{{Short description|Mythological character of the Dusun people of Malaysia}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} [[File:Tambunan Sabah Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-04.jpg|thumb|right|A paddy field in Tambunan District of the Interior Division; the legend of Huminodun forms the basis of rice planting rituals as well as the belief in the paddy spirit Bambarayon among the indigenous Kadazan-Dusun of Sabah{{sfn|Kok On|2012|p=75}}{{sfn|Wilson|Osman|2024|p=51}}{{sfn|Gimbad|2020|pp=12 & 70}}]] '''Huminodun''' is a character in the Nunuk Ragang legend of the Kadazan-Dusun. According to the legend, Huminodun was a maiden sacrificed to feed her famine-stricken people, and her sacrifice became the origin of the Kaamatan harvest festival and the beauty pageant of Unduk Ngadau, celebrated annually in the month of May by the Kadazan-Dusun community in the state of Sabah and the federal territory of Labuan in Malaysia.{{#tag:ref|The legend of ''Huminodun'' is the root of the annual harvest festival of Kaamatan and the Unduk Ngadau beauty pageant celebrated annually in the month of May by the Kadazan-Dusun community.<ref name="background of Kaamatan">{{cite web|url=https://sabahtourism.com/article/kaamatan-a-celebration-of-culture/|title=Kaamatan, A Celebration of Culture|work=Sabah Tourism|access-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424023930/https://sabahtourism.com/article/kaamatan-a-celebration-of-culture/|archive-date=24 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="beautypageantundukngadau">{{cite web|url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/living/2022/06/01/unduk-ngadau-the-beauty-pageant-of-the-sabahans/|title=Unduk Ngadau, The Beauty Pageant Of The Sabahans|last=Ismail|first=Melissa Suraya|work=The Rakyat Post|date=1 June 2022|access-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601113812/https://www.therakyatpost.com/living/2022/06/01/unduk-ngadau-the-beauty-pageant-of-the-sabahans/|archive-date=1 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaamatan and Unduk Ngadau">{{cite web|url=https://explore.airasia.com/assets/bltfe9bb4bc30727dd1/what-is-kaamatan-and-why-is-it-celebrated|title=What Is Kaamatan and Why Is It Celebrated?|last=Hong Chieh|first=Yow|work=Explore AirAsia|date=30 May 2024|access-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424062844/https://explore.airasia.com/assets/bltfe9bb4bc30727dd1/what-is-kaamatan-and-why-is-it-celebrated|archive-date=24 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bambarayon">{{cite web|url=https://www.borneoecotours.com/v1/blog/kaamatan-how-its-celebrated-today-and-why-its-a-highlight/|title=Kaamatan: How it's celebrated today and why it's a highlight|work=Borneo Eco Tours|date=9 June 2023|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426084739/https://www.borneoecotours.com/v1/blog/kaamatan-how-its-celebrated-today-and-why-its-a-highlight/|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="princess loving sacrifice">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/08/celebrating-a-princess-loving-sacrifice|title=Celebrating a princess' loving sacrifice|last=Lee|first=Stephanie|work=The Star|date=8 May 2023|access-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424234633/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/08/celebrating-a-princess-loving-sacrifice|archive-date=24 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="notes"}}<ref name="Kaamatan cultural meanings">{{cite web|url=https://kdca.org.my/about/kaamatan|title=The Kaamatan cultural meanings and purposes|work=Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA)|access-date=27 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426205453/https://kdca.org.my/about/kaamatan|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabah.gov.my/en/cuti-umum|title=Events Calendar [Public Holiday]|work=Government of Sabah|year=2025|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sagc.sabah.gov.my/sites/default/files/law/HolidaysOrdinance.pdf|title=STATE OF SABAH [HOLIDAYS ORDINANCE] (Sabah Cap. 56)]|work=The State Attorney-General's Chambers of Sabah|page=4|year=2010|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kabinet.gov.my/bkpp/pdf/hari_kelepasan_am/hka_2025.pdf|title=JADUAL HARI KELEPASAN AM PERSEKUTUAN 2025|trans-title=FEDERAL GENERAL HOLIDAY SCHEDULE 2025|language=ms|work=Cabinet, Constitutional and Intergovernmental Relations Division, Prime Minister's Department, Malaysia|year=2025|access-date=27 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427024623/https://www.kabinet.gov.my/bkpp/pdf/hari_kelepasan_am/hka_2025.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
