{{Short description|Lakota language greeting}} {{About|the archaic word, used in fiction||How (disambiguation){{!}}How}} [[File:Frederic Remington - The Parley - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|300px|Frederic Remington's ''The Parley,'' 1903]] The word "'''how'''" is a pop culture anglicization of the Lakota word ''{{linktext|háu}}'', a Lakota language greeting by men to men.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hau/Han |url=http://www.sintegleska.edu/lakota-word-of-the-week/hauhan |website=Sinte Gleska University |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> The term ''how'' is often found in older Hollywood movies and various novels that depicted American Indians, e.g. those of James Fenimore Cooper or Karl May.
==Background== [[Image:Jean de Brébeuf uncropped.jpg|thumb|Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary, {{circa}} 1627]]
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED) gives [{{IPA|haːʊ̯}}] ("how") as the pronunciation, and claims Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf had described the use of the term as an interjection of approval with the Wyandot (Hurons). De Brébeuf described individual speakers using ''Condayauendi Ierhayde cha nonhwicwahachen''{{efn|{{translation|That is my thought on the subject under discussion.<ref name="de Brébeuf"/>}}}} to signify the end of their speaking, which was answered by the community with a long "Hooow".<ref name="de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf ''Jesuit Relation 10'', 1636, see Wolfgang Hochbruck "I have spoken" p. 36, and J. Axtell, ''The Indian People of Eastern America'', Oxford 1981</ref>
Longman Webster<ref>Longman Webster English college dictionary. Harlow: Longman, 1984</ref> describes ''Howgh'' as a greeting of the Lakota, Dakota, and/or Nakoda peoples; giving "Háu kola" (''Hallo friend'') as a Lakota language greeting. However, it would be the only Lakota term using a diphthong and is possibly of external origin.<ref name="rood96">Rood, David S., and Taylor, Allan R. (1996). [http://lakxotaiyapi.freecyberzone.com/sk1.htm Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712000000/http://lakxotaiyapi.freecyberzone.com/sk1.htm |date=2012-07-12 }}. Handbook of North American Indians, Band 17 (Languages), pp. 440–482.</ref> Dakota people and Omaha people use slightly different versions. Francis Parkman, in his book ''The Oregon Trail'', gives a first-person account of three weeks spent hunting buffalo with a band of Oglala Lakota in 1846.<ref>see I have spoken, Hochbruck p. 153</ref> He mentions their use of "How". By 1900 "Good morning" was the preferred greeting among Omaha.<ref>The Conservative (Nebraska City, Neb.) 18. August 1898, Seite 3, von Laurence Laughlin, [http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn96080161/1898-08-18/ed-1/seq-3/ The Indians at Omaha],</ref>
==Usage== Karl May, in his works of fiction, regularly used ''Howgh''<ref>Der Wortschatz Karl Mays, von Joachim Dietze, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim, 1999, {{ISBN|3487105357}}</ref> as a term expressing a Rule of Order, and a longing for consensus.<ref name="ph">Handbuch der Phraseologie, Harald Burger, Annelies Häcki Buhofer, Ambros Sialm, Brigit Eriksson, Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 1982, {{ISBN|3110080028}}, p. 116</ref>
"Howgh", "Uff!", Manitou and Lakota "''Hoka Hey''" have had a major influence on the popular image of Native Americans in German-speaking countries. ''Howgh'' gained popularity as a reference to Native Americans through Cooper's and Parkman's books. By 1917, it was so stereotypically accepted that it found its way into US World War I propaganda depicting Native American soldiers: {{"|[Wilhelm II] killum papoose und killum squaw, so Jo Fixum will find this Kaiser and stickum bayonet clear through. Ugh!{{sic}}<ref>''American Indians in World War I: At home and at war'', Thomas A. Britten, Verlag UNM Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0826320902}}</ref> }}
In the 1948 ''Tom and Jerry'' short "Kitty Foiled", Jerry and the canary say "How" as they dress themselves as Native Americans.
In the 1950s, "How" and primitive utterances like "Ugg-a-Wugg!" were used for two songs in two adaptations of ''Peter Pan''; "What Made the Red Man Red?" in Walt Disney's 1953 animated film and "Ugg-a-Wugg" in Edwin Lester's 1954 musical. The latter featured white actors in stereotypical costumes, performing what they presented as "Indian dance" numbers and singing gibberish.<ref name=Cheu>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAjjxpvxVDAC&q=%22What+Made+the+Red+Man+Red%3F%22&pg=PA9|title=Diversity in Disney Films|isbn=9781476600093|last1=Cheu|first1=Johnson|year=2013|pages=9, 41|publisher=McFarland }}</ref>
Author Raymond Steadman was irritated by the usage of what he viewed as a stereotypical phrase, and closed{{what?|date=July 2020}} with "Reader gettum sick? Have-um enough?"{{sic}}<ref>Steadman p. 71, in I have spoken'', Wolfgang Hochbruck'' p. 153</ref>
''Howgh'' also appears in German pop songs depicting stereotypes of Native Americans, such as in "''Indianer''" by Nena (lyrics by Carlo Karges) and Gus Backus "Da sprach der alte Häuptling der Indianer" ("then spoke the old chieftain of the Indians", covered e.g. by Wildecker Herzbuben and Wirtschaftswunder<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Njmovwl4bU&hd=1 YouTube, see 0.51.]</ref>).
==See also== *Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States *Native Americans in German popular culture *Native Americans in film *How (TV series)
==Further reading== * Wolfgang Hochbruck: ''"I have spoken." Die Darstellung und ideologische Funktion indianischer Mündlichkeit in der nordamerikanischen Literatur.'' Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1991, {{ISBN|3-8233-4553-2}} (''ScriptOralia'' 32), (Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 1990). * Raymond William Stedman: ''Shadows of the Indian. Stereotypes in American culture.'' University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK et al. 1982, {{ISBN|0-8061-1822-9}}. * April Renae S. Watchman: ''Howgh!! I have spoken, uff, uff!'': Karl May and 19th century representations of American Indians, Thesis (M.A.) – Arizona State University, 2001, {{oclc|49709527}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
Category:Indigenous languages of North America Category:Native Americans in popular culture Category:Lakota words and phrases Category:Greeting words and phrases Category:Stereotypes of Native American people