{{short description|Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2014}} {{about|the 2014 hurricane|other tropical cyclones of the same name|List of storms named Cristobal}} {{good article}} {{Infobox weather event | name = Hurricane Cristobal | image = Cristobal Aug 28 2014 1530Z.jpg | caption = Cristobal near peak intensity off the U.S. East Coast on August 28 | formed = August 23, 2014 | extratropical = August 29, 2014 | dissipated = September 2, 2014 }}{{Infobox weather event/NWS | winds = 75 | pressure = 965 }}{{Infobox weather event/Effects | year = 2014 | fatalities = 7 | damage-suffix = Unknown | areas = Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Iceland | refs = }}{{Infobox weather event/Footer | season = 2014 Atlantic hurricane season }}
'''Hurricane Cristobal''' was a moderately strong Atlantic tropical cyclone that affected multiple landmasses from Puerto Rico to Iceland in late August and early September 2014. Slow to develop and inhibited by unfavorable wind shear for most of its duration, the storm formed on August 23 near the Caicos Islands from a long-tracked tropical wave. Moving generally northward, Cristobal gradually intensified despite a ragged appearance on satellite imagery, and passed midway between Bermuda and North Carolina on August 27. The next day, while accelerating northeast, Cristobal achieved its peak strength as a Category 1 hurricane. A colder environment transitioned Cristobal into an extratropical cyclone on August 29, but it retained much of its strength as it sped across the northern Atlantic and struck Iceland on September 1.
Before its classification as a tropical cyclone, the disturbance that would become Cristobal dropped heavy rain over Puerto Rico, locally reaching {{convert|13.21|in|mm|abbr=on}}. Widespread flooding and scattered landslides affected the territory, with 19 large rivers exceeding minor flood stage. The system went on to douse the island of Hispaniola with torrential rain, leading to at least four drowning deaths in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Floodwaters damaged or destroyed over 800 houses and temporarily isolated 23 communities in the Dominican Republic, while about 640 families were displaced in Haiti. Another person was killed by floodwaters in the Turks and Caicos. The hurricane generated strong surf and dangerous rip currents along the U.S. East Coast, killing two swimmers in Maryland and New Jersey and leading to many lifeguard rescues. Later, the extratropical remnants of Cristobal buffeted Iceland with heavy rain and gusty winds, causing flooding around the capital city of Reykjavík.
==Meteorological history== {{storm path|Cristobal 2014 path.png|colors=new}} Hurricane Cristobal originated from a westward-tracking tropical wave which emerged from the western coast of Africa on August 14, accompanied for several days by an expanse of clouds. Some cyclonic turning was evident as the disturbance approached the Leeward Islands by August 21, but a Hurricane Hunters flight tasked with investigating the system did not reveal a strong circulation at the surface. The system failed to consolidate as it traversed Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, but on August 23, further reconnaissance data confirmed the formation of a tropical depression just south of the Caicos Islands. The nascent cyclone slowly moved north-northwestward toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge. Moderate wind shear in the area kept convection over the depression disorganized and outflow limited, and the storm only gradually intensified.<ref name="tcr">{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch|title=Hurricane Cristobal Tropical Cyclone Report|date=February 11, 2015|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL042014_Cristobal}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack L. Beven II|title=Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 2|date=August 23, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristobal at 06:00 UTC on August 24, while located just north of Mayaguana in the Bahamas,<ref name="tcr"/> but its structure was vertically tilted and suboptimally broad.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stacy R. Stewart|title=Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 4|date=August 24, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Stacy R. Stewart|title=Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 5|date=August 24, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref>
Weak steering currents kept Cristobal's forward motion slow and erratic,<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 6|date=August 24, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> and the storm remained heavily affected by shear, with most deep convection displaced from the center.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel P. Brown|title=Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 7|date=August 25, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.007.shtml?}}</ref> On August 25, the system turned toward the north-northeast in response to a mid-level trough to the north.<ref name="tcr"/> Despite a ragged cloud pattern characterized by an exposed low-level center and a distinct lack of banding features, Cristobal intensified into a Category 1 hurricane at 00:00 UTC on August 26, as indicated by aircraft observations.<ref name="tcr"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 10|date=August 25, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.010.shtml?}}</ref> The newly upgraded hurricane headed along a general northward path, and for the next couple days, pockets of dry air kept prevented further intensification.<ref name="tcr"/> Convection fluctuated in intensity and coverage, and early on August 27 the National Hurricane Center remarked that "the satellite presentation resembles a subtropical cyclone".<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael J. Brennan|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 13|date=August 26, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.013.shtml?|access-date=May 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 15|date=August 27, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that same day, the hurricane showed signs of increased development while located midway between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch|title=Hurricane Cristobal Public Advisory Number 18|date=August 27, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.public.018.shtml?}}</ref><ref name="disc18">{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 18|date=August 27, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> In particular, its cloud pattern became much more symmetric, and some cloud tops cooled to –70 °C (–95 °F).<ref name="disc18"/> Around the same time, Cristobal accelerated toward the northeast as it became embedded within the mid-latitude westerlies ahead of an advancing shortwave trough.<ref name="tcr"/>
