{{short description|Type of train}} {{Distinguish|text = [[Battery electric multiple unit]] / [[Electric locomotive#Battery locomotive|locomotive]] or [[Electro-diesel multiple unit]] / [[Electro-diesel locomotive|locomotive]] or [[Tram-train]]}}
A '''hybrid train''' is a [[locomotive]], [[railcar]] or [[train]] that uses an onboard [[Rechargeable battery|rechargeable energy storage system]] (RESS), placed between the power source (often a [[diesel engine]] [[Prime mover (locomotive)|prime mover]]) and the traction transmission system connected to the wheels. Since most diesel locomotives are diesel-electric, they have all the components of a series hybrid transmission except the storage battery, making this a relatively simple prospect.
Surplus energy from the power source, or energy derived from [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]], charges the storage system. During acceleration, stored energy is directed to the transmission system, boosting that available from the main power source. In existing designs, the storage system can be electric [[Electric vehicle battery|traction batteries]], or [[Flywheel energy storage|a flywheel]]. The energy source is [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[liquefied petroleum gas]], or [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]] (for [[fuel cell]]s) and transmission is [[Transmission (mechanics)|direct mechanical]], [[Diesel–electric transmission|electric]] or {{citation needed span|[[Hydraulic machinery|hydrostatic]].|date=February 2014|reason=A hydrokinetic transmission is more likely.}}
[[Diesel locomotive#Diesel-electric|Diesel electric locomotives]] may have most of what they need for regenerative braking since they might already use [[dynamic braking]]. This uses the traction motors as generators to convert much of the train's kinetic energy to electrical energy, but without a way to store the generated electricity it is simply converted to heat with large rooftop resistor banks and dumped to the atmosphere with the aid of cooling fans.
Using a storage system means that a non-fully electric train can use regenerative (as opposed to merely dynamic) braking, and even shut down the main power source whilst idling or stationary. Reducing energy consumption provides environmental benefits and economic savings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/development/tech/pdf_4/Tech-no.4-62-70.pdf |title=Technical Review NO.04(E |access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref> A smaller scale version of the concept is found in hybrid automobiles, such as the [[Chevrolet Volt]].
==Development== The Patton Motor Car, manufactured by [[Patton Motor Company]], was a gas-electric hybrid system, although the term ''hybrid'' was not yet in use. William H. Patton filed for a patent on February 25, 1889; the drawings on his patent application resemble later descriptions of his first prototype.<ref>W. H. Patton, Motor for Street Cars, {{US patent|409116}}, granted Aug. 13, 1889.</ref> Patton built a [[tram car]] that was in experimental service in [[Pullman, Illinois]] in 1891 and a small Patton [[locomotive]] was sold to a [[street railway]] company in [[Cedar Falls, Iowa]] in 1897. The latter used a 2-cylinder, 25 hp gasoline engine to drive a 220-volt generator that served to charge the 200-[[Ampere hour]] 100-cell [[lead acid battery]] in parallel with the traction motors. The engine ran at constant speed, with a shunt-wound generator that also served as an electric starter motor. A conventional [[series-parallel control]]ler was used for the two 35 hp [[traction motors]] that drove the wheels of the locomotive.<ref>The Patton Motor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QoZNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513 The Street Railway Journal], Vol. VII, No. 10 (October, 1891); pages 513-514. Includes Photo.</ref><ref>The Patton Motor Car, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X5RDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA114 The Railway World], Vol. VII, (April 7, 1898); pages 114-115. Includes photo and drawing.</ref><ref>The Patton Motor Car, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H0c_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA524 English Mechanic and World of Science], no. 1713 (Jan. 21, 1898); page 524.</ref>
