008|title=Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Contents in Some Hypericum. Species Growing in Turkey|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13880200701741211|journal=Pharmaceutical Biology|volume=46|issue=4|pages=288–291|doi=10.1080/13880200701741211|s2cid=86360988|via=Taylor Francis Online|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Antifungal properties === Under laboratory conditions, ''H.&nbsp;heterophyllum'' displays moderate antifungal properties against several species of fungus in the genera ''Fusarium'' and ''Rhizoctonia'' due to a combination of several of the components of its essential oil. However, the effects of the ''H.&nbsp;heterophyllum'' extract were not as potent as that of the commercial antifungal benomyl, so it is unlikely to have much practical use as an antifungal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cakir|first1=A.|last2=Kordali|first2=S.|last3=Zengin|first3=H.|last4=Izumi|first4=S.|last5=Hirata|first5=T.|date=2004|title=Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from Hypericum hyssopifolium and Hypericum heterophyllum|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=62–68|doi=10.1002/ffj.1279|issn=0882-5734|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

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heterophyllum Category:Taxa named by Étienne Pierre Ventenat