The sacrifice story of Huminodun is also considered neither a folklore nor a legend, but more of a religious observance of the Kadazan-Dusun of Sabah and Labuan.<ref name="Huminodun sacrifices">{{cite news|url= https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post-sabah/20171217/281788514413825|title=Huminodun: Making the ultimate sacrifice to save her people|last=Gontusan|first=Richard A.|work=The Borneo Post|via=PressReader|date=17 December 2017|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> It forms the origin of the community's earlier religion of Momolianism as well as the basis of rice planting rituals performed by the ''bobohizan'' for a continuous bountiful harvest and the significance of rice and ancestral reverence in the traditional beliefs of the Kadazan-Dusun community.{{sfn|Kok On|2012|p=75}}{{sfn|Wilson|Osman|2024|p=51}}{{sfn|Gimbad|2020|pp=12 & 70}}
== Attributes and legends == [[File:Tarian Kebudayaan.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional dance performance themed on Huminodun at the Hongkod Koisaan Hall]] Kinoingan (also referred as Kinorohingan in different sources),{{sfn|Low|2005|p=108}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/bhplus-old/2015/09/83875/legenda-huminodun|title=Legenda Huminodun|trans-title=Huminodun Legend|last=Martin|first=Maryanah|language=ms|work=Berita Harian|date=23 September 2015|access-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425072556/https://www.bharian.com.my/bhplus-old/2015/09/83875/legenda-huminodun|archive-date=25 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> the creator deity of the animistic Kadazan,{{#tag:ref|The worship of Kinoingan is deeply entrenched among the animistic Kadazan-Dusun community that when the Christian missionaries first came to evangelise them in North Borneo, they borrowed the term "Kinoingan" to denote the Christian God in the translation of the Bible into the Kadazan language.<ref name="Huminodun sacrifices"/>|group="notes"}} and his wife Suminundu (also referred as Sumundu in different sources){{sfn|Leigh|2000|p=382}} lived happily together in Pomogunan (mankind's world), and they were divine.<ref name="princess loving sacrifice"/>{{sfn|Leigh|2000|p=374}}{{sfn|Low|2005|p=111}} His wife created the earth, including the Kadazan-Dusun sacred mountain of Mount Kinabalu, (Gayo Ngaran or Nulu Nabalu), while Kinoingan filled it with the sky, cloud and all above the earth.{{sfn|Backhaus|2006|p=107}}<ref name="KD genesis">{{cite web|url=https://kdca.org.my/about/kadazandusun/genesis|title=Kadazandusun Genesis|work=Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA)|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426024606/https://kdca.org.my/about/kadazandusun/genesis|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> Together they had two children: a son named Ponompulan and a daughter named Ponompuan.{{sfn|Leigh|2000|p=382}}{{sfn|Thiessen|2012|p=29}} When Ponompulan began to rebel and corrupted the mind and heart of mankind, he was banished forever from Hibabou to his own creation of Kolungkud (equivalent to the underworld) that resulted from his own deeds, and the mankind world where his followers are located was cursed, which subsequently created the worst famine among the Kadazan-Dusun community since the land they lived in became so infertile that it could not grow even a single plant to produce food.<ref name="background of Kaamatan"/>{{sfn|Leigh|2000|p=375}}<ref name="KD celestials">{{cite web|url=https://kdca.org.my/about/kadazandusun/celestials|title=Celestials [1.0 Ponompulan's rebellion against Kinoingan & 2.0 Kinoingan]|work=Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA)|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424230946/https://kdca.org.my/about/kadazandusun/celestials|archive-date=24 April 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> To end the curse, their only daughter Ponompuan who was kind-hearted, thoughtful and wise was then named Huminodun ({{Literal translation|'transferred sacrifice'}}) following her pure compassion to request herself to be made a sacrifice. Her father Kinoingan learned that the only way to end the famine was by sacrificing innocent blood, and his daughter Huminodun offered herself willingly.<ref name="background of Kaamatan"/>{{sfn|Thiessen|2012|p=29}} She willingly accepted her father's demand as she was determined to save her people from the famine.<ref name="princess loving sacrifice"/><ref name="Huminodun sacrifices"/> She told her father:
{{Blockquote|My body will give rise to all sorts of edible plants to feed the people. My flesh will give rise to rice, my head—the coconut, my bones—tapioca, my toes—ginger, my teeth—maize and my knees—yams. Our people will never go hungry again.<ref name="beautypageantundukngadau"/><ref name="Kaamatan and Unduk Ngadau"/>{{sfn|Thiessen|2012|p=29}}}}