An area of relatively warm cloud tops at the center of a central dense overcast gave way to an eye feature evident on visible satellite imagery on August 28.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel P. Brown|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 20|date=August 28, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.020.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel P. Brown|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 21|date=August 28, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.021.shtml?}}</ref> Rapidly gaining latitude, Cristobal reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h), roughly {{convert|490|mi|km|abbr=on}} due south of Halifax, Nova Scotia.<ref name="tcr"/> Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began to degrade as it moved over significantly colder waters and began to encounter further dry air, signalling the beginning of its transition to an extratropical cyclone.<ref name="disc23">{{cite web|author=Eric S. Blake|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 23|date=August 29, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref> Cristobal's circulation soon began to interact with a frontal boundary, and deep convection became distanced well to the north of the center.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel P. Brown|title=Hurricane Cristobal Discussion Number 24|date=August 29, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/al04/al042014.discus.024.shtml?}}</ref> Consequently, the hurricane lost its tropical identity by 12:00 UTC on August 29, just north of 44°N.<ref name="tcr"/> Baroclinic processes preserved much of the extratropical cyclone's intensity,<ref name="disc23"/> allowing it to maintain hurricane-force winds until August 30. Speeding generally northeastward, the storm slowly weakened over the northern Atlantic, making landfall on Iceland on September 1. Cristobal merged with another storm system north of the country by the next day.<ref name="tcr"/>
==Impact==
===Antilles=== [[File:96L Aug 22 2014 1745Z EVL.png|right|thumb|300px|Satellite image of the pre-Cristobal disturbance over Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on August 22]] As Cristobal's parent wave moved over Puerto Rico, it engaged with an abnormally moist air mass to produce torrential rain totaling more than {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nws">{{cite web|author=Gary S. Votaw|date=|title=Flooding and Tropical Wave – August 21-24, 2014|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/sju/events/2014/August21-24_2014.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053307/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/sju/events/2014/August21-24_2014.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=May 21, 2015|website=|publisher=National Weather Service San Juan, Puerto Rico}}</ref> The highest rainfall totals were enhanced by orographic lift over mountainous terrain. A rain gauge near Tibes recorded a peak total of {{convert|13.21|in|mm|abbr=on}}, the majority of which fell on August 24. Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport near San Juan reported {{convert|5.52|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation. In total, 19 rivers reached minor flood stage and five reached moderate flood stage;<ref name="nws"/> some of them inundated adjacent roadways and urban areas.<ref name="sd">{{cite journal |pages=388–389 |author=National Climatic Data Center |title=August 2014 Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena |date=August 2014 |volume=56 |number=8 |journal=Storm Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=May 21, 2015 |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-7A3F9805-30CD-4CCF-9E02-9DF2B051688C.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YhNFgRdM?url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-7A3F9805-30CD-4CCF-9E02-9DF2B051688C.pdf |archive-date=May 21, 2015 }}</ref> The heavy rainfall triggered multiple landslides, at least one of which forced a family to evacuate.<ref name="slide"/> The floods cut electricity to nearly 17,000 customers and left 7,000 without clean drinking water after putting some 18 filtration plants out of service.<ref name="slide">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=August 24, 2014|title=Mejoran las condiciones del tiempo|language=Spanish|newspaper=El Nuevo Día|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/mejoranlascondicionesdeltiempo-1840139/|url-status=live|access-date=May 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907053553/https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/mejoran-las-condiciones-del-tiempo-2/|archive-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref> In some cases, however, the rain proved beneficial, refilling reservoirs after an abnormally dry summer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alerta de inundaciones en Puerto Rico por el paso de una onda tropical|date=August 22, 2014|newspaper=El Nacional|access-date=May 21, 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://elnacional.com.do/alerta-de-inundaciones-en-puerto-rico-por-el-paso-de-una-onda-tropical/}}</ref> Only the northwestern corner of Puerto Rico escaped hydrological issues. Gusty winds caused minor damage to trees and tree branches in the territory. Moderate to heavy rainfall also affected the U.S. Virgin Islands, amounting to {{convert|5.27|in|mm|abbr=on}} on Saint Thomas and {{convert|2.22|in|mm|abbr=on}} on Saint Croix.<ref name="nws"/>
