Howard Zehr

{{short description|American criminologist}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}} {{Infobox scholar | name = Howard J. Zehr | image = Howard Zehr.jpg | alt = | caption = Zehr in 2005 | fullname = | other_names = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|07|02}} | birth_place = [[Freeport, Illinois]], U.S. | death_date =  | death_place = | alma_mater = Morehouse College, B.A., University of Chicago, M.A., Rutgers University Ph.D. | main_interests = [[Penology]], [[restorative justice]], restorative processes | notable_ideas = [[Restorative justice]]<ref>Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. ''Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice''. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 24. Print.</ref> | major_works = ''Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice'' (3rd ed, 2005); ''The Little Book of Restorative Justice'' (2002) | influences = [[John Howard Yoder]], [[Nils Christie]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Peter Stearns]], [[Vincent Harding]] | influenced = }}

'''Howard J. Zehr''' (born July 2, 1944) is an American [[criminology|criminologist]]. Zehr is considered to be a pioneer of the modern concept of [[restorative justice]].<ref>Umbreit, Mark, Marilyn Peterson Armour.''Restorative Justice Dialogue – An Essential Guide for Research and Practice''. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 2011: 148.</ref><ref>Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. ''Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice''. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 24.</ref>

He is Distinguished Professor of Restorative Justice at [[Eastern Mennonite University]]'s Center for Justice and Peacebuilding and Co-director Emeritus of the Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice.

==Life== The son of a Mennonite church leader in the midwest, Howard Zehr was born in Freeport, Illinois, and raised through his elementary years in two other Illinois municipalities, Peoria and Fisher. His family moved to Indiana for his middle and high school years. He studied at two Mennonite institutions, for a year each – [[Goshen College]] in Indiana and [[Bethel College (Kansas)|Bethel College]] in Kansas – before finishing his undergraduate degree in European history at [[Morehouse College]], an all-male liberal arts college that is historically black, in [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref name="autogeneratedcv">Full curriculum vitae of Howard Zehr, Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice website {{cite web |url=http://emu.edu/cjp/restorative-justice/howard-zehr-cv/ |title=Howard Zehr CV – Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice – Center for Justice & Peacebuilding – Eastern Mennonite University |accessdate=2013-10-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015034409/http://emu.edu/cjp/restorative-justice/howard-zehr-cv/ |archivedate=October 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref> Zehr was the first white person to earn a B.A. from Morehouse when he graduated in 1966.<ref>[http://www.morehousecollegealumni.com/blog/2012/12/10/famous-alumni-of-morehouse-college/ "Famous Alumni of Morehouse College."] Web, retrieved October 8, 2013.</ref> Thanks to the school's then-Morehouse College president Dr. [[Benjamin Mays]], Zehr was able to complete his schooling through a minority scholarship that Mays assisted him in securing; Zehr graduated second in his class.<ref name="ebony1">Christian, Margena A. "[http://www.ebony.com/news-views/what-will-happen-to-me#axzz2hA5hyhX7 What Will Happen To Me? Restorative Justice Pioneer Takes Look At Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children]," Ebony, Jan. 2012. Web version, retrieved October 8, 2013.</ref>

He earned an M.A. in European history at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1967 and a Ph.D. in modern European history from [[Rutgers University]] in 1974. From 1971 to 1978, he taught at [[Talladega College]] in Alabama. He then left academia to do grassroots work, directing a half-way house in 1978 in [[Elkhart, Indiana]], and becoming the founder and director (1978–1982) of an Elkhart County program now called the Center for Community Justice.<ref name="autogeneratedcv" /> Through this program, Zehr directed the first victim-offender reconciliation program in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> For 17 years, 1979–1996, Zehr directed the Office on Crime and Justice under [[Mennonite Central Committee]] (MCC) in Akron, PA.<ref name="autogeneratedcv" /> While with MCC, Zehr began doing [[photojournalism]], producing professional-quality photographs that were published in MCC journals and books, such as ''A Dry Roof and a Cow – Dreams and Portraits of Our Neighbors'' (Akron, Pa: MCC, 1994).