Following her sacrifice, her community had the most bountiful harvest that year.{{sfn|Thiessen|2012|p=29}} With deep sorrow after losing his most beloved daughter, her father, Kinoingan, went berserk and went to the paddy field, slashing every one of the young plant crops but was stopped when he heard her voice coming from the plants, asking him to stop hurting her further.<ref name="Huminodun mythology">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/2991/mythological-character-beauty-of-unduk-ngadau/|title=Mythological character, beauty of Unduk Ngadau|last=Yaw Chong|first=Kan|work=Daily Express|date=9 June 2019|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426082942/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/2991/mythological-character-beauty-of-unduk-ngadau/|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The voice comforted the father by telling him that he would be able to see her again when the rice ripened.<ref name="Huminodun mythology"/> He must immediately select seven of the tallest stalks and tie them together, cut and bring each of them to their house after harvesting, with one stalk each placed into seven jars, and the jar tops must be covered with ''tarap'' (''artocarpus odoratissimus'') leaves.<ref name="Huminodun mythology"/> Her father followed everything as instructed, and one day, he and his wife Suminundu heard knocking inside the seven jars, and when they both began to open each of them, seven beautiful maidens, including their daughter, stood out from each jar with their beauty "resembling the sun at its brightest".<ref name="Huminodun mythology"/> Huminodun had fulfilled her promise when her spirit emerged from the large jar,{{sfn|Wilson|Osman|2024|p=51}} where her bravery, grace, strength and beauty are commemorated through the annual beauty pageant of Unduk Ngadau.{{sfn|Gin|2010|p=254}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/05/06/celebrating-a-rich-rice-culture|title=Celebrating a rich rice culture|last=Sokial|first=Sandra|work=The Star|date=6 May 2024|access-date=27 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426204504/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/05/06/celebrating-a-rich-rice-culture|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> It was after her further resurrection in another form called Bambazon (referred to as Bambarayon across Sabah)<ref name="Bambarayon"/>{{sfn|Leong|1992|p=73}} that spiritually rose from the paddy,{{sfn|Gin|2010|p=254}} the life of the entire Nunuk Ragang community, as it was then known, began to improve as there was an abundant supply of food.{{sfn|Thiessen|2012|p=29}}
The legend is believed to be the origin of Momolianism, a type of indigenous animist-pagan religion.{{#tag:ref|Momolianism is the ''agama asal'' (animist-pagan religion) of the Kadazan-Dusun community before embracing Christianity or Islam.<ref name="Bambarayon"/>{{sfn|Widiyanto|Baiquni|Wahid|2018|p=324}}{{sfn|Widiyanto|Agra|2019|pp=84, 89 & 91}}{{sfn|Leigh|2000|p=385}}{{sfn|Guntarik|2023|p=187}}|group="notes"}}<ref name="KD genesis"/> It goes on to narrate that the spirit of Huminodun founded the ''bobohizan'' as she taught them the art of incantantion, rituals, taboos, law of ''sogit'' and customs, including the art of bamboo-beating and the ''sumazau'' dance.<ref name="Kaamatan and Unduk Ngadau"/><ref name="boulder origin">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/1198/looking-at-origins-of-the-bobohizan/|title=Looking at origins of the Bobohizan|last=Luping|first=Herman|work=Daily Express|date=8 June 2013|access-date=26 April 2025|quote=But the legend of the ''Bobohizan'' or religious group started with the first Kadazandusun Murut "mother" known as Suminundu. She was the wife of Kingaan the first ancestor. Kingaan and Suminundu came out from a boulder that had rolled down from Nabahu and settled at Tompios – known as ''Nunuk Ragang''. They were semi-divine and had supernatural powers.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426112235/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/1198/looking-at-origins-of-the-bobohizan/|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Marinsah|Sintang|Beddu Asis|Abg Muis|2020|p=9387}}
=== The Penampang variant of the Nunuk Ragang story === A variation of the main Nunuk Ragang story exists, it has been recognised by the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA).<ref name="Kaamatan cultural meanings"/><ref name="KD celestials"/> According to the story, from among the Tangara (Kadazan) of Penampang, Nunuk Ragang,{{#tag:ref|The Tangara of Penampang and Papar is a Kadazan-Dusun tribe who resists the term "Dusun" once coined by early Chinese and Brunei overlords due to a previous dark history related to the Tagahas Dusun for betrayals during a conflict with Mat Salleh in Tambunan.