The island of Hispaniola also received damaging rainfall from the slow-moving storm.<ref name="tcr"/> La Romana, Dominican Republic, recorded {{convert|5.04|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain in 24 hours on August 23 and 24, the result being destructive flooding.<ref name="echo">{{cite web|author=European Commission Humanitarian Aid department|title=Bahamas - Tropical Cyclone CRISTOBAL (ECHO Daily Flash 22 August)|date=August 22, 2014|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bahamas/bahamas-tropical-cyclone-cristobal-echo-daily-flash-22-august}}</ref> The floods isolated 23 towns from the outside world and damaged or destroyed more than 800 dwellings, especially in eastern and northeastern parts of the nation. Just over 4,100 individuals were forced to evacuate their homes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse|date=August 24, 2014|publisher=ReliefWeb|title=One missing, 4,000 displaced by storm in Dominican Republic|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominican-republic/one-missing-4000-displaced-storm-dominican-republic}}</ref> In Santo Domingo Province, three people required rescue from their car after trying to cross the swollen Isabela River.<ref>{{cite news|author=EFE|title=At least 3,603 displaced by flooding in D.R.|date=August 24, 2014|newspaper=Fox News Latino|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/24/at-least-3603-displaced-by-flooding-in-dr/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082526/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/24/at-least-3603-displaced-by-flooding-in-dr/|archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> Two people were killed in the Dominican Republic,<ref name="tcr"/> one of them after attempting to drive across a flooded river in the Hato Mayor Province.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Trayectoria de la tormenta Cristóbal por el Caribe, hoy 25 de agosto de 2014|date=August 25, 2014|newspaper=starMedia|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://noticias.starmedia.com/desastres-naturales/trayectoria-tormenta-cristobal-por-caribe-hoy-25-agosto-2014.html|language=Spanish|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075604/http://noticias.starmedia.com/desastres-naturales/trayectoria-tormenta-cristobal-por-caribe-hoy-25-agosto-2014.html|archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> In neighboring Haiti, flooding totally destroyed four homes and heavily damaged 28 others, with a total of about 640 families left temporarily homeless.<ref name="latino">{{cite news|title=Cristobal Strengthens Into A Hurricane, Kills Four People In Haiti And Dominican Republic|date=August 26, 2014|newspaper=Fox News Latino|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/26/cristobal-strengthens-into-hurricane-after-wrecking-havoc-on-dominican-republic/}}</ref> At least two people in the country were swept away by rushing waters,<ref name="echo"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Cristóbal se fortalece en el Caribe; se convertiría en huracán|date=August 25, 2014|newspaper=El Economista|access-date=May 21, 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://eleconomista.com.mx/internacional/2014/08/25/cristobal-se-fortalece-caribe-se-convertiria-huracan}}</ref> and many others sustained injuries.<ref name="carib">{{cite news|title=Caribbean Begins Recovery Efforts After Tropical Storm Cristobal|date=August 26, 2014|newspaper=The Caribbean Journal|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://caribjournal.com/2014/08/26/caribbean-begins-recovery-efforts-after-tropical-storm-cristobal/}}</ref>
Shortly after the storm's genesis, tropical storm warnings were issued for the central and southeastern Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The advisories were discontinued by August 25. Heavy rain fell over the region, reaching {{convert|10.9|in|mm|abbr=on}} on the island of Providenciales, where one person drowned in the ensuing floods.<ref name="tcr"/> Floodwaters on North Caicos ran {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep, blocking access to some communities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Cristobal a threat to East Coast from afar|date=August 27, 2014|newspaper=CBS News|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-cristobal-a-threat-to-east-coast-from-afar/}}</ref> Governor Peter Beckingham reported "extensive damage to peoples' property and possessions" throughout the overseas territory.<ref name="carib"/>
===Elsewhere=== A tropical storm watch was issued for Bermuda on August 25, and ultimately discontinued about three days later.<ref name="tcr"/> Two cruise ships left Bermuda early to avoid the storm, and another two postponed their scheduled stops there.<ref>{{cite news|title=St George's ferry service to be suspended from tomorrow|date=August 25, 2014|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20140825/NEWS/140829828}}</ref><ref name="cruise">{{cite news|title=Hurricane Cristobal gaining {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|stength}}, will pass by Island today|date=August 28, 2014|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20140828/NEWS/140829752|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903193755/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20140828/NEWS/140829752|archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The threat of the storm, combined with a lack of passengers due to cruise ship diversions, resulted in the suspension of ferry service.<ref name="cruise"/> Cristobal ultimately passed well to the northwest of the island, producing breezy conditions and heightened surf.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cristobal's winds stayed below hurricane force|date=August 29, 2014|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20140829/WEATHER/140829684}}</ref>