As of 2023, he was the author of five photography-centered books published by Good Books of Intercourse, Pa.: ''Doing Life: Reflections of Men and Women Serving Life Without Parole'' (1996; Japanese edition, 2006); ''Transcending – Reflections of Crime Victims'' (2001; Japanese edition, 2006); ''The Little Book of Contemplative Photography'' (2005); ''What Will Happen to Me?,'' about the children of prisoners (2010); ''Pickups: A Love Story'' (2013), a light-hearted look at pickup trucks and their owners. In 2022, Zehr and co-author Barb Toews returned to prisoners featured in the 1996 book and produced ''Still Doing Life: 22 Lifers 25 Years Later'' ([[The New Press]], New York & London, 2022).

"Your ability to listen and your respect for human beings, whether they are victims or offenders, is vividly expressed in your two books of photographs and interviews, ''Transcending – Reflections of Crime Victims'', and ''Doing Life – Reflections of Men and Women Serving Life Sentences''," said Thomas J. Porter, JD, executive director of JUSTPEACE Center for Mediation and Conflict Transformation at [[Hamline University]] in a ceremony announcing a "lifetime achievement award" for Zehr.<ref>Porter, Thomas. Journal of Law and Religion, Lifetime Achievement Award Ceremony for Zehr, October 5, 2006. PDF, law.hamline.edu, retrieved October 8, 2013.</ref>

An [[Ebony (magazine)|''Ebony'' magazine]] reporter wrote: "Howard Zehr, the restorative justice pioneer recognized for building bridges for the voiceless, calls them [the children of prisoners] hidden victims. His latest book, ''What Will Happen To Me?'', places the lens on 30 children whose parents are behind bars. It allows each to be heard as he or she shares thoughts and reflections... The truth of the matter is that approximately 3 million children go to bed with a parent in prison or jail."<ref name="ebony1" />

Since 1996, Zehr has been a faculty member of [[Eastern Mennonite University]], based at EMU's [[Center for Justice and Peacebuilding]]. He served as the center's co-director for five years, 2002–2007. He stepped away from full-time teaching and became co-director of the Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice in 2012.<ref name="autogenerated3">Lofton, Bonnie Price. "[http://emu.edu/now/news/2013/09/jmus-gandhi-center-honors-zehr-and-huber/ JMU's Gandhi Center honors Howard Zehr and Vida Huber]." September 20, 2014. Web, retrieved October 8, 2014</ref>

Zehr is a past member of the Victims Advisory Groups of the [[United States Sentencing Commission]] and has taught courses and workshops in restorative justice to more than 1,000 people, many of whom lead their own restorative justice-focused organizations. Representatives of the Council for Restorative Justice at [[Georgia State University]], Youth Justice Initiative in Iowa, and Mediation Northern Ireland are among the leaders Zehr has taught.<ref>James Madison University News.[http://www.jmu.edu/news/2013/10/04-gandhi-center-award-recognizes-zehr-huber.shtml "Gandhi Center award recognizes Zehr, Huber."] October 4, 2014. Web, retrieved October 8, 2014.</ref><ref>Lofton, Bonnie Price. "Ending 30 Years of Mayhem: Lessons from Northern Ireland," Peacebuilder Magazine, Spring-summer 2009. Print and web versions, https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/issues/spring-summer-2009/. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref> He has given restorative justice presentations in 35 states and 25 countries. His impact has been especially significant in the United States, Brazil, Japan, Jamaica, Northern Ireland, Britain, Ukraine, and New Zealand, a country that has restructured its juvenile justice system into a family-focused, restorative approach.<ref>Zehr, Howard. Personnel page, Eastern Mennonite University. http://www.emu.edu/personnel/people/show/zehrh. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref><ref>Lofton, Bonnie Price. "[http://emu.edu/now/news/2013/09/jmus-gandhi-center-honors-zehr-and-huber/ JMU's Gandhi Center honors Howard Zehr and Vida Huber]." September 20, 2014. Web, retrieved October 8, 2014.</ref> The impact of New Zealand's restorative approach is outlined in ''The Little Book of Family Group Conferences, New Zealand Style,'' co-authored by Zehr.<ref>MacRae, Allan, Howard Zehr. ''The Little Book of Family Group Conferences, New Zealand Style''. Intercourse, Pa: Good Books, 2004.</ref>

Dr. Zehr holds a USA [[amateur radio]] license, with the call K4LXY.

==Restorative justice== {{quote|No person has done more to inspire the restorative imaginations of citizens of this planet than Howard Zehr. He has been the great teacher who has invited us to sit beside him to see what he can see through his restorative lens.|[[John Braithwaite (criminologist)|John Braithwaite]]<ref name=braithwaite>{{cite web |title=Everyone invited to celebrate Howard Zehr by attending his May 23 "roast" |date=March 18, 2015 |url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2015/03/everyone-invited-to-celebrate-howard-zehr-by-attending-his-may-23-roast/ |accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>}}

Zehr's contributions to the field date to the late 1970s, when he was a practitioner in the foundational stage of the restorative justice movement.In that capacity he was one of the original founders of the Center for Community Justice(https://www.centerforcommunityjustice.org), a nonprofit that is still active today. <ref name="autogenerated1">Umbreit, Mark, Marilyn Peterson Armour. Restorative Justice Dialogue – An Essential Guide for Research and Practice. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 2011: 37.</ref> He has led hundreds of events internationally that focus on restorative justice, victim-offender conferencing, judicial reform and other criminal justice issues.<ref>James Madison University News. [http://www.jmu.edu/news/2013/10/04-gandhi-center-award-recognizes-zehr-huber.shtml "Gandhi Center award recognizes Zehr, Huber."] October 4, 2014. Web, retrieved October 8, 2014.</ref>

In ''Restoring Justice–An Introduction to Restorative Justice'', Daniel W. Van Ness and Karen Heetderks Strong say that the term "restorative justice" was likely coined by Albert Eglash in 1958 when he distinguished between three approaches to justice: (1) "retributive justice," based on punishment; (2) "distributive justice," involving therapeutic treatment of offenders; and (3) "restorative justice," based on restitution with input from victims and offenders.<ref>Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. ''Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice''. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 21-22.</ref>

Zehr's book ''Changing Lenses–A New Focus for Crime and Justice'', first published in 1990, is credited with being "groundbreaking,"<ref>Dorne, Clifford K. ''Restorative Justice in the United States''. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 167.</ref> one of the first to articulate a theory of restorative justice.<ref>Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. ''Restoring Justice–An Introduction to Restorative Justice''. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 24.</ref> It has been translated into seven languages.<ref name="autogeneratedcv" /> The title of this book refers to providing an alternative framework for thinking about – or new lens for viewing – crime and justice.<ref>Dorne, Clifford K. ''Restorative Justice in the United States''. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 8.</ref> ''Changing Lenses'' says that in a "retributive justice" framework, crime is an offense against the state, whereas in a restorative justice framework, crime is viewed as a violation of people and relationships.<ref>Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 55 (footnote).</ref> The book made reference to the positive results of efforts in the late 1970s and 1980s at victim-offender mediation, pioneered in the United States by Howard Zehr, Ron Claassen and Mark Umbreit.<ref name="autogenerated2">Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. ''Restoring Justice–An Introduction to Restorative Justice''. 4th ed. New Province, N.J.: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 2010: 27.</ref>

A number of scholars believe it is not a coincidence that Mennonites in North America, like Zehr and Claassen,<ref name="autogenerated2" /> and the social-action arm of their church-community, [[Mennonite Central Committee]], played major roles in popularizing the theory and practices of restorative justice.<ref>Dorne, Clifford K. ''Restorative Justice in the United States''. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 166-167.</ref><ref>Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 512.</ref> "[T]he antinomian groups advocating and supporting restorative justice, such as the Mennonites (as well as Amish and Quaker groups), subscribe to principled pacifism and also tend to believe that restorative justice is much more humane than the punitive juvenile and criminal justice systems."<ref>Dorne, Clifford K. ''Restorative Justice in the United States''. N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008: 166.</ref>

By the second half of the 1990s, the expression "restorative justice" had become popular, evolving to universal usage by 2006.<ref>Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 76-77.</ref> The restorative justice movement has attracted many segments of society, including "police officers, judges, schoolteachers, politicians, juvenile justice agencies, victim support groups, aboriginal elders, and mums and dads."<ref>Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 77.</ref>

