{{Short description|German Luftwaffe pilot}} {{about|the German Luftwaffe pilot|the American pianist and arranger|Hugo Frey (musician)}} {{Infobox military person |name=Hugo Frey |birth_date=14 April 1915 |death_date={{death date and age|1944|3|6|1915|4|14|df=y}} |image= |caption= |birth_place=Heilbronn |death_place=Sleen, Netherlands |death_cause = Killed in action |burial_place=Ysselsteyn German war cemetery, Netherlands<br /><small>(Block AX-row 9-grave 210)</small> |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch=Luftwaffe |service_years= |rank=''Hauptmann'' (captain) |unit=LG 2, JG 1, JG 11 |commands=2./JG 1, 5./JG 11, 7./JG 11 |battles=World War II *Invasion of Poland *Battle of France *Defense of the Reich *Operation Gomorrah *Blitz Week |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |other_work= }}
{{Audio|Hugo Frey.ogg|'''Hugo Frey'''}} (14 April 1915 – 6 March 1944) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. On 6 March 1944, Frey was killed over Sleen, the Netherlands after attacking a formation of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross on 4 May 1944. During his career he was credited with 32 aerial victories including 25 four-engine bombers, all on the Western Front.
==Career== Frey was born on 14 April 1915 in Heilbronn, at the time in the Kingdom of Württemberg within the German Empire.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=112}} Following his flight training,{{refn|Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.{{sfn|Bergström|Antipov|Sundin|2003|p=17}}|group="Note"}} Frey was posted to I. (''Jäger'') ''Gruppe'' (I.(J)—1st fighter group) of ''Lehrgeschwader'' 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing), an operational training unit tasked with the evaluation of new types of aircraft and tactics. There, he was assigned to the 1. ''Staffel'' (1st squadron).{{sfn|Dixon|2023|p=110}}
==World War II== World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 3 September, 1. ''Staffel'' moved to Lottin, present-day Lotyń. The next day, Frey claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Polish PZL P.24 fighter aircraft.{{sfn|Prien|1992|pp=78–79}}
On 26 October 1942, Frey was appointed ''Staffelkapitän'' (squadron leader) of 2. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing). He succeeded ''Hauptmann'' Werner Dolenga who was transferred.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=36}} On 1 April 1943, 2. ''Staffel'' was renamed and became the 5. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing).{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2008|p=412}} On 1 May, Frey was transferred and appointed ''Staffelkapitän'' of the newly formed 7. ''Staffel'' of JG 11.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=30}} In consequence, command of 5. ''Staffel'' was passed to ''Oberleutnant'' Heinz Knoke.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2008|p=459}}
thumb|right|German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn - Hugo Frey On 6 March 1944, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force sent 730 heavy bombers on a mission to bomb Berlin. Defending against this attack, Frey claimed four Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers shot down.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|1996|pp=770, 780}} During this aerial combat, Frey was shot down and killed in action in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-7 near Sleen, {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} west of Meppen.{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=121}} In April, command of 7. ''Staffel'' went to ''Hauptmann'' Horst-Günther von Fassong after Frey's immediate successor was also killed in action.{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=114}} Posthumously, Frey was promoted to ''Hauptmann'' (captain) and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes}}) on 4 May 1944.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|1996|p=780}} Frey is buried at the German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn (Block AX—Row 9—Grave 210) at Venray.{{sfn|Dixon|2023|p=111}}
==Summary of career== ===Aerial victory claims=== According to Weal, Frey, together with ''Major'' Hermann Staiger, was the most successful fighter pilot against the heavy bombers while flying the Bf 109.{{sfn|Weal|1999|p=63}} Forsyth lists him with 25 heavy bombers shot down.{{sfn|Forsyth|2011|p=90}} Mathews and Foreman, authors of ''Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims'', researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 17 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes one aerial victory over Poland and 17 on the Western Front, including 15 four-engine heavy bombers.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = ''Planquadrat''), for example "PQ 05 Ost S/HU-8". The Luftwaffe grid map ({{lang|de|Jägermeldenetz}}) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about {{Convert|360|sqmi|sqkm}}. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area {{Convert|3|x|4|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in size.{{sfn|''Planquadrat''}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:right; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan="10" | Chronicle of aerial victories |- | colspan="10" style="text-align: left;" | {{legend|#C0EFBA|This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an ''Herausschuss'' (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#ffdead|This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock without an explicit sequence number.