{{Short description|Constituent republic of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)}} {{distinguish|text= the secessionist [[Peruvian Republic (1838-1839)|Peruvian Republic]], sometimes also called North Peru}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of North Peru |native_name = {{native name|es|paren=omit|República Nor-Peruana}} |common_name = North Peru |image_flag = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg |flag_type_article = Flag of Peru |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Nor-Peru State (1836-1839).svg |symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Peru |image_map = Estado Nor-Peruano en la Confederación Perú-Boliviana.svg |image_map_caption = North Peru within the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] |capital = [[Lima]] |government_type = [[President (government title)|Presidential]] [[republic]] within a [[confederation]] |title_leader = [[#Structure of the republic|President]] |leader1 = [[Luis José de Orbegoso]] |year_leader1 = 1837–1838 |leader2 = [[José de la Riva Agüero]] |year_leader2 = 1838–1839 |event_start = [[#History|Established]] |date_start = 11 August |year_start = 1836 |date_event1 = 28 October 1836 |event1 = [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation|Confederation]] |date_event2 = 30 July 1838 |event2 = [[Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)|Secession]] |event_end = [[Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation|Disestablished]] |date_end = 25 August |year_end = 1839 |p1 = History of Peru (1821–1842){{!}}Peru |flag_p1 = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg |s1 = Restoration (Peru){{!}}Peru |flag_s1 = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg |today = [[Peru]]<br>[[Brazil]]<br>[[Colombia]]<br>[[Ecuador]] }} The '''Republic of North Peru''' was one of the three constituent republics of the short-lived [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] of 1836–1839.
North Peru was one of two states—the other being [[South Peru]]—that arose from the division of the [[Peruvian Republic]] due to the civil wars of [[Peruvian Civil War of 1834|1834]] and [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|1835 to 1836]]. The states were founded in 1836 to be constituent Republics of the planned [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]], alongside [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]].<ref name=leyf>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leyes.congreso.gob.pe/Documentos/constituciones_ordenado/CONSTIT_1837/Lcpb1837.pdf |title=Ley Fundamental de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1837) |date=1837-05-01 |website=[[Congress of Peru]]}}</ref>
The Confederation came to an end three years later after continuous border wars with [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]] and [[Chile]] in the [[War of the Confederation]], and after a chaotic civil conflict between north and south Peruvians. In August of 1839, [[Agustín Gamarra]] declared the Confederation dissolved; as a result, South Peru and North Peru reverted to being a [[Restoration (Peru)|unified Republic of Peru]].
==History== ===Background=== {{main|Salaverry-Santa Cruz War}} After political instability in Peru and a coup d'état in 1835, a [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|civil war]] broke out between newly self-declared president [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]] and constitutional president [[Luis José de Orbegoso]], who allowed Bolivian president [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] to send his troops through the Peruvian border.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=93–115}} After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, an idea that had been floating around since the [[Spanish American wars of independence|era of independence]].
===Establishment=== A constituent assembly known as the '''Huaura Assembly''' was held from 3 to 24 August 1836, and featured representatives from [[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]], [[Lima Department|Lima]], [[Department of Huaylas|Huaylas]], [[Department of Amazonas, Peru|Maynas]] and [[Department of Junín|Junín]].{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}} On 11 August, [[North Peru]] was officially established through the promulgation of its constitution by the then President Orbegoso, naming Santa Cruz—who triumphantly entered [[Lima]] on 15 August—as the Supreme Protector of the state. Orbegoso also presented his resignation, but it was not approved by the assembly, who named him provisional president. The assembly also established the new territorial divisions of the country.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119}} Unlike its [[South Peru|new southern neighbour]], North Peru maintained the national symbols of its predecessor.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119–121}}
Provided, then, with all the legal elements granted by the assemblies of the three states, Santa Cruz decreed the establishment of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, by decree given in Lima on 28 October 1836.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121}}{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=254}} A congress known today as the [[Congress of Tacna]] was ordered to meet in [[Tacna]] to establish the foundations of the confederation. The [[Pact of Tacna]] was signed without debate during the congress. It established the [[Constitution|legal framework]] through which the state would operate, and also included the design of the Confederation's flag.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=122}} Reactions to the pact were mixed even among its signatories, and disagreements led to the establishment of one constituent congress per member state.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=124–125}} The act was later promulgated in 1837.