"Restorative justice is a fast-growing state, national and international social movement that seeks to bring together people to address the harm caused by crime," write Mark Umbreit and Marilyn Peterson Armour. "Restorative justice views violence, community decline, and fear-based responses as indicators of broken relationships. It offers a different response, namely the use of restorative solutions to repair the harm related to conflict, crime, and victimization."<ref>Umbreit, Mark, Marilyn Peterson Armour. ''Restorative Justice Dialogue–An Essential Guide for Research and Practice''. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 2011: 2.</ref>

In ''Changing Lenses'', Howard Zehr describes restorative justice as focusing on the harms done, and consequent needs and obligations, of all parties involved (victims, offenders and the communities in which the harm occurred). He sets forth these six guiding questions: # Who has been hurt? # What are their needs? # Whose obligations are these? # What are the causes? # Who has a stake in the situation? # What is the appropriate process to involve stakeholders in an effort to address causes and put things right?<ref>Zehr, Howard. Changing Lenses – A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottdale PA: 2005 (3rd ed), 271.</ref>

The growth of restorative justice has been facilitated by NGOs dedicated to this approach to justice, such as the Victim Offender Mediation Association, as well as by the establishment of academic centers, such as Zehr's [[Center for Justice and Peacebuilding]] at [[Eastern Mennonite University]] in Virginia, the [[University of Minnesota]]'s Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, the Community Justice Institute at [[Florida Atlantic University]], the Center for Peacemaking and Conflict Studies at [[Fresno Pacific University]] in California, and the Centre for Restorative Justice at [[Simon Fraser University]] in British Columbia, Canada.<ref>Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. ''Handbook of Restorative Justice''. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 512.</ref>

In the afterword to the third edition of ''Changing Lenses'', Zehr acknowledges the debt that restorative justice owes to many indigenous traditions.<ref>Johnstone, Gerry, Daniel W. Van Ness. ''Handbook of Restorative Justice''. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007: 512-513.</ref> "Two peoples have made very specific and profound contributions to practices in the field – the First Nations people of Canada and the U.S., and the Maori of New Zealand... [I]n many ways, restorative justice represents a validation of values and practices that were characteristic of many indigenous groups," whose traditions were "often discounted and repressed by western colonial powers."<ref>Zehr, Howard. ''Changing Lenses – A New Focus for Crime and Justice''. Scottdale PA: 2005, 268-269.</ref>

Zehr has raised awareness that judicial punishment is a social ''choice'', rather than being the only possible response to crime, and that a more socially productive, healing choice can emerge through the application of restorative justice.<ref>Johnstone, Gerry. ''Restorative Justice – Ideas, Values, Debates''. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2002, 6-7.</ref> Zehr argues that punishment – or inflicting suffering as repayment for harm done – rarely results in healing for anybody and often makes matters worse.<ref>Johnstone, Gerry. ''Restorative Justice – Ideas, Values, Debates''. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2002, 90-91.</ref>

Congruent with his [[Mennonite Church USA]] tradition, Zehr links restorative justice practices to the Judeo-Christian concept of ''Shalom'': "Emphasizing 'right relationships' between individuals, between groups of people, between people and the earth, and between people and the divine, ''Shalom'' declares an ultimate allegiance to respecting life in all its forms... [It] encourages us to see the nurturing of this sacred relational web as our ultimate calling."<ref>Dyck, David. "Reaching toward a structurally responsive training and practice of restorative justice" in ''Handbook of Restorative Justice'', edited by Dennis Sullivan and Larry Tifft. London: Routledge, 2008: 536.</ref>

==Rejoinder: justice that is not==

Restorative justice is, according to Zehr, a practice defined solely from the perspective of 'what it is not', whereby most of its potentialities are deviated from its intentions and end controversially by reinforcing the established mode of justice. Hence, among the maxims often associated to a 'Zehrist' way of defining restorative justice by the negative there are: * "RJ's main objective is not to pardon nor to make amends” * "RJ is not mediation” * "RJ is not intended to reduce recidivism or serial offending” * "RJ is not a program or specific project” * "RJ is not an alternative to criminal justice” * "RJ is not an alternative to imprisonment” * "RJ is not antithetical to criminal justice".

