{{Short description|Variant of Marxism–Leninism}} {{Primary sources|date=November 2022}} [[File:Hoxha Translated Works.jpg|thumb|Translated works of [[Enver Hoxha]], for whom the ideology is named.]] {{Marxism–Leninism sidebar|expanded=variants}} {{Stalinism sidebar|expanded=related topics}} '''Hoxhaism''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|h|ɒ|dʒ|ə|.|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|HOJ|ə|iz|əm}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|h|ɔː|dʒ|-}} {{respell|HAWJ|-}}) is a variant of [[Marxism–Leninism]] developed in the late 1970s as a result of a [[schism]] in the [[Anti-revisionism (Marxism–Leninism)|anti-revisionist]] movement, namely between the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and the [[Party of Labour of Albania]]. The ideological dispute between the two parties brought about the [[Sino-Albanian split]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. |title=Communism for Know-It-Alls |page=23 |year=2008}}</ref> The ideology is named after [[Enver Hoxha]], the [[Secretary (title)#First secretary|first secretary]] of the Party of Labour from 1941 to his death in 1985 and leader of the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] from 1944 to his death in 1985.
The term Hoxhaism is rarely used by the organizations associated with it, as they view Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism–Leninism as an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-02-27 |title=Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions |url=http://revolutionaryspiritapl.blogspot.com/2010/02/variants-of-revisionism-marxism_27.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Revolutionary Spirit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania |year=1982 |title=Enver Hoxha: Selected Works. Volume IV: February 1966 - July 1975. |page=234-235 |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol4.pdf}}</ref>
== Overview == Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of [[Joseph Stalin]], the organization of the [[Soviet Union under Stalin]], and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Pridham |author-first=Geoffrey |title=The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=9780826450388 |page=70}}</ref><ref name="Hoxha Aug. 1979">{{cite journal|author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |date=August 1979 |title=The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/marxist-leninist.htm |journal=Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania}}</ref> Currents such as [[Eurocommunism]] are regarded as [[Anti-communism|anti-communist movements]].<ref name="Hoxha Aug. 1979"/>
Hoxha was critical of the United States and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], condemning the latter as [[Social imperialism|social imperialist]]. After the [[Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin|death of Stalin]] and the Sino-Albanian split, he extended his social imperialist critique to the Soviet Union and China. Hoxha condemned the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the [[Warsaw Pact]] in response.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |title=Imperialism and the Revolution |chapter=I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch1.htm |location=Tirana, Albania |date=1978}}</ref> Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue [[Socialist mode of production|socialism]] by different paths dictated by the conditions in those countries, although Hoxha personally held the view that [[Titoism]] was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 June 2011 |title=A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism |url=http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232358/http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/ |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=The Red Star Vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm |title=Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism |author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523064452/http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |date=1960 |title=Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism! |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/nov1960.htm |publisher=Naim Frasheri Publishing House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugoslav "Self-Administration" |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1978/yugoslavia/01.htm |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>
Following the [[fall of communism in Albania]] in 1991, Hoxhaist parties formed the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) in 1994, and its publication ''Unity and Struggle''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World |url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv1n2/mldecl.htm |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.revolutionarydemocracy.org}}</ref>
== Affiliated groups and parties == The [[Communist Party of Brazil]] was Hoxhaist, as was the [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] until 1991, when the [[Albanian Workers' Party]] was dissolved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Stephen F. |title=Review of Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=1998 |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=731–732 |doi=10.2307/2658272 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658272 |issn=0032-3195}}</ref>
For other Hoxhaist parties, see [[:Category:Hoxhaist parties]].
== References == {{reflist}}
{{Cold War}} {{Eponymous socialism}} {{Marxism–Leninism}}
[[Category:Hoxhaism| ]] [[Category:Stalinism]] [[Category:Anti-revisionism]] [[Category:Communism in Albania]] [[Category:Enver Hoxha]] [[Category:Eponymous political ideologies]] [[Category:Politics of Albania]] [[Category:State ideologies]] [[Category:Anti-imperialism]] [[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]