The offshore hurricane lashed the East Coast of the United States with high swells and rip currents, prompting widespread swimming restrictions and bans.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Holly Henry |author2=Gabriella Deluca |author3=Marissa Jasek |title=Strong rip currents, red flags at the Virginia Beach Oceanfront and Outer Banks|date=August 26, 2014|newspaper=WTKR 3|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://wtkr.com/2014/08/26/strong-rip-currents-at-the-virginia-beach-oceanfront-red-flags-up/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Long Island swim ban lifted in time for holiday weekend|date=August 29, 2014|newspaper=WABC 7|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://7online.com/weather/long-island-swim-ban-lifted-in-time-for-holiday-weekend/284829/}}</ref> A teenaged male Virginia resident died in a drowning incident at Ocean City, Maryland, less than an hour after lifeguards went off-duty.<ref name="oc"/> In a 24-hour period, the Ocean City Beach Patrol rescued about 120 people caught in rip currents.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=18-year-old Manassas man, Jose Maudiel Hernandez, drowns after getting caught in a rip current in Ocean City|date=August 27, 2014|newspaper=ABC 7 News|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/08/18-year-old-man-drowns-after-getting-caught-in-a-rip-current-in-ocean-city-106505.html}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Just off the coast, the rough seas capsized a {{convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}} boat, forcing the Coast Guard to rescue its three occupants.<ref name="oc">{{cite news|author=Scott Dance|date=August 28, 2014|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=May 21, 2015|title=Swimming restrictions in place in Ocean City as Cristobal stirs up seas, drowning Va. teen|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2014/08/28/swimming-restrictions-in-place-in-ocean-city-as-cristobal-stirs-up-seas-drowning-va-teen/|archive-date=July 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714143131/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-28/travel/bs-md-ocean-city-drowning-20140827_1_ocean-city-beach-patrol-high-waves-first-summer|url-status=live}}</ref> Another young male drowned at Sandy Hook, New Jersey; a wave reportedly knocked him down in shallow water before a rip current pulled the inexperienced swimmer farther out.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sergio Bichao|title=Teen drowns in NJ shore rip current|date=August 28, 2014|newspaper=The Delaware News Journal|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/08/28/teen-drowns-nj-shore-rip-current/14728803/}}</ref> Dangerous swimming conditions extended north to New England beaches,<ref>{{cite news|author=Angie Angers|title=Rip currents force lifeguards to make numerous rescues|date=August 28, 2014|newspaper=WPRI 12|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=http://wpri.com/2014/08/28/high-surf-dangerous-rip-currents-expected-at-local-beaches/|archive-date=August 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816175717/http://wpri.com/2014/08/28/high-surf-dangerous-rip-currents-expected-at-local-beaches/|url-status=dead}}</ref> leading to numerous lifeguard rescues.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Lifeguards rescue swimmers from rip currents|date=August 29, 2014|newspaper=The Boston Globe|access-date=May 21, 2015|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/08/28/lifeguards-rescue-swimmers-from-rip-currents/SmGSn8DtK8b9Xp1XZaQVuN/story.html#}}</ref>
In southern Iceland, the extratropical remnants of Cristobal produced gusty winds and heavy rainfall, leading to extensive flooding in the capital city of Reykjavík. The fire department there responded to 37 calls for flooded buildings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ísland í auga stormsins|date=September 1, 2014|publisher=Vísir.is|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.visir.is/island-i-auga-stormsins/article/2014140909969|language=Icelandic}}</ref> Reykjavík Airport and Keflavík International Airport recorded wind gusts to {{convert|58|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and {{convert|62|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather History for BIRK|publisher=Weather Underground|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/BIRK/2014/8/31/DailyHistory.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Weather History for BIKF|publisher=Weather Underground|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/BIKF/2014/8/31/DailyHistory.html}}</ref> The adverse conditions impeded aerial surveillance of the ongoing volcanic eruptions at Bárðarbunga.<ref>{{cite web|title=At Iceland volcano, a white plume rises from the lava fountains|date=September 2, 2014|publisher=EarthSky|access-date=May 20, 2015|url=http://earthsky.org/earth/earthquake-eruption-potential-at-iceland-baroarbunga-volcano}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} *Lists of Atlantic hurricanes *List of Bermuda hurricanes *Timeline of the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season
==References== {{reflist|2}}
==External links== {{commons category|Hurricane Cristobal (2014)}} *[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2014/CRISTOBAL.shtml? Hurricane Cristobal advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddn-XHXjY7Y "Surf: Hurricane Cristobal, New York"] on YouTube (with audio) *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHWeHuFT6Q4 "Surfing Hurricane Cristobal | Atlantic City NJ"] on YouTube (with audio)
{{2014 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cristobal (2014), Hurricane}} Category:2014 Atlantic hurricane season Category:Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes Category:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico Category:Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic Category:Hurricanes in Haiti Category:Hurricanes in Maryland Category:Hurricanes in New Jersey Cristobal