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#faecc8|This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |- !scope="col"| Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col" width="100px"| Type !scope="col"| Location !scope="col" style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col" width="100px"| Type !scope="col"| Location |- ! colspan="10" | – 1.(Jagd) ''Staffel'' of ''Lehrgeschwader'' 2 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=3399}}<br /><small>Invasion of Poland — 1–30 September 1939</small> |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 1?{{Refn|According to Mathews and Foreman this claim was unconfirmed.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}|group="Note"|name="unconfirmed"}} | 4 September 1939 | {{Center|—}} | PZL P.24 | vicinity of Poczałkowo{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000a|p=433}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – 1.(Jagd) ''Staffel'' of ''Lehrgeschwader'' 2 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}<br /><small>Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940</small> |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 2?<ref group="Note" name="unconfirmed"/> | 27 May 1940 | 13:10 | Potez 63 | southwest of Amiens{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000b|p=407}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – 10. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}<br /><small>Defense of the Reich — 15 March – 25 October 1942</small> |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 3?{{Refn|This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}|group="Note"|name="not listed by MF"}} | 28 August 1942 | 13:00 | Boston{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=130}} | | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – 2. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}<br /><small>Defense of the Reich — 26 October 1942 – 30 April 1943</small> |- | 4 | 27 January 1943 | style="background:#faecc8" | 11:13?{{Refn|According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:23.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}|group="Note"}} | B-17 | east of Emden{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2008|p=463}}<br />{{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Tossens | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 6 | 18 March 1943 | 15:18 | B-24 | north of Wangerooge{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2008|p=463}}<br />{{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Schouwen |- | 5 | 26 February 1943 | 11:20 | B-24 | north of Varel, over the mudflat{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2008|p=463}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 7 | 22 March 1943 | 15:25 | B-17 | north of Heligoland{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2008|p=463}} |- ! colspan="10" | – 7. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}<br /><small>Defense of the Reich — 1 May – 31 December 1943</small> |- | style="background:#ffdead" | # | 28 July 1943 | 11:00 | B-17 | PQ 05 Ost S/HU-8, south of Hannover{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=33}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- | colspan="10" style="text-align: center" | According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Frey claimed six undocumented aerial victories, including one after 8 August 1943, all of which Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|pp=33–34}} Only two of these six claims are listed by Mathews and Foreman.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}} |- | 15 | 4 October 1943 | 10:12 | Beaufighter | north of Langeoog{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=33}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 21 | 26 November 1943 | 12:02 | B-17 | PQ 05 Ost S/DR-9<br />southeast of Oldenburg |- | style="background:#faecc8" | ?{{Refn|This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=33}}|group="Note"|name="not listed"}} | 8 October 1943 | 16:40 | B-17 | southeast of Wangerooge{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 22 | 26 November 1943 | 13:06 | P-47 | PQ 05 Ost S/DM<br />southeast of Oldenburg |- | style="background:#faecc8" | ?<ref group="Note" name="not listed"/> | 8 October 1943 | 12:29 | B-17 | PQ TB-35{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 23 | 1 December 1943 | 13:20 | B-17 | PQ 05 Ost S/F-7<br />Düren-Solingen |- | 18 | 5 November 1943 | 13:59 | B-24 | PQ 05 Ost S/KP-3, {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Datteln{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=33}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 24 | 1 December 1943 | 13:00 | style="background:#C0EFBA" | B-17* | PQ 05 Ost S/CM-5/9<br />Borkum-Emden |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 19?<ref group="Note" name="not listed by MF"/> | 18 November 1943 | {{Center|—}} | B-24{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=33}} | | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 25 | 20 December 1943 | 12:00 | B-17 | PQ 05 Ost S/AP-7/6<br />Cuxhaven-Bremen |- | 20 | 26 November 1943 | 12:00 | B-17 | PQ 05 Ost S/EQ-6/3<br />southeast of Oldenburg | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – 7. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2014|p=339}}<br /><small>Defense of the Reich — 1 January – 6 March 1944</small> |- |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 26?