The term ''mixed drive train'' came to be used at the turn of twentieth century. The [[Pieper]] system was applied to Belgian ([[Vicinal tramway]]) and French ([[Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de Grande Banlieue]]) railcars as early as 1911.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/gpage.cgi?p1=258&p3=4KY28.100%2F100%2F644%2F0%2F0 La Nature, 1921]</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?BSPI.138/259/100/899/0/0 Bulletin de la société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, 1924]</ref>
The Thomas system, manufactured by Thomas Transmission Ltd. of England, which is similar in design to the mechanical part of the [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]], was used in the [[United Kingdom]] and tested in [[New Zealand]] in a [[NZR RM class (railcar)|NZR RM class railcar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1915-07-28|title=THE MOTORING WORLD.|page=15|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19150728-1.2.90|access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>
===China=== In 2010, [[CRRC Ziyang]] (then [[CSR Corporation Limited|CSR]] Ziyang) developed CKD6E-5000, a small [[Switcher|shunting locomotive]] capable of 1,000 kW combined power based on their existing shunter design.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Yufa |last2=Peng |first2=Changfu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuanmin |last4=Liu |first4=Shunguo |last5=Ren |first5=Cong |title=CKD6E5000型混合动力交流传动内燃调车机车的研制 |journal=Railway Locomotive & Car |date=2011 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1-4 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1008-7842.2011.04.001 |trans-title=Development of the CKD6E5000 hybrid, AC transmission, internal combustion shunter locomotive |language=zh-cn}}</ref> It later received a contract from [[China Railway]] to develop a high-power, hybrid shunter; the effort produced [[HXN6]] in 2015, a shunter with an 1,860 kW traction power that was able to reduce fuel consumption by 25% to 40% and motor active hours by up to 91% compared to diesel shunters of a similar role already in service.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guofu |last2=Meng |first2=Yufa |last3=Ye |first3=Dingkang |last4=Liu |first4=Shunguo |last5=Guo |first5=Li |title=2000~2500kW 混合动力机车开发 |journal=Electric Drive for Locomotives |date=2017 |issue=6 |pages=23-27 |doi=10.13890/j.issn.1000-128x.2017.06.005 |url=https://edl.csrzic.com/rc-pub/front/front-article/download/20917839/lowqualitypdf/Development |trans-title=Development of 2 000~2 500 kW Hybrid Diesel Locomotive |language=zh-cn |format=PDF}}</ref> HXN6 received type certification and manufacturing license from the [[National Railway Administration]] in 2020, a first for Chinese hybrid locomotives<ref name=crrc_approval>{{cite press release |author= |date=2020-08-11 |title=HXN6内燃机车获“准生证” 我国铁路新添世界领先技术节能环保型内燃机车 |url=https://crrcgc.cc/crrcgc/2020-08/11/article_09024070C4A84AEFB453044352E4BDDA.html |publisher=[[CRRC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330032825/https://crrcgc.cc/crrcgc/2020-08/11/article_09024070C4A84AEFB453044352E4BDDA.html |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |trans-title=HXN6 internal combustion locomotives receives regulatory approval... |language=zh-cn }}</ref>.
In 2014, [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles|CRRC Changchun]] (then [[China CNR|CNR]] Changchun) produced the CJ5 series prototypes, [[multiple units]] that can be equipped with a mixture of catenary, battery, and/or diesel power.<ref name=CJ5_China_Daily>{{cite news |last1=Duan |first1=Xu |title=我国首列混合动力动车组进入整车试验阶段 |url=https://top.chinadaily.com.cn/2016-04/27/content_24903440.htm |work=[[China Daily]] |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122339/https://top.chinadaily.com.cn/2016-04/27/content_24903440.htm |archive-date=1 October 2017 |language=zh-cn |trans-title=China's first hybrid multiple unit enters test runs}}</ref> Only [[Battery electric multiple unit|catenary-battery]] and [[Electro-diesel multiple unit|catenary-diesel]] prototypes were built,<ref name=CJ5_China_Daily /> and no additional trainsets were produced since.