Thus, in spite of its allegedly "transformative element, restorative justice is not conceived [as] a real alternative to the ongoing model of justice". It is the reason why, from a 'Zehrist' point of view, restorative justice "does not succeed in reconstructing the traditional legal theory, nor build a new theory of criminal intervention as a whole” - it is rather proposed as an analog of justice as we know it (Juliana Tonche, 'Justiça restaurativa e racionalidade penal moderna', ''Revista de Estudos Empíricos em Direito'', vol. 3, n. 1, jan 2016, p. 129-143).

==Quotes== How is restorative justice defined? "Restorative justice is a process to involve, to the extent possible, those who have a stake in a specific offence and to collectively identify and address harms, needs and obligations, in order to heal and put things as right as possible." Howard Zehr in ''The Little Book of Restorative Justice''<ref>Cited by Emma Kasprzak, BBC News, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19976706 "Community justice – the power of the panel."] October 20, 2012. Web, retrieved October 8, 2014.</ref>

What does restorative justice try to do? "Restorative justice requires, at minimum, that we address victims' harms and needs, hold offenders accountable to put right those harms, and involve victims, offenders, and communities in this process." Howard Zehr in ''The Little Book of Restorative Justice''<ref>Cited by Emma Kasprzak, BBC News, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19976706 "Community justice – the power of the panel."] October 20, 2012. Web,retrieved October 8, 2014.</ref>

==Honors== Selected awards and honors:<ref name="autogeneratedcv" /> * [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]], Ireland Distinguished [[Visiting scholar|Visiting Scholar]] Award, 2015 <ref name=uab>{{cite web |title=Dr. Howard Zehr Named Recipient of 2015 Ireland Distinguished Visiting Scholar Award |url=http://www.uab.edu/cas/news/announcements/item/5305-dr-howard-zehr-named-recipient-of-2015-ireland-distinguished-visiting-scholar-award |accessdate=March 20, 2015}}</ref> * Gandhi Center of James Madison University, co-recipient of its "Community Service Award" (the third award conferred by the Gandhi Center, after "global nonviolence awards" to [[Desmond Tutu]] in 2007 and Jimmy and [[Rosalynn Carter]] in 2009),<ref name="autogenerated3" /> 2013 * International Peace Award from the [[Community of Christ]], 2006 * Lifetime Achievement Award, Journal of Law and Religion, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn., 2006 * The Restorative Justice Association of Virginia (the first annual Howard Zehr Award), 2005 * The New York Dispute Resolution Association's annual Peacebuilder Award, 2003 * Prison Fellowship International's Restorative Justice Prize, 2003 * Michael Sattler Peace Prize (awarded by the German Mennonite Peace Committee), 2010

==Works== Howard Zehr is the author, co-author or editor of two dozen books, plus the source of dozens of chapters, op-ed pieces, and other presentations. He is widely interviewed by or quoted in the media.<ref>Kottoor, Naveena. "How do people forgive a crime like murder?" BBC World News, August 19, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref><ref>National Council on Crime and Delinquency, "Webinar: Does Restorative Justice Need Forgiveness?", http://www.nccdglobal.org/news/webinar-does-restorative-justice-need-forgiveness {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015024907/http://www.nccdglobal.org/news/webinar-does-restorative-justice-need-forgiveness# |date=October 15, 2013 }}. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref><ref>Zehr, Howard. "Slavery Apology: admit wrongs; realize lasting impact," ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' op-ed, 3 March 13, 2007.</ref> Zehr's list of publications includes:

* Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice. Akron, Pennsylvania: Mennonite Central Committee. 1997* Justice: Retribution or Restoration?. Peacework Magazine on the web, April 1999. * Restorative Justice: When Justice and Healing Go Together. Track Two. 6(3&4) 1997 * "Restorative Justice Signposts: Victim Involvement". OVA Newsletter, Mary Achilles, Victim Advocate, Vol. 4, Issue 1. 2000 * "Family Group Conferences: A Challenge to Victim Offender Mediation?". Victim Offenders Mediation Association Quarterly 7(1):4-8. 1996 * "Justice Paradigm Shift? Values and Visions in the Reform Process." Mediation Quarterly 12(3):207-216. 1995 * Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 271p. 1990 * "Justice: Stumbling Toward a Restorative Ideal.". In: P. Arthur (ed.), Justice: The Restorative Vision. New Perspectives on Crime and Justice (Issue #7). Akron, PA: Mennonite Central Committee Office of Criminal Justice, pp. 1–15. 1989 * "Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice.". New Perspectives on Crime and Justice (Issue #4). Akron, PA: Mennonite Central Committee Office of Criminal Justice, September, 16p. 1985 * "Mediating the Victim-Offender Conflict.". New Perspectives on Crime and Justice (Issue #2). Akron, PA: Mennonite Central Committee Office of Criminal Justice, September, 30p. 1980 * "Victim Offender Reconciliation: An Incarceration Substitute?". Federal Probation 46(4):63-68. 1982 * Doing Life: Reflections of Men and Women Serving Life Sentences. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. 1998 * "Justice that heals: The practice. Paper presented at the Making Crime Pay conference. Wellington, New Zealand, June 1994.". Stimulus 2 (August): 69-74. 1994 * Restorative Family Group Conferences: Differing Models and Guidelines for Practice. Federal Probation. 60(3): 24-29. 1996 * "Restorative justice for crime victims: The promise and the challenge.". In Restorative community justice: Repairing harm and transforming communities, ed. Gordon Bazemore and Mara Schiff, 87-99. With an introduction by Gordon Bazemore and Mara Schiff. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co. 2001 * "Restorative Justice: The Concept.". Corrections Today. 59(7):68-70. 1997 * "Ways of knowing for a restorative worldview.". Photocopied draft. 2000 * Restorative justice sign posts. Conciliation Quarterly 20 (3): 11. 2001 * Journey to Belonging: Flight from shame. Reflections: A Journal of the Conflict Transformation Program 1: 6-9. 2002 * Restoring Justice: Envisioning a Justice Process Focused on Healing – Not Punishment. The Other Side 33(5), Sept – Dec 1997. 1997 * Restorative justice and substance abuse: The path ahead. In Bringing restorative justice to adolescent substance abuse, ed. Kathryn G. Herr. Special issue of Youth & Society 33 (December), 314-328. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 2001 * Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice. Contemporary Justice Review. 1: 47-55. Reprinted in Restorative Justice. Declan Roche (2003), ed. pp. 73–81. The International Library of Essays in Law & Legal Theory, Second Series. Aldershot, Hants, England: Dartmouth/Ashgate. 1998 * Victim offender conferencing in Pennsylvania's juvenile justice system. Harrisonburg, PA: Eastern Mennonite University, Conflict Transformation Program. 1998 * Restorative justice. Corrections Today. 59(7): 68-114 1997 * Journey to belonging. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Restorative Justice for Juveniles, October (Tübingen, Germany). 2000 * Journey to Belonging. Paper presented at the Just Peace? Peace Making and Peace Building for the New Millennium conference, held in Auckland, New Zealand, April 24–28. Auckland, New Zealand: Massey University, School of Social and Cultural Studies, Centre for Justice and Peace Development. 2000 * Paradigms of justice- old and new. In Spiritual roots of restorative justice: A collection of faith community perspectives, 37. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Multifaith Council on Spiritual & Religious Care. 2000 * Journey to Belonging. In, Elmar G.M. Weitekamp and Han-Jurgen Kerner, Restorative Justice: Theoretical Foundations. Deon, UK: Willan Publishing. pp. 21–31. 2002 * The Little Book of Restorative Justice. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. 2002 * Re-Thinking Criminal Justice: Restorative Justice. Re-Thinking Criminal Justice. 1(May): 1-13. 1995 * Restoring justice. In God and the victim: Theological reflections on evil, victimization, justice, and forgiveness, ed. Lisa Barnes Lampman and Michelle D. Shattuck, 131-159. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company; and Neighbors Who Care: Washington, D.C. 1999 * Rethinking God, Justice, and Treatment of Offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 35(3/4): 259-285. 