{{Virusbox | parent = Mastadenovirus | species = Mastadenovirus faecale | virus = Human adenovirus 41 }}
'''Human adenovirus 41''' '''(HAdV-F41)''', is an enteric adenovirus, a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome.<ref name=Gallardo2021>{{cite journal |last1=Gallardo |first1=José |last2=Pérez-Illana |first2=Marta |last3=Martín-González |first3=Natalia |last4=San Martín |first4=Carmen |title=Adenovirus Structure: What Is New? |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=15 May 2021 |volume=22 |issue=10 |page=5240 |doi=10.3390/ijms22105240 |pmid=34063479 |pmc=8156859 |issn=1422-0067|doi-access=free }}</ref>
It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis, with symptoms similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.<ref name=MnNeil2021>{{cite book |last1=Crews |first1=Jonathan D. |editor1-last=McNeil |editor1-first=J. Chase |editor2-last=Campbell |editor2-first=Judith R. |editor3-last=Crews |editor3-first=Jonathan D. |title=Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children: A Guide to Prevention and Management |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-98121-5 |page=202 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJ1DwAAQBAJ&dq=adenovirus+41+childcare&pg=PA202 |language=en |chapter=12. Healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections}}</ref> It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms and can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.<ref name=MnNeil2021/><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite book |title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda |date=2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-004506-4 |page=276 |edition=4th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3RyEAAAQBAJ&dq=adenovirus+41&pg=PA276 |language=en |chapter=11.2. Viral pathogens}}</ref> As of August 2022, human adenovirus 41 has been identified in a majority of small children with hepatitis of unknown cause in 2 case series.
==Classification== Human adenovirus 41 belongs to the ''Adenoviridae'' family, and along with Human adenovirus 40, is a member of species ''Mastadenovirus faecale''.<ref name=Tax>{{cite journal |title=Taxonomy browser (Human adenovirus 41) |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10524&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=Rafie2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rafie |first1=K. |last2=Lenman |first2=A. |last3=Fuchs |first3=J. |last4=Rajan |first4=A. |last5=Arnberg |first5=N. |last6=Carlson |first6=L.-A. |title=The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41-A leading cause of diarrhea in children |journal=Science Advances |date=January 2021 |volume=7 |issue=2 |article-number=eabe0974 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe0974 |pmid=33523995 |pmc=7793593 |bibcode=2021SciA....7..974R |issn=2375-2548}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Species List: ''Adenoviridae'' |url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/adenoviridae/taxonomy/adenoviridae |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>
==Pathology== It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis in very young children.<ref name=WHO2022/> Symptoms appear similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.<ref name=MnNeil2021/> It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms.<ref name=WHO2022/>
In an investigation of 5 children with an inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) of unknown cause at Birmingham, Alabama in October 2021, all turned out to have human adenovirus 41.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Overview: Children with Hepatitis of Unknown Cause {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncird/investigation/hepatitis-unknown-cause/overview-what-to-know.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> In August 2022, 9 children in a U.S. case series of hepatitis of unknown cause<ref name="nejm">{{Cite journal |last1=Gutierrez Sanchez |first1=L. Helena |last2=Shiau |first2=Henry |last3=Baker |first3=Julia M. |last4=Saaybi |first4=Stephanie |last5=Buchfellner |first5=Markus |last6=Britt |first6=William |last7=Sanchez |first7=Veronica |last8=Potter |first8=Jennifer L. |last9=Ingram |first9=L. Amanda |last10=Kelly |first10=David |last11=Lu |first11=Xiaoyan |date=2022-07-13 |title=A Case Series of Children with Acute Hepatitis and Human Adenovirus Infection |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=387 |issue=7 |language=en |pages=620–630 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206294 |pmid=35830653 |pmc=9808750 |s2cid=250529116 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> and 27 of 30 children in a U.K. case series with hepatitis of unknown cause who underwent molecular testing<ref name="uk">{{Cite journal |last1=Kelgeri |first1=Chayarani |last2=Couper |first2=Michael |last3=Gupte |first3=Girish L. |last4=Brant |first4=Alexandra |last5=Patel |first5=Mitul |last6=Johansen |first6=Lauren |last7=Valamparampil |first7=Joseph |last8=Ong |first8=Evelyn |last9=Hartog |first9=Hermien |last10=Perera |first10=M.T.P.R. |last11=Mirza |first11=Darius |display-authors=6 |date=2022-07-13 |title=Clinical Spectrum of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=387 |issue=7 |pages=611–619 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206704 |pmid=35830627 |s2cid=250528150 |issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free }}</ref> tested positive for human adenovirus type 41 in a sample. It was unclear whether human adenovirus 41 was the cause, however.
==Diagnosis== It cannot be detected using traditional cell culture isolation,<ref name=WHO2022/> but can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.<ref name=MnNeil2021/>
==Epidemiology== Globally it is a significant cause of gastroenteritis, particularly in low and middle income countries,<ref name=Rafie2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rafie |first1=K. |last2=Lenman |first2=A. |last3=Fuchs |first3=J. |last4=Rajan |first4=A. |last5=Arnberg |first5=N. |last6=Carlson |first6=L.-A. |title=The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41-A leading cause of diarrhea in children |journal=Science Advances |date=January 2021 |volume=7 |issue=2 |article-number=eabe0974 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe0974 |pmid=33523995 |pmc=7793593 |bibcode=2021SciA....7..974R |issn=2375-2548}}</ref><ref name=Lee2020>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=B |last2=Damon |first2=CF |last3=Platts-Mills |first3=JA |title=Pediatric acute gastroenteritis associated with adenovirus 40/41 in low-income and middle-income countries. |journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases |date=October 2020 |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=398–403 |doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000663 |pmid=32773498 |pmc=8286627 }}</ref> but less common than rotavirus and norovirus.<ref name=Wang2022>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Hongyun |last2=Yang |first2=Shimin |last3=Liu |first3=Jiejie |last4=Fu |first4=Zhiying |last5=Liu |first5=Yingle |last6=Zhou |first6=Li |last7=Guo |first7=Haitao |last8=Lan |first8=Ke |last9=Chen |first9=Yu |title=Human adenoviruses: a suspect behind the outbreak of acute hepatitis in children amid the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Cell Insight |date=11 June 2022 |volume=1 |issue=4 |article-number=100043 |doi=10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100043 |pmid=37192861 |pmc=10120317 |language=en |issn=2772-8927|doi-access=free }}</ref> How frequently it occurs in sewage and drinking water is not known.<ref name=WHO2022/> Type 40 is less common.<ref name=Lee2020/>
==History== It was first identified in 1983.<ref name=Flint2017>{{cite book |last1=Flint |first1=S. Jane |last2=Nemerow |first2=Glen R. |title=Human Adenoviruses: From Villains To Vectors |date=2017 |publisher=World Scientific |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-310-979-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRSyDgAAQBAJ&dq=adenovirus+gastroenteritis&pg=PA161 |page=161 |language=en |chapter=8. Pathogenesis }}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q112083369}}
==Further reading== * {{cite journal |last1=de Jong |first1=J. C. |last2=Wigand |first2=R. |last3=Kidd |first3=A. H. |last4=Wadell |first4=G. |last5=Kapsenberg |first5=J. G. |last6=Muzerie |first6=C. J. |last7=Wermenbol |first7=A. G. |last8=Firtzlaff |first8=R. G. |title=Candidate adenoviruses 40 and 41: fastidious adenoviruses from human infant stool |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |date=1983 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1002/jmv.1890110305 |pmid=6306161 |s2cid=31148587 |issn=0146-6615}}
Category:Adenoviridae