In 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=-40℃低温，试验成功！ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzUzODQzNzk1Mw==&mid=2247499025&idx=3&sn=019d5762e41d9c36f49b9a9e0d5a851f&chksm=fad50d3fcda28429c3d852bb4689104462f7bdc55d8114875c58f74078273c199ba4bfa38444&scene=27 |website=大连发布 |publisher=Dalian Municipal People's Government |access-date=1 April 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/JDsPv?wr=false |archive-date=1 April 2026 |language=zh-cn |date=11 January 2020 |quote=FXN3B... 于2018年6月下线，目前已顺利完成全部型式试验，正在进行运用考核工作。 |url-status=live |trans-title=-40℃ lows, successful test! |via=[[Wechat]]}}</ref> [[CRRC Dalian]] designed and manufactured [[FXN3B]], a "mild hybrid"<ref name=FXN3D_journal /> shunter with a 2,500 kW total engine power. CRRC Dalian continued the work and produced [[FXN3D]] in 2022, a shunter with similar visual and power profile as FXN3B but considered a "full hybrid"; the diesel motor is responsible for only about 50% of its total engine power (compared to FXN3B's 85%).<ref name=FXN3D_journal>{{cite journal |last1=Wen |first1=Jibin |last2=Zhao |first2=Gang |last3=Liu |first3=Zhanyu |last4=Du |first4=Fei |last5=Lyu |first5=Tingting |last6=Sun |first6=Zhiwei |title=3000马力混合动力（重混）调车机车电气系统设计 |journal=Electric Drive for Locomotives |date=May 2022 |issue=3 |pages=116-124 |doi=10.13890/j.issn.1000-128X.2022.03.015 |url=https://edl.csrzic.com/previewFile?id=63332094&type=pdf&lang=zh |trans-title=Electric system design for3000HP(full hybrid)shunting locomotive |language=zh-cn |format=PDF}}</ref> CRRC Ziyang is also involved in FXN3B's mass production,<ref>{{cite press release |title=CRRC Ziyang Locomotive Products Ascending into “Fuxing China Rejuvenation” Family |url=https://www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/2024-06/27/article_2024062719384670664.html |website=[[CRRC Ziyang]] Co., ltd. |access-date=1 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401073156/https://www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/2024-06/27/article_2024062719384670664.html |archive-date=1 April 2026 |date=3 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the first batch of mass-produced FXN3B's entered service in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=大连造节能环保复兴号在京投入使用 |url=https://www.ln.gov.cn/web/ywdt/jrln/tpxw/2024041714125471092/index.shtml |access-date=1 April 2026 |agency=[[Liaoning Daily]] |date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401072817/https://www.ln.gov.cn/web/ywdt/jrln/tpxw/2024041714125471092/index.shtml |archive-date=1 April 2026 |language=zh-cn |url-status=live |trans-title=Dalian-made energy-saving and environmentally friendly Fuxing locomotive enters service in beijing |via=[[Liaoning Provincial People's Government]]}}</ref>
===Czechoslovakia=== In 1986, [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] locomotive manufacturer [[ČKD]] built a prototype hybrid shunting locomotive termed the DA 600. The locomotive was powered a 190 kW diesel engine and four [[electric motor]]s, with a maximum overall power 360 kW powered from batteries. The batteries were recharged while the diesel engine was running, by regenerative braking or from external electric power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prototypy.cz/?rada=718 |title=rada 718 / series 718 |publisher=Prototypy.cz |access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref>
After tests on the [[Railway test circuit Velim]] and some minor tweaks, the locomotive was lent to the Olomouc train depot and successfully operated there for ten years. Czechoslovak [[socialist economics]] failed to start mass production, mainly because of a lack of proper battery manufacturing capacities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zelpage.cz/zpravy/5014 |title=V Japonsku se bude jezdit hybridním vlakem - ŽelPage [www.zelpage.cz] |publisher=Zelpage.cz |access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref>
===Japan=== In May 2003, [[JR East]] started test runs using a [[NE Train|KiYa E991 "NE Train" ("New Energy Train")]] railcar, testing the system performance in cold regions.