<ref name="dh legacy">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/600/why-the-label-dusun-wasn-t-chosen/|title=Why the label Dusun wasn't chosen|last=Luping|first=Herman|work=Daily Express|date=27 March 2011|access-date=26 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526090145/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/600/why-the-label-dusun-wasn-t-chosen/|archive-date=26 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kok On|2006|pp=29–31}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/145614/brits-asked-mat-salleh-to-become-sultan-in-tambunan-/|title='Brits asked Mat Salleh to become Sultan in Tambunan'|last=Thien|first=David|work=Daily Express|date=30 December 2019|access-date=26 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526090521/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/145614/brits-asked-mat-salleh-to-become-sultan-in-tambunan-/|archive-date=26 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, the Lotud Dusun of Tuaran were also against the term of "Kadazan" to referring the Tangaah of Penampang and Papar until the problem of the "Kadazan" and "Dusun" term were settled with the recognition of each other.<ref name="dh legacy"/>{{sfn|Tangit|2005|pp=48–65}}{{sfn|Barlocco|2008|p=58}}|group="notes"}} as pointed out by the late Herman Luping,{{#tag:ref|Herman Luping was a deputy chief minister of Sabah, lawyer and politician.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kis.edu.my/kisnewsletter/from-the-principal-19-12-2020-copy/|title=In Memory : Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Herman Luping KIS Board of Trustees|work=Kinabalu International School|date=17 December 2020|access-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428233529/https://www.kis.edu.my/kisnewsletter/from-the-principal-19-12-2020-copy/|archive-date=28 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> He died on 11 December 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/12/11/herman-luping-passes-away/|title=Herman Luping passes away|work=The Borneo Post|date=11 December 2020|access-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428233530/https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/12/11/herman-luping-passes-away/|archive-date=28 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="notes"}} begins with two children, a male and a female, who came out from a rock underneath a big tree called Nunuk Ragang. The rock split open at the banks of the Tompios River.<ref name="boulder origin"/><ref name="Kinoingan question">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/735/the-kinoingan-question/|title=The Kinoingan question|last=Luping|first=Herman|work=Daily Express|date=4 September 2011|access-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428232705/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/735/the-kinoingan-question/|archive-date=28 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The two children's names were Kinoingan and Suminundu, and they were human beings who possessed supernatural powers, who were semi-divine.<ref name="Kinoingan question"/>{{sfn|Low|2005|p=133}} God the Creator among the Kadazan-Dusun community is known as Minamangun, and it was Suminundu who sacrificed the daughter, not Kinoingan.<ref name="Kinoingan question"/>
== In popular culture == The legend of Huminodun inspired the films of ''Huminodun'', directed and written by Aaron Cowan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/sabahan-legend-comes-life-huminodun-071200208.html|title=Sabahan legend comes to life in "Huminodun"|work=The Hive Asia|via=Yahoo! News|date=28 November 2017|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|id=tt7575614|title=Huminodun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://huminodunmovie.com/about|title=Huminodun|work=Huminodun Movie|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref> and ''Sinakagon'', directed by Timothy Stephen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.optionstheedge.com/topic/culture/sinakagon-malaysia%E2%80%99s-first-dusun-language-movie-celebrates-cultural-heritage-and|title=Sinakagon: Malaysia's first Dusun-language movie celebrates cultural heritage and community pride|last=Kaur|first=Dian Pasquinal|work=Options (The Edge)|date=26 June 2024|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426114737/https://www.optionstheedge.com/topic/culture/sinakagon-malaysia%E2%80%99s-first-dusun-language-movie-celebrates-cultural-heritage-and|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|id=tt32447110|title=Sinakagon}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.grazia.my/culture/malaysian-director-timothy-stephen-on-his-first-film-sinakagon/|title=Timothy Stephen of Sinakagon Does Not Scare Easily|last=Nawawi|first=Nikita|magazine=Grazia|date=13 June 2024|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
In the 2025 edition of the Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition that was organised by the Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) under the patronage of King Charles III, an essay on Huminodun won first place through the submission by Ferdiana Osmund, a native Sabahan and first-year automotive technology student at the Keningau Vocational College (KVC) at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/271266/sabah-student-s-huminodun-story-wins-gold-at-queen-s-commonwealth-essay-competition/|title=Sabah student’s Huminodun story wins Gold at Queen’s Commonwealth Essay Competition|last=Binisol|first=Lorena|work=Daily Express|date=25 November 2025|access-date=25 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125084055/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/271266/sabah-student-s-huminodun-story-wins-gold-at-queen-s-commonwealth-essay-competition/|archive-date=25 November 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also == * Ceres (mythology), ancient Roman goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility, and motherly relationships * Dewi Sri, Javanese rice goddess * Phosop, Thai rice goddess * Thiên Y A Na, Vietnamese goddess