2002 * Critical Issues in Restorative Justice: An Inadequate and Overlapping Outline. VOMA Connections 12 (Autumn). Downloaded June 22, 2004. 2002 * Taking Victims and Their Advocates Seriously: A Listening Project. Harrisonburg,VA: Institute for Justice and Peacebuilding at Eastern Mennonite University. * Ways of Knowing for a Restorative Worldview. In, Elmar Weitekamp and Hans-Jurgen Kerner, eds. Restorative Justice in Context: International Practice and Directions. Devon, UK and Portland Oregon: Willan Publishing. pp. 257–271. 2003 * Justice as Restoration, Justice as Respect. Justice Professional. 11: 71-87. 1998 * Mediating the Victim-Offender Conflict. Mennonite Central Committee. Victim Offender Reconciliation Program. 1980 * Critical Issues in Restorative Justice. Monsey, New York and Cullompton, Devon, UK: Criminal Justice Press and Willan Publishing. 2004 * A Restorative Framework for Community Justice Practice. In, Kieran McEvoy and [[Tim Newburn]],eds., Criminology, Conflict Resolution and Restorative Justice. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK and New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 135–152. 2003 * A call for thoughtful response: Conflict Transformation staff thoughts on trauma and healing. Harrisonburg, VA: Eastern Mennonite University, Conflict Transformation Program. 2001 * Listening to Victims—A Critique of Restorative Justice Policy and Practice in the United States. Federal Probation. 68(1): 32-38. 2004 * Family group conferences: A challenge to victim offender mediation?. Accord, a publication of Canadian Mennonite Central Committee. 1996 * Transcending: Reflections of Crime Victims. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. 2001 * The Meaning of Life: Working at the Healing Edge. Offender Program Report. 11:71-87. 1998 * Justice Alternative: A Restorative Approach. The Corrections Psychologist. 30(1). 1998 * Justice Alternatives: A Restorative Perspective. Imbizo. February. 1996 * Restitution Reduces Recidivism. Crime and Justice Network Newsletter. Oct 1990 – Mar 1991. p7. Downloaded January 20, 2005. 1990 * Evaluation and Restorative Justice Principles. In Elizabeth Elliott and Robert M. Gordon, eds., New Directions in Restorative Justice: Issues, Practice, Evaluation. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing. pp. 296–303. 2005 * The Little Book of Family Group Conferences: New Zealand style. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. 2004 * Restaurando relaciones: Una manera distanta de hacer justicia. San Salvador, El Salvador: Asociación Bienestar Yek Ineme 2001 * The ideas of engagement and empowerment. in, Gerry Johnstone and Daniel W. Van Ness, eds., Handbook of Restorative Justice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing. pp. 41–58 2007 * 'Avaliação e princípios da justiça restaurativa'; in C. Slakmon, M. Rocha Machado and P. Cruz Bottini (eds.), ''Novas Direções na Governança da Justiça e da Segurança'' (Brasília- D.F.: Ministry of Justice of Brazil, [[United Nations Development Programme]] – Brazil, and the School of Law of the Getulio Vargas Foundation – São Paulo). pp. 411– 417. 2006 * 'Maneiras de conhecer para uma visão restaurativa de mundo'; in C. Slakmon, M. Rocha Machado and P. Cruz Bottini (eds.), ''Novas Direções na Governança da Justiça e da Segurança'' (Brasília- D.F.: Ministry of Justice of Brazil, United Nations Development Programme – Brazil, and the School of Law of the Getulio Vargas Foundation – São Paulo). pp. 419–432. 2006 * El pequeño libro de la justicia restaurativa. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. 2007 * Why Can't We Just Apologize?. The Crime Victims Report. 11(3):38. 2007 * Still Doing Life: 22 Lifers 25 Years Later, co-author Barb Toews. New York & London: The New Press. 2022 * Restorative Justice – Insights and Stories from My Journey. Lancaster, PA: Walnut Street Books. 2023

==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links== * [http://www.emu.edu/now/restorative-justice/ Restorative Justice Blog] at Eastern Mennonite University * [https://emu.edu/faculty-staff/?show=zehrh Professional Page] at Eastern Mennonite University * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020129/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0499/049910.htm Article on Restorative Justice] by Howard Zehr * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306171925/http://www.morehouse.edu/news/morehousemag/summer07/ClassNotes.pdf Class Notes: Howard Zehr '65 Wins Prestigious Award]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zehr, Howard}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Morehouse College alumni]] [[Category:Rutgers University alumni]] [[Category:Eastern Mennonite University faculty]] [[Category:Penologists]] [[Category:Restorative justice]] [[Category:Goshen College alumni]] [[Category:American Mennonites]] [[Category:Mennonite writers]]