{{short description|Egyptian pharaoh}} {{Infobox pharaoh | name = Hor-Wennefer | role = Rebel Pharaoh (in Upper Egypt) | reign = 206/205–201/200 BC{{sfn|Mélèze-Modrzejewski|1997|p=150}} | successor = Ankhwennefer | children = Ankhwennefer? | death_date = before 197 BC }} '''Horwennefer''' ({{langx|egy|ḥr-wnn-nfr}} "Horus-Onnophris"; {{langx|grc|Άροννώφρις}} {{Transliteration|grc|Haronnṓphris}}), also known as '''Hurganophor''' or '''Haronnophris''',{{sfn|Mélèze-Modrzejewski|1997|p=150}} was an Egyptian who led Upper Egypt in secession from the rule of Ptolemy IV Philopator in 205 BC. Along with his successor, Ankhwennefer (also known as ''Chaonnophris'' or ''Ankhmakis''{{sfn|Hölbl|2000|p=155ff}}), they held a large part of Egypt until 186 BC. No monuments are attested to this king, but a graffito dating to about 201 BC on a wall of the mortuary Temple of Seti I at Abydos, in which his name is written {{lang|grc|Ὑργοναφορ}} ({{Transliteration|grc|Hyrgonaphor}}), is an attestation to the extent of his influence and the ideology of his reign.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfeiffer|first=Stefan|title=Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus|series=Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie|volume=9|publisher=Lit|location=Münster|year=2015|language=German|pages=108–110}}</ref> He appears to have died before 197 BC.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
A demotic document by Harpaesis son of Thotortaios is dated to the Year 1 of the king Hor-Wennefer, beloved of Isis, beloved of Amon-rasonther..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wegner |first=Wolfgang |last2=Chaufray |first2=Marie-Pierre |title=Two Early Ptolemaic Documents from Pathyris |url=https://www.academia.edu/25518183/Two_Early_Ptolemaic_Documents_from_Pathyris |journal=S. L. Lippert / M. Schentuleit / M. A. Stadler (Hgg.), Sapientia Felicitas. Festschrift für Günter Vittmann zum 29. Februar 2016 (CENiM 14), Montpellier 2016.}}</ref>
Some researchers have interpreted contemporary accounts as suggesting that Horwennefer was a Nubian.{{sfn|Mélèze-Modrzejewski|1997|p=150}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert Steven|title=Daily Life of the Nubians|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=224|isbn=0-313-32501-4}}</ref> In contrast, egyptologist Günther Hölbl argued that demotic sources emphasized that Horwennefer and Ankhwennefer were native Egyptians, "reveal[ing] how nationally minded the movement was". Either way, both rebel pharaohs stressed their strong connections to Thebes.{{sfn|Hölbl|2000|p=155}}
The Abydene graffito, one of the few documents remaining from his reign, is written in Egyptian using Greek letters, the oldest testimony of a development which would end in the Coptic script replacing the native Egyptian demotic.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarysse|first=Willy|title=The Great Revolt of the Egyptians (205–186 BC)|url=http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~tebtunis/lecture/revolt.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020608/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~tebtunis/lecture/revolt.html|archive-date=11 March 2007|date=April 2004|location=University of California at Berkeley}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Hölbl|first=Günther|title=History of the Ptolemaic Empire|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=9780415201452}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian |author-link=Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejewski |first=Joseph |last=Mélèze-Modrzejewski |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1997 |page=150}}
{{s-start}} {{succession box | title = Anti-ruler of Egypt | before = - | years = 205-197 BC | after = Ankhwennefer | with = Ptolemy V (as official Pharaoh) }} {{s-end}}
{{authority control}}{{Ptolemaic Kingdom}} Category:3rd-century BC pharaohs Category:2nd-century BC pharaohs Category:Non-dynastic pharaohs Category:Egyptian rebels Category:190s BC deaths Category:Year of birth unknown Category:People from the Ptolemaic Kingdom Category:Ancient rebels Category:3rd-century BC rebels