== Notes == {{reflist|group="notes"}}
== References == {{reflist|30em}}
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Conference}} * {{cite book|last=Low|first=K.O.|title=Membaca mitos dan legenda Kadazandusun|trans-title=Reading Kadazandusun myths and legends|language=ms|publisher=Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia|series=Siri etnografi UKM|year=2005|isbn=978-967-942-735-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNFuAAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite thesis|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f21fe8b-7e05-46e8-880b-91b45077cecd/content|title=PLANNING KADAZANDUSUN (SABAH, MALAYSIA): LABELS, IDENTITY, AND LANGUAGE|last=Tangit|first=Trixie M.|work=Master of Arts in Linguistics|via=ScholarSpace of University of Hawaiʻi|year=2005|page=1–147|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526235232/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f21fe8b-7e05-46e8-880b-91b45077cecd/content|archive-date=26 May 2025|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Backhaus|first=N.|title=Tourism and Nature Conservation in Malaysian National Parks|publisher=Lit|series=Culture, Society, Environment Series|year=2006|isbn=978-3-8258-9037-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHFKZw9JE_gC&pg=PA107}} * {{cite journal|url=https://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/low.pdf|title=READING SYMBOLS AND MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE IN THE "TAMBUNAN DUSUN ORIGIN MYTH" OF NORTH BORNEO|last=Kok On|first=Low|year=2006|journal=International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies|via=Universiti Sains Malaysia|volume=2|issue=2|pages=29–50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916081318/https://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/low.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2025|url-status=live}} * {{cite thesis|last=Barlocco|first=Fausto|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/40043589.pdf|title=Between the local and the state: practices and discourses of identity among the Kadazan of Sabah (East Malaysia)|work=Doctor of Philosophy, Loughborough University|publisher=Loughborough University's Institutional Repository|date=2008|id={{CORE output|40043589}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921114217/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/40043589.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2025|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Gin|first=O.K.|author-link=Ooi Keat Gin|title=The A to Z of Malaysia|publisher=Scarecrow Press|series=The A to Z Guide Series|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4616-7199-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVViEJmN99kC&pg=PA254}} * {{cite book|last=Thiessen|first=T.|title=Borneo: Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|series=Bradt Guides|year=2012|isbn=978-1-84162-390-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA29}} * {{cite journal|url=https://borneojournal.um.edu.my/index.php/BRJ/article/view/9845/6955|title=BELIEF IN BAMBARAYON (PADDY SPIRITS) AMONG THE KADAZANDUSUN OF NORTH BORNEO|last=Kok On|first=Low|publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sabah|journal=Borneo Research Journal|via=University of Malaya|year=2012|volume=6|page=78|format=PDF}} * {{cite journal|url=https://jurnal-fib.com/index.php/metahumaniora/article/view/20711/pdf|title=Heterotopic Tourism and Cultural Revivalism of Dusun Community in Bundu Tuhan, Sabah, Malaysia|last1=Widiyanto|first1=Nur|last2=Baiquni|first2=M.|last3=Wahid|first3=Abdul|journal=Metahumaniora|via=Padjadjaran University|volume=8|issue=3|year=2018|pages=323–334|doi=10.24198/metahumaniora.v8i3.20711|eissn=2657-2176|format=PDF|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/BRJ/article/download/21141/10946/46113|title=Tourism Development and the New Path of Migration in Sabah, Malaysia|last1=Widiyanto|first1=Nur|last2=Agra|first2=Emanuela|publisher=Tourism Department, Ambarrukmo Tourism Institute, Yogyakarta, Indonesia|journal=Borneo Research Journal|via=University of Malaya|volume=13|issue=1|year=2019|pages=81–97 |doi=10.22452/brj.vol13no1.5|eissn=2600-8645|format=PDF|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|url=https://researchers.westernsydney.edu.au/files/94857166/uws_56688.pdf|title=Cultivating Rice and Identity: An Ethnography of the Dusun People in Sabah, Malaysia|last=Gimbad|first=Elizabeth|year=2020|journal=Western Sydney University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510050858/https://researchers-admin.westernsydney.