===Development and dissolution=== The Confederation generated resistance among several groups in both countries, which resented the dilution of national identities, and also among neighbouring countries. An important number of Peruvian politicians who opposed the Confederation, such as [[Agustín Gamarra]] and [[Ramón Castilla]], fled to Chile where they received support, leading to the [[War of the Confederation]].{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}}<ref name=Tauro>{{Cite book|title=Enciclopedia ilustrada del Perú: CAN-CHO|last=Tauro del Pino|first=Alberto|publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A.]]|year=2001|isbn=9972401499|location=Lima|pages=544–545|language=es}}</ref>
After a trade war, the [[Congress of Chile]] approved the declaration of war on 26 December 1836,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} claiming that Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his influence threatened the integrity of other [[South America]]n nations, as seen by Orbegoso's support for an attempted invasion of Chile by [[Ramón Freire]], specifically pointing out that it targeted then minister [[Diego Portales]].{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=131}} [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]] followed suit after [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] then [[Tarija War|declared war]] on the Confederation on 19 May 1837, after the escalation of a territorial conflict in [[Argentina–Bolivia border|its border]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=La anexión e incorporación de Tarija a Bolivia |journal=Tarija200 |url=https://www.tarija200.com/post/la-anexion-e-incorporacion-de-tarija-a-bolivia |last=Avila Echazú |first=Edgar |date=2011-04-14 |issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616040041/https://www.tarija200.com/post/la-anexion-e-incorporacion-de-tarija-a-bolivia |archive-date=16 June 2020 }}</ref> accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the [[Unitarian Party]]. The accusations ended up being true, as Santa Cruz had financially supported the émigrés.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133}}
South Peru was [[Peruvian Republic (1837)|invaded]] from October to November, with the occupants being surrounded and forced to sign the a [[Treaty of Paucarpata|treaty]], leaving the country shortly after.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=136}} The treaty was declared null and void by Chile,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=137}} and a second expedition headed by [[Manuel Bulnes]] was organized,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=138}} which left for Peru on 19 July 1838.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} Around the same time, [[Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)|North Peru seceded]] from the Confederation on 30 July,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=139}} but was nevertheless attacked and defeated by the [[United Restoration Army|second expedition]] in the [[Battle of Portada de Guías]] of 21 August.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=256}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=142}}
During this time, the Confederation's stability collapsed, as by September, Peru (i.e. North and South Peru) was under the ''de jure'' control of seven different presidents at one time, of which six claimed control over North Peru (with the exception of [[Pío de Tristán]] in South Peru): Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; [[José de la Riva Agüero]], who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; [[Domingo Nieto]], in the north; and [[Juan Francisco de Vidal]] in Huaylas.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=145}}
Santa Cruz occupied Lima on 10 November, ending the [[Third siege of Callao|siege in Callao]], but left for the north, where the restaurateurs were located. He was defeated in the [[Battle of Yungay]] on 20 January 1839, and thus, the Confederation was dissolved,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=256}} with Gamarra announcing its dissolution on 25 August.<ref name=archivo>{{Cite book |title=Archivo diplomático peruano |last=Ortiz de Zevallos Paz-Soldán |first=Carlos |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú]] |year=1972 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kPAAAAYAAJ |volume=9: Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1835-1839)}}</ref> The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to [[Guayaquil]], in Ecuador, then to Chile, and finally to Europe, where he died.{{fact|date=December 2025}}
==Government== From 1837 until the [[Dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation|confederation's dissolution]], the state was controlled by a ''provisional president'' and a congress, both with limited powers and under the control of Marshal [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] who was styled the ''supreme protector''.{{fact|date=December 2025}}
* '''First president''': General [[Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada|Luis Orbegoso]] (21 August 1837 – 30 July 1838). He declared secession of the Republic of North Peru from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on {{nowr|30 July 1838}} but continued as Provisional President until {{nowr|1 September 1838}} * '''Second president''': General [[José de la Riva Agüero]] (11 August 1838 – 24 January 1839)
===Administrative divisions=== {{see also|Subdivisions of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}} North Peru was divided into five departments which in turn were divided into provinces, and these into districts.
{| style="wikitable" | colspan=1 | |- | # [[Department of Amazonas (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Amazonas Department]] # [[Department of Huaylas (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Huaylas Department]] # [[Department of Junín (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Junín Department]] # [[Department of La Libertad (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|La Libertad Department]] # [[Department of Lima (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Lima Department]] |}
== See also == *[[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] *[[War of the Confederation]]
==References== {{reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Basadre2014}} |first=Jorge|last=Basadre Grohmann|year=2014|title=Historia de la República del Perú [1822-1933]|volume=2|publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]|isbn=978-612-306-353-5|author-link=Jorge Basadre}} * {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Tamayo|1985}} |title=Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú|last=Tamayo Herrera|first=José|author-link=José Tamayo Herrera|publisher=Editorial Lumen|year=1985|isbn=}} {{Subdivisions of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord missing|Peru}} {{DEFAULTSORT:North Peru, Republic of}} [[Category:Former countries in South America]] [[Category:Autonomous republics of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] [[Category:Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] [[Category:War of the Confederation]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1836]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1839]] [[Category:1836 establishments in South America]] [[Category:1839 disestablishments in South America]] [[Category:Former republics|North Peru]]