Hu Xueyan

{{Short description|Chinese banker (1823–1885)}} {{family name hatnote|Hu|lang=Chinese}} {{Chinese |pic=File:胡雪岩像.jpg |picsize=250px |piccap=Photograph of Hu Xueyan |t={{linktext|胡|雪|巖|lang=zh}} |s=胡雪岩 |p=Hú Xuěyán |w=Hu Hsüeh-yan |altname=Hu Guangyong |c2={{linktext|胡|光|墉|lang=zh}} |p2=Hú Guāngyōng |w2=Hu Kuang-yung }}

'''Hu Guangyong''' (1823–1885), better known by his courtesy name '''Xueyan''', was a businessman in China during the latter Qing dynasty. He was active in banking, real estate, shipping and Chinese medicine. He was involved in the salt, tea, clothing, grain as well as the arms trade.

Hu was the only person of the merchant class in the Qing dynasty to be awarded a red-topped hat, a rank indicating an officer of second grade ({{zh|c=二品|p=Èr pǐn|labels=no}}) by the Qing imperial court. He was also one of the few people given express permission by Empress Dowager Cixi to ride a horse in the Forbidden City.

== Biography == [[File:Hu Xueyan's former residence, Hangzhou - 008.jpg|thumb|Hu's former residence in Hangzhou, Zhejiang.]]

Born in 1823 in Jixi County, Anhui Province, in 1837, the 13-year-old Hu moved to Hangzhou, Zhejiang, to be apprenticed to a private bank which would later become the foundation of his Fukang Bank ({{zh|c=阜康錢莊|labels=no}}). Through a series of events, at 26 years of age, he became friends with a local salt magnate, Wang Youling. He borrowed 500 taels of silver in bank drafts to help Wang run for office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hqyt.com/english/enterprise/founder/main.html |title="Founder, Hu Qing Yu Tang" |access-date=2014-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522183849/http://www.hqyt.com/english/enterprise/founder/main.html |archive-date=2014-05-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This would cement Wang as Hu's political ally, a relationship that Hu would lean on during his rise to wealth.

Twelve years later, in 1860, Wang became the governor of Zhejiang. In gratitude for Hu's help early on his campaign, Wang campaigned hard to help Hu start more private banks. The following year, the Taiping Rebellion reached Hangzhou. Hu used his considerable influence to transport food and arms to the city. However, by the end of the year, Hangzhou fell due to the lack of food. Wang committed suicide, leaving Hu without an ally. At the age of 39, Hu eventually found an ally in Zuo Zongtang ("General Tso"), the new viceroy and Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang. He won Zuo's trust by paying for Zuo's army's rations and salaries. He later became General Zuo's financier in all his military efforts.{{sfn|Esherick|2001|p=110}}

In 1866, he funded Foochow Arsenal, China's first modern shipyard and naval academy. After General Zuo accepted a position as Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu, Hu ran the naval academy in Zuo's stead. To aid in the movement of Zuo's troops and its military expedition against the Muslim rebels in Xinjiang and later the Russians during the Ili Crisis, Hu{{mdash}}at the time in charge of the Shanghai Transportation and Procurement Bureau{{mdash}}procured a credit line of 15,950,000 taels of silver ({{convert|{{#expr:15950000*1.2153}}|ozt|kg|disp=out|sigfig=2}}) from HSBC, HSBC's first public loan in China. As a result, Zuo was victorious, and Hu was awarded the red-topped hat by the Imperial Court for his efforts.

Along the way, Hu set up various other businesses, ranging from banks to pawnshops. After being recognised by the Qing government for his achievements, Hu also began to engage in more philanthropic activities. His best known contribution that still stands to this day is the medicinal hall Hu Qing Yu Tang.{{sfn|Esherick|2001|p=112}} It was known then for its uncompromising quality in medicine, ethical treatment of patients and cheap healthcare. It was said that Hu himself personally exchanged a peasant's medicine after being complained to.{{sfn|Huo|Hong|2013}} It was his ethics that propelled his fame.

Later in life, Hu tried to corner the silk trade, leading to an international boycott directed by the French.<ref>Drew, E.B, Shanghai Daily, "...The China Silk trade has been greatly affected for the past two years by the speculative operations of a wealthy Chinese banker who has been buying constantly..."</ref> In 1883, after being forced to sell silk, he began to experience cash flow problems.{{sfn|Li|1981}} There were runs on his bank, and he finally filed for bankruptcy in 1884.{{sfn|Stanley|1961}} Within a year, Hu died of depression{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} at age 62.

Hu's former residence is now a tourist attraction in Hangzhou. It was opened to the public in 2001 after restoration.

== Accomplishments ==

Hu Xueyan is known in modern China for these accomplishments:

* Funded the modernization of the Chinese army * Founded the pharmaceutical company Hu Qing Yu Tang * Retrieved cultural relics from outside China (mostly Japan) * Ethics of a businessman

==Popular culture==

* Fragrance of Osmanthus of August ({{lang|zh|八月桂花香}}) - Taiwanese TV Movie * Red Topped Hat Businessman ({{lang|zh|红顶商人}}) - 25 episode Chinese TV series

== References ==

==Sources==

* {{cite book | title = Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 | editor1-first = Joseph W. | editor1-last = Esherick | editor1-link = Joseph Esherick (historian) | date = 2001 | publisher = Hawaii UP | isbn = 978-0824825188 }} * {{cite book | title = Service Science in China | first1 = Jiazhen | last1 = Huo | first2 = Zhisheng | last2 = Hong | isbn = 978-3642344961 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-34497-8 | date = 2013 }} * {{cite book | title = China's Silk Trade: Traditional Industry in the Modern World, 1842-1937 | date = 1981 | first1 = Lillian M. | last1 = Li | series = Harvard East Asian Monographs | volume = Book 97 | publisher = Harvard University Asia Center | isbn = 978-0674119628 }} * {{cite book | first1 = C. John | last1 = Stanley | title = Late Ch'ing finance: Hu Kuang-yung as an innovator | series = Chinese Economic and Political Studies | work = Harvard East Asian Monographs #12 | volume = V | location = Cambridge, Mass. | publisher = East Asian Research Center, Harvard U | date = 1961 | isbn = 978-0674511651 }} {{refend}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}} * * {{cite book|last1=Tong|first1=Junie T.|title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets|date=2011|isbn=978-1409401292}}<br />Notes that Hu's manipulation of the silk trade may have caused a financial crisis in the late 1880s. {{refend}}

Category:Politicians from Xuancheng Category:1823 births Category:1885 deaths Category:Qing dynasty government officials Category:Chinese bankers Category:Businesspeople from Anhui Category:Businesspeople from Hangzhou Category:19th-century Chinese businesspeople