The design had two 65-kilowatt fuel cells and six [[hydrogen]] tanks under the floor, with a [[lithium-ion battery]] on the roof. The test train was capable of 100 kilometres per hour (60 mph) with a range of {{convert|50 – 100|km|mi}} between hydrogen refills. Research was underway into the use of [[regenerative braking]] to recharge the test train's batteries, intending to increase the range further. JR had stated that it hoped to introduce the train into scheduled local service during the summer of 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinktentacle.com/2006/10/jr-tests-fuel-cell-hybrid-train/|title=JR tests fuel cell hybrid train |publisher=Pink Tentacle |date=2006-10-19 |access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref> Technology tested on this train was incorporated in the [[KiHa E200]] diesel/battery railcars entering service in 2007.
The first [[JR Freight Class HD300]] shunting locomotive was delivered from [[Toshiba]] on 30 March 2010.<ref name="dj312">{{cite magazine| title = 甲種鉄道車両輸送計画表 |trans-title=New rolling stock delivery schedule|magazine=Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine | volume = 39| issue = 312| page =124| publisher = Kōtsū Shimbun | location = Japan |date=April 2010}}</ref> The new locomotive uses [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium ion batteries]], and is designed to reduce exhaust emissions by at least 30% to 40% and noise levels by at least 10 dB compared with existing [[JNR Class DE10|Class DE10]] diesel locomotives.<ref name="jrf20100210">JR Freight press release: [http://www.jrfreight.co.jp/common/pdf/news/201002-02.pdf "新型入換専用機関車(試作)の形式名とデザインについて" (Class name and design of new shunting locomotive prototype) (10 February 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215082637/http://www.jrfreight.co.jp/common/pdf/news/201002-02.pdf |date=2010-02-15 }}. Retrieved 10 February 2010. {{in lang|ja}}</ref><ref name="sankei20100325">{{Cite news|script-title=ja:国内初のＨＶ機関車 ＪＲ貨物が試作車を報道陣に公開 |trans-title=JR Freight unveils prototype of Japan's first hybrid locomotive to media |newspaper=The Sankei Shimbun |location=Japan |language=ja |date=25 March 2010 |url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/business/100325/biz1003252122053-n1.htm |access-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329020833/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/business/100325/biz1003252122053-n1.htm |archive-date=March 29, 2010 }}</ref>
====Multiple units==== * [[NE Train]], experimental railcar * [[KiHa E200]], single-car units introduced in 2007 * * [[HB-E300 series]], introduced in 2010 * [[HB-E210 series]], introduced in 2015 * [[YC1 series]], introduced in 2018 * [[HC85 series]], introduced in 2022
====Locomotives==== * [[JR Freight Class HD300]], delivered in 2010, entering service from 2012
{{gallery |JR East E995-1 omiya 20111015.jpg|The experimental "NE Train" |JRF-HD300-901-00.jpg|Hybrid Class HD300 locomotive |JRE-Kiha-E200-1-Yachiho-2.jpg|A pair of KiHa E200 hybrid diesel railcars |HB-E210 C-2 Rikuzen-Sanno 20150128 (1).jpg|An HB-E210 series hybrid DMU |JR-East-HB-E300-Resort-Asunaro.jpg|An HB-E300 series hybrid DMU }}
===Russia=== [[Sinara transport machines]] is developing the TEM9H, a hybrid version of its TEM9 series diesel [[Switcher|shunting locomotives]], at its [[Lyudinovsky Locomotive Plant]]. This is a 1,200 horsepower, four-axle, locomotive with [[lithium-ion batteries]], [[Electric double-layer capacitor|supercondensers]] and [[Alternating current|AC]] motors. It is planned to be in production early in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://railwayobserver.com/index.php/technology/rolling-stock/828-russias-first-hybrid-locomotive-prototype-will-be-ready-before-2012 |title=Russia's First Hybrid Locomotive Prototype Will Be Ready Before 2012 |publisher=Railwayobserver.com |date=2011-10-28 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118032732/http://railwayobserver.com/index.php/technology/rolling-stock/828-russias-first-hybrid-locomotive-prototype-will-be-ready-before-2012 |archive-date=2016-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===United Kingdom=== A Sunday-service operated on the [[Stourbridge Town Branch Line]] for a period of two years, using a [[flywheel]]-based energy storage system built by [[Parry People Movers]]. In 2008, a pair of [[British Rail Class 139]] railcars were ordered to provide full service on the branch line from 2009 onwards.
During 2007, a modified [[British Rail Class 43 (HST)|Class 43 power car]] ran on the [[Great Central Railway (Nottingham)|Great Central Railway]] and then as part of the Network Rail [[New Measurement Train]] (a 200-kilometre per hour track-recording train). The [[Hitachi]] developed system used a battery-assisted diesel-electric drive system; the hope being that it would demonstrate a cut in emissions by up to 50 percent and a reduction in fuel consumption costs of 20 percent.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/oct/16/travelsenvironmentalimpact.business | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=The next train will be eco-friendly | first=Mark | last=Milner | date=2006-10-16 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> The modified locomotive, named ''Hayabusa'', was semi-permanently attached to a converted passenger carriage containing the battery bank during the testing period.
Since 2015, [[Vivarail]] has converted some former [[London Underground D78 Stock]] for rural services, branding them as [[Vivarail D-Train|D-Train]]. Some of these converted [[British Rail Class 230|Class 230]] units employ hybrid diesel-electric series propulsion.
In 2022, Chiltern introduced to revenue service a [[British Rail Class 168|Class 168]] whose diesel hydraulic transmission had been retrofitted with a diesel hybrid drive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiltern Railways puts Britain's first hybrid-powered train to the test {{!}} Chiltern Railways |url=https://www.chilternrailways.co.uk/news/chiltern-tests-britains-first-hybrid-powered-train |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.chilternrailways.co.uk}}</ref>
===North America=== ====Railpower==== [[File:RailPower Green Goat.jpg|thumb|right|A ''Green Goat'' hybrid shunting locomotive]] In 2004, [[Railpower Technologies]], a Canadian company, began running pilots in the United States with the ''[[Railpower GG20B|Green Goat]]'' shunting locomotives. The trials led to orders by the [[Union Pacific]] and [[Canadian Pacific]] Railways, starting in early 2005. These diesel-electric hybrid trains are expected to cut emissions by up to 90 percent and to decrease fuel consumption by up to sixty percent, when compared to conventional diesel-powered locomotives. The "Green Goat" locomotives were intended to be used in marshalling yards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/news/planet/0,2782,66998,00.htm }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/English/Media/News/General/2005/Hybrid+locomotives.htm Canadian Pacific Railway to acquire first hybrid locomotives<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115150301/http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/English/Media/News/General/2005/Hybrid%20locomotives.htm |date=January 15, 2007 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050418004732/http://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/railroad/2005/0406_hybrid.shtml UP: Union Pacific Bases First Hybrid Locomotive in California]</ref>
====General Electric==== [[General Electric]] (GE) put their hybrid locomotive<ref>[http://ge.ecomagination.com/site/index.html#hybr GE Ecomagination] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825001334/http://ge.ecomagination.com/site/index.html#hybr |date=August 25, 2007 }}</ref> on display at [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles Union Station]] on May 24, 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ge-unveils-hybrid-locomotive.html|title=GE unveils hybrid locomotive|last=UK|first=DVV Media|website=Railway Gazette|access-date=2016-03-22|archive-date=2018-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627081933/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ge-unveils-hybrid-locomotive.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The locomotive used [[regenerative braking]] and a bank of high-capacity [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] that GE was constructing to achieve its [[Fuel saving devices|fuel savings]] and to achieve higher [[emissions standard]]s than previous ordinary diesel locomotives. It was expected to join GE's current line of [[GE Evolution Series|Evolution Series]] locomotives<ref>[http://www.bnsf.com/employees/communications/bnsf_today/2007/05/2007-05-31-c.html GE Unveils First Hybrid Road Locomotive] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181731/http://www.bnsf.com/employees/communications/bnsf_today/2007/05/2007-05-31-c.html |date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref> {{as of|2007|5|lc=on}}.
====Savannah, Georgia==== The city of [[Savannah, Georgia]] tested the operation of a [[W class Melbourne tram]] in service as a [[biodiesel]] fuelled hybrid with on board battery storage in late 2008. Regular service along the [[River Street Streetcar]] started on February 11, 2009.<ref name="city_of_savannah">{{cite web |date = February 11, 2009 |url = http://www.savannahga.gov/cityweb/SavannahGaGOV.nsf/c1b32e1ebcdcc5ff8525729f00645b1f/2dc3cf43a05d40208525755a0050916c?OpenDocument |title = River Street Streetcar begins passenger service today |publisher = City of [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] News |access-date = 2009-06-25 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152411/http://www.savannahga.gov/cityweb/SavannahGaGOV.nsf/c1b32e1ebcdcc5ff8525729f00645b1f/2dc3cf43a05d40208525755a0050916c?OpenDocument |archive-date = September 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="savannah_dot">{{cite web|url=http://www.connectonthedot.com/|title=DOT Savannah|access-date=2009-06-25}}</ref>
===Greece===
Hitachi Hybrid trains began construction in July 2019. They will be available throughout Greece from 2022.
=== France === Between 2021 and 2022, the French regions of [[Centre-Val de Loire]], [[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitanie]], [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine|Nouvelle Aquitaine]] and [[Grand Est]] in partnership with [[SNCF]] and [[Alstom]], will start test runs using an hybrid [[Régiolis|Regiolis]] railcar (Diesel/Battery), before starting regular service on 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=Bientôt des essais prévus de trains à hydrogène sur la ligne Tours - Loches|url=https://www.railpassion.fr/reseaux-francais/bientot-des-essais-prevus-de-trains-a-hydrogene-sur-la-ligne-tours-loches/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Rail Passion|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-08|title=Régiolis hybride : premiers essais l'année prochaine - transportrail - Le webmagazine des idées ferroviaires|url=http://transportrail.canalblog.com/archives/2020/12/08/38693668.html|access-date=2021-05-03|newspaper=Transportrail - le Webmagazine des Idées Ferroviaires|language=fr |author1=Ortferroviaire }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Des TER hybrides bientôt dans vos gares|url=https://www.sncf.com/fr/innovation-developpement/innovation-recherche/ter-hybrides-bientot-dans-vos-gares|access-date=2021-05-03|website=SNCF|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-12|title=Le premier TER hybride diesel/électrique/batterie expérimenté début 2021|url=https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/le-premier-ter-hybride-dieselelectriquebatterie-experimente-debut-2021|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Banque des Territoires|language=fr}}</ref>
=== Brazil === [[Progress Rail]] delivered two hybrid EMD GT38H locomotives to Brazil around October of 2023, making them the first two in Brazilian revenue freight service.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vantuono |first1=William C. |title=GT38H Testing Under Way in Brazil |url=https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/locomotives/gt38h-testing-under-way-in-brazil/ |website=[[Railway Age]] |access-date=18 April 2026 |date=6 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vantuono |first1=William |title=Progress Rail delivers battery hybrid locomotives to Brazil |url=https://www.railjournal.com/locomotives/progress-rail-delivers-battery-hybrid-locomotives-to-brazil/ |website=International Railway Journal |access-date=18 April 2026 |date=17 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Horpeniakova |first1=Marketa |title=Brazil's first hybrid freight locomotives |url=https://railmarket.com/news/rolling-stock/8152-new-cogwheel-trains-for-iconic-swiss-route?region=af |website=RAILMARKET.com |access-date=18 April 2026 |language=en |date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
==See also== {{colbegin}} * [[Steam diesel hybrid locomotive]] (combined steam and diesel locomotive) * [[Electro-diesel locomotive]] or Dual-mode locomotive (powered by external electric supply or on-board diesel engine) * [[Hybrid vehicle]] * [[Hybrid vehicle drivetrain]] * [[List of hybrid vehicles]] * [[Railpower Technologies]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Brookville Liberty Modern Streetcar]] {{colend}}
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Alternative propulsion}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hybrid Train}} [[Category:Hybrid locomotives|*]]