<ref group="Note" name="not listed by MF"/> | 4 January 1944 | {{Center|—}} | P-38 | southeast of Kiel{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 30?<ref group="Note" name="not listed by MF"/> | 6 March 1944 | {{Center|—}} | B-17{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | |- | 27 | 11 January 1944 | 12:24 | B-17{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | Goslar/Oschersleben | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 31?<ref group="Note" name="not listed by MF"/> | 6 March 1944 | {{Center|—}} | B-17{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | |- | 28 | 11 January 1944 | 12:45 | B-17{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | Goslar/Oschersleben | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 32?<ref group="Note" name="not listed by MF"/> | 6 March 1944 | {{Center|—}} | B-17{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 29?<ref group="Note" name="not listed by MF"/> | 6 March 1944 | {{Center|—}} | B-17{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=118}} | | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |}
===Awards=== * Aviator badge * Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class{{sfn|Dixon|2023|p=110}} * German Cross in Gold on 25 November 1943 as ''Oberleutnant'' in the 7./''Jagdgeschwader'' 11{{sfn|Patzwall|Scherzer|2001|p=122}} * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 May 1944 as ''Hauptmann'' and ''Staffelkapitän'' of the 7./''Jagdgeschwader'' 11{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=319}}{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=186}}
==Notes== {{Reflist|group="Note"}}
==References==
===Citations=== {{Reflist|25em}}
===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |author-link1=:sv:Christer Bergström |last2=Antipov |first2=Vlad |last3=Sundin |first3=Claes |year=2003 |title=Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces |location=Hamilton MT |publisher=Eagle Editions |isbn=978-0-9721060-4-7 }} * {{Cite web |last=Bergström |first=Christer |author-link=:sv:Christer Bergström |work=Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat |title=Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website |url=http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |access-date=4 March 2024 |ref={{sfnRef|''Planquadrat''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222042030/http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=Jeremy |year=2023 |title=Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945 |location=Barnsley |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |isbn=978-1-39903-073-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |author-link=:de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |orig-date=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=de |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45 |series=Aircraft of the Aces |volume=101 |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-438-3 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Mathews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2014 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-18-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=de |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Scherzer |first2=Veit |year=2001 |title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II |trans-title=The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 |language=de |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. 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January bis 31 Dezember 1942—Einsatz im Westen—1. Januar bis 31. Dezember 1942 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 7—Defense of the Reich—1 January to 31 December 1942—Action in the West—1 January to 31 December 1942 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-73-1 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2008 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/II—Reichsverteidigung—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/II—Defense of the Reich—1 January to 31 December 1943 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-85-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2009 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/III—Reichsverteidigung—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/III—Defense of the Reich—1 January to 31 December 1943 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-89-2 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Balke |first2=Ulf |last3=Stemmer |first3=Gerhard |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2019 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/V—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/V—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-942943-21-5 }} * {{Cite book |last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=de |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Weal |first=John |year=1999 |title=Bf 109 F/G/K Aces of the Western Front |series=Aircraft of the Aces |volume=29 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-85532-905-8 }} {{Refend}}
{{Subject bar | portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frey, Hugo}} Category:1915 births Category:1944 deaths Category:People from Heilbronn Category:Luftwaffe pilots Category:German World War II flying aces Category:Recipients of the Gold German Cross Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Category:German military personnel killed in World War II Category:Aviators killed by being shot down Category:Burials at Ysselsteyn German war cemetery Category:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg