{{Infobox church | name = St. Anne Rotunda in Horiany | native_name = Горянська ротонда Св. Анни | native_name_lang = uk | image = Горянська ротонда Ужгород 2009.jpg | alt = Rotunda attached to a church | caption = The rotunda in 2009 | coordinates = {{Coord|48|36|22.40|N|22|20|13.24|E}} | country = Ukraine | location = Uzhhorod, Zakarpattia Oblast | address = 2 Muzeinyi Lane | denomination = Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church | website = https://mgce.uz.ua/parafiya-pokrova-presvyatoyi-bogorodyczi/ | dedication = Saint Anne | other_dedication = Intercession of the Theotokos | architectural_type = Rotunda | completed = 10th–13th centuries | embedded = {{Infobox historic site |embed = yes |designation1 = UKRAINE NATIONAL |designation1_offname = {{Lang|uk|Ротонда}} (''Rotunda'') |designation1_type = Architecture |designation1_number = 070051 }} }}
The '''Horiany Rotunda''' ({{Langx|uk|Горянська ротонда}}; {{Langx|rue|Горянська ротунда}}) is a rotunda church located on a hill in the Horiany neighborhood of Uzhhorod, Ukraine. The exact origin and age of the building has still not been established. It is often considered to be the oldest building of Zakarpattia Oblast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dukhovych |first=Svitlana |date=24 June 2024 |title= |script-title=uk:Горянська Ротонда: нове життя старовинного храму під Покровом Богородиці |trans-title=The Horiany Rotunda: new life of the ancient church under the Intercession of Theotokos |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/uk/church/news/2024-06/horyanska-rotonda-nove-zhyttya-starovynnoho-hramu.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Vatican News |language=uk}}</ref> The original rotunda was expanded in the 14th century with the addition of a Gothic nave.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pryimych |first=Mykhailo |title=Church History |url=https://rotunda.digital/en/history |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Rotunda Horiany}}</ref>
== History == The study of the rotunda began at the beginning of the 20th century, when similar scientific explanations about round churches covered the historical schools of Europe. The Church of St. Anne in Horiany also came into the field of view of researchers. It was at this time that Transcarpathia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, so its first researchers were Hungarian scientists. After the restoration of the church that was carried out in 1911, the scientists of that time were able to see the material from which the walls of the rotunda were built. The similarity of the construction material with the material of the castle Romanesque walls led them to one conclusion: the Horiany church belongs to the 10th–11th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Markovych |first=Mykhailo |date=9 December 2021 |title= |script-title=uk:Загадка 800-літньої ротонди з Ужгорода |trans-title=Puzzle of the 800-year-old rotunda in Uzhhorod |url=https://localhistory.org.ua/rubrics/building/zagadka-800-litnoyi-rotondi-z-uzhgoroda/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Local History |language=uk}}</ref> thumb|300x300px|Frescoes However, with the transition of the region to the Czechoslovak Republic, in which the historical school stood at a height thanks to state support, research on the rotunda gained even greater momentum. In 1921, a publication by researcher M. Novakivsky was published, which claimed Byzantine influence on the architectural style of the church. Another historian {{Ill|Florian Zapletal|cz|Florian Zapletal|uk|Флоріан Заплетал}} attributed the construction time to the 14th century, and the builder, according to the researcher, could have been the Podillia prince Koriatovych.<ref name=":0" /> Historian I. Kral attributed the Church of St. Anne to the architectural structures of the 9th century of the Great Moravian state. The writer V. Pachovsky claimed that the rotunda was built in the style of churches from Galicia, because it is known that the foundations of similar rotundas were found in Galicia, Volodymyr and Chełm. The researcher of European culture V. Zalozetsky searched for a comparative style of round churches in the Balkans, where there are many Romanesque rotundas of the 11th–12th centuries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Another researcher of church architecture Volodymyr Sichynskyi, after generalizing research, came to the conclusion that the rotunda belongs to the 10th century. and was built by Slavic builders under the influence of the Byzantine architectural school. Sichynskyi was probably the first to pay attention to the building material and masonry of the ancient church.<ref name=":0" />
A new stage of research began in the Soviet period. One of the first researchers was Hryhoriy Lohvyn, who attributed the time of construction of the rotunda to the 13th century, and noted in his work that, apparently, architects from Galicia participated in its construction.<ref name=":0" /> But the Transcarpathian historian P. Sova proves a new idea about the construction of the round church in the 12th century, by monks of the Order of St. Paul. In the late 1960s, Hungarian researchers (V. Gerves-Molnar) became especially interested in the rotundas of Pannonia. They conducted generalizing studies and came to the conclusion that the Horiany Rotunda has close "relatives" among the two rotundas in the Hungarian villages of Kiszombor and Korcso. The same geometric shapes, building material, all this led to the idea of combining these three churches into one architectural series and dating its construction to the 11th century.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
Nowadays, the Horiany Church of the Intercession of the Theotokos (recently renamed)<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Парафія Покрова Пресвятої Богородиці |trans-title=Parish of the Intercession of the Theotokos |url=http://mgce.uz.ua/parafiya-pokrova-presvyatoyi-bogorodyczi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128195408/https://mgce.uz.ua/parafiya-pokrova-presvyatoyi-bogorodyczi/ |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo |language=uk}}</ref> is a hexagonal structure, with six semicircular niches with three windows cut into the thickness of the walls, and a light vestibule with six windows on top of the structure. Of interest are the interior walls that were painted in the 14th century by artists in the style of the Italian Proto-Renaissance school of Giotto.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=uk:Ужгород: Горянська ротонда |trans-title=Uzhhorod: Horiany Rotunda |url=https://castles.com.ua/g.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Castles and Churches of Ukraine}}</ref>
== Gallery == <gallery class="center"> File:Горянська церква Св.Миколи (мур.) - 4.jpg|Side view File:Ротонда (церква Св. Анни), м. Ужгород, Закарпаття.jpg|Back view File:Горянська ротонда (2) (cropped).jpg|Back view panorama File:Горянська церква Св.Миколи (мур.) - 6.jpg|Rotunda File:Горянська церква Св.Миколи (мур.) - 5.jpg|Plaque File:Горянська церква Св.Миколи (мур.) - 3.jpg|Cupola of the nave File:Ungvar-Gereny belso Foto Thaler Tamas.jpg|Interior File:21-101-0008 Таємна вечеря. Фреска Горянської ротонди.jpg|Last Supper fresco </gallery>
== Sources ==
* ''Chaban M.'' [http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Goryanska_cerkva Горянська церква-ротонда Святого Миколая] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020812/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Goryanska_cerkva|date=2 лютого 2017}} // Енциклопедія історії України : у 10 т. / Edited: V. A. Smoliy (head) et al.; Institute of History of Ukraine. — Kyiv : Naukova Dumka, 2004. — V. 2 : Г — Д. — С. 176. — ISBN 966-00-0405-2. * Sichynskyi V. Ротонди на Україні.- Kyiv: Kyiv-Druk, 1929.- 32 с. * Dyba Y. Українські храми-ротонди Х-першої половини XIV століть. Lviv, 2005.- 106 с. * [http://uartlib.org/poza-mystetstvom/goryanska-rotoda-buklet/ Горянська ротонда. Буклет. Ужгород, Карпати, 1967.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111175647/http://uartlib.org/poza-mystetstvom/goryanska-rotoda-buklet/|date=11 листопада 2021}}
== References == {{Reflist}} == External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105340/http://xn--80aaazq5agsa4k.net/projects/8032-goryanska-rotonda-pamyatka-unkalna-na-vsyu-yevropu.html Горянська ротонда – пам’ятка, унікальна на всю Європу] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170408083118/http://www.zakonline.com.ua/News/152429-Horiansku-rotondu-pokazaly-z-vysoty-ptashynoho-polotu-VIDEO http://www.zakonline.com.ua/…/152429-Horiansku-rotondu-poka…] * https://www.0312.ua/news/1607218 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082315/https://www.0312.ua/news/1607218|date=8 квітня 2017}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=25 June 2019 |title=Купол Горянської ротонди відправили на реставрацію |url=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all_news/culture/inheritance/76273/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813085233/https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all_news/culture/inheritance/76273/ |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=risu.org.ua |publisher=Religious Informational Service of Ukraine |language=uk}} Category:Buildings and structures in Uzhhorod Category:Rotundas in Europe Category:Tourist attractions in Zakarpattia Oblast Category:Rotundas (architecture) Category:Churches in Ukraine Category:Ruthenian Catholic church buildings