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/94857166/uws_56688.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2025|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|url=https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/download/3891/3845/7471|title=INCANTATION IN SOGIT RITUAL : A PRELIMINARY STUDY|last1=Marinsah|first1=Syamsul Azizul|last2=Sintang|first2=Suraya|last3=Beddu Asis|first3=Abdul Hair|last4=Abg Muis|first4=Abg Mohd Razif|last5=Ramli|first5=Mohd Anuar|year=2020|publisher=Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language, Universiti Malaysia Sabah|journal=Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology|volume=17|issue=7|format=PDF}} * {{cite book|last=Guntarik|first=O.|title=Indigenous Resistance in the Digital Age: On Radical Hope in Dark Times|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2023|isbn=978-3-031-17295-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njOmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187}} * {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=B.|last2=Osman|first2=S.A.|title=The Asian Family in Literature and Film: Challenges and Contestations-South Asia, Southeast Asia and Asian Diaspora, Volume II|publisher=Springer Nature Singapore|series=Asia-Pacific and Literature in English|year=2024|isbn=978-981-972227-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST4QEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51}}
== Further reading == * {{cite web|url=http://kdca.org.my/archives/138|title=Who is Huminodun (brief)? [The Legend of Huminodun] – The Unduk Ngadau of Kaamatan Beauty Queen|work=Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA)|date=7 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518221801/http://kdca.org.my/archives/138|archive-date=18 May 2010|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Shim|first=P.S.|title=Inland People of Sabah: Before, During and After Nunuk Ragang|publisher=Borneo Cultural Heritage Publisher|year=2007|isbn=978-983-42395-0-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6vFnQEACAAJ}} * {{cite journal|last=Barlocco|first=Fausto|date=2011|title=A Tale of Two Celebrations: The Pesta Kaamatan as a Site of Struggle between a Minority and the State in Sabah, East Malaysia|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ajss/39/5/article-p605_3.xml|journal=Asian Journal of Social Science|volume=39|issue=5|pages=605–626|doi=10.1163/156853111X609266|issn=1568-4849|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last=Barlocco|first=Fausto|title=Identity and the State in Malaysia|publisher=Routledge|date=4 December 2013|isbn=978-1-317-93238-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3O1JAgAAQBAJ&q=unduk%2520ngadau&pg=RA1-PT90}} * {{cite book|last1=Pindah|first1=Chrisna|last2=Azraie Bebit|first2=Mohd Ali|last3=Amin|first3=Halina|chapter=Thematic Analysis as a Basis in Giving Meanings to Myths of Nunuk Ragang and Huminodun Folktales of Kadazandusun Tribe in Sabah |title=Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium of Art and Design Education Research (I-CADER 2015)|publisher=Springer|date=23 March 2016|pages=577–579 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-0237-3_57|isbn=978-981-10-0237-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7PWCwAAQBAJ&dq=huminodun&pg=PA577}} * {{cite book|last=Tati|first=K.S.|title=Tales from Our Ancestors|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5437-4866-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4h5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/5642/huminodun-the-virtuous-goddess-that-begets-kaamatan-unduk-ngadau-/|title=Huminodun – the virtuous 'goddess' that begets Kaamatan, Unduk Ngadau|work=Daily Express|date=9 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426043806/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/5642/huminodun-the-virtuous-goddess-that-begets-kaamatan-unduk-ngadau-/|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://earthstoriez.com/malaysia-myths-history-folklore-rice|title=MALAYSIA: The Rice Soul – Myths, History and Folklore of Rice – Beras or Nasi|work=earthstoriez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424061057/https://earthstoriez.com/malaysia-myths-history-folklore-rice|archive-date=24 April 2025|url-status=live}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2025/06/01/story-of-huminodun-and-meaning-of-kaamatan/|title=Story of Huminodun and meaning of Kaamatan|last=Gontusan|first=Richard A.|work=The Borneo Post|date=1 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609235050/https://www.theborneopost.com/2025/06/01/story-of-huminodun-and-meaning-of-kaamatan/|archive-date=9 June 2025|url-status=live}}
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Category:Kadazan-Dusun people Category:Malaysian mythology