{{Short description|Former Dutch steel company}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox company | name = 1918&ndash;1996<br/>Koninklijke Nederlandse Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken<br/>1996&ndash;1999<br/>Koninklijke Hoogovens | logo = Koninklijke Hoogovens logo.png | caption = | type = [[Naamloze vennootschap]] | traded_as = | genre = <!-- Only used with media and publishing companies --> | fate = | predecessor = | successor = Corus IJmuiden (1999–2007)<br/>Tata Steel Europe IJmuiden (2007-2021)<br/>Tata Steel Netherlands IJmuiden (2021&ndash;) | foundation = {{start date and age|1918}} | founder = | defunct = 1999 | location_city = [[IJmuiden]] | location_country = Netherlands | location = | locations = | area_served = | key_people = | industry = | products = | services = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --> | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = https://www.tatasteelnederland.com/ | footnotes = | intl = }} [[File:IJmuiden hoogovens 20050928 40441.JPG|thumb|right|200px|IJmuiden blast furnaces]]

'''Koninklijke Hoogovens''' known as '''Koninklijke Nederlandse Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken''' ('''KNHS''') until 1996, or informally '''Hoogovens''',{{efn|Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken N.V. : English ''Royal Dutch Blast Furnaces and Steelworks Public Limited''; Koninklijke Hoogovens : English: ''Royal Blast Furnaces''; "Hoogoven" (plural "hoogovens") is Dutch for [[blast furnace]]}} is a Dutch steel producer founded in 1918. Since 2010, the plant has been known as '''Tata Steel IJmuiden'''.

The steelworks is based in [[IJmuiden]], the Netherlands. It was built between 1920 and 1940, first producing iron, later steel, with hot and cold rolling producing flat products. In the 1960s the company diversified into [[aluminium]] production.

The company merged its IJmuiden steel plant with German steel company [[Hoesch AG|Hoesch]] from 1972 forming the [[joint venture]] [[Estel]] and separated in 1982. In 1999, the company merged with the larger [[British Steel plc]] to create the [[Corus Group]] steel company. The aluminium production assets were sold off during the Corus period. In 2007, Corus Group was purchased by India-based [[Tata Steel]] and was renamed [[Tata Steel Europe]] in 2010.

In 2021, the company was split into a British (Tata Steel UK) and a Dutch (Tata Steel Netherlands) branch: these fall directly under the Indian parent company [[Tata Steel]] and Tata Steel Europe ceased to exist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Sion |date=2021-06-28 |title=Tata says break up of European business will only see small number of job losses |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/business/manufacturing/tata-says-break-up-european-20916408 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Business Live |language=en}}</ref>

==History== {{anchor|IJmuiden steelworks}}

===IJmuiden steelworks===

====1914-1945==== In 1914 H.J.E. Wenckebach and J.C Ankersmit began planning the construction of a steelworks in the Netherlands. In 1916 Ankersmit departed for the United States leaving Wenckebach to continue the work.<ref>[[#y90|90 Years of Steel .. (2007)]], para. 1-2</ref> On 19 April 1917 Wenckebach presented his plans which included the establishment of three [[blast furnaces]], a [[coking plant]], and plants for using the by-products of the process (coking gas and slag). In May 1917 a ''Comité voor oprichting van een hoogovenstaal- en walswerk in Nederland'' (Committee for establishing blast furnaces and steel rolling mill in the Netherlands) was set up, with the aim of creating steel works and rolling mills.<ref name="bh1">[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], para. 1-5</ref> The plan received support from the large industrial concerns and capitalists of the Netherlands, including [[Stork B.V.|Stork]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[SHV Holdings|Steenkolen Handels-Vereeniging (SHV)]], [[Philips]]; [[Hendrikus Colijn]], [[Frits Fentener van Vlissingen (1882)|Frits Fentener van Vlissingen]], and [[J. Muysken]]. Additionally, the Dutch state and the city of Amsterdam contributed 7.5 million and 5 million of the 30 million [[Dutch guilder]]s required to fund the project.<ref name="ch1">{{harvnb|Pederson|2008|loc= para. 1-3}}</ref>

On 20 September 1918 the company ''Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken N.V.'' (KNHS) was created in [[The Hague]]. Wenckenbach was the Director, [[Geldolph Adriaan Kessler]] the secretary, and [[Arnold Hugo Ingen Housz|A.H. Ingen Housz]] the company's assignee.<ref name="bh1"/>

One of the motivations for the creation of a steelworks was to end the country's reliance on imported steel.<ref name="ch1"/><ref>[[#y90|90 Years of Steel .. (2007)]], "Background"</ref><ref name="hans92">{{harvnb|Schenk|2001|p=92}}</ref> Since the country's resources of coal and iron ore were limited, a site suitable for import and export by sea was chosen, and [[IJmuiden]] was chosen over sites at [[Rotterdam]] and [[Moerdijk]] due to better ground conditions.<ref name="ch1"/> The site was on the north bank of the [[North Sea Canal]], outside its sea locks, and two harbours were built - the inner harbour opened in 1920, and the outer harbour in 1923.<ref>[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], [http://www.sieho.nl/hist_start.htm KNHS eerste fase] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915151906/http://www.sieho.nl/hist_start.htm |date=2008-09-15 }}, Havens en opslagen 1920</ref>

By 1924 the first blast furnace, casting hall, coke plant, and an electricity generating plant powered by waste gases from the coke ovens and blast furnaces were ready, and the second of two blast furnaces, begun in 1919, became operational in 1926.<ref name="err11"/> Both blast furnaces were constructed to a design by American company Freyn, Brassert & Co.{{sfn|Vrieling|1998|p=121}} The coking plant continued to be expanded throughout the 1920s and 30s, and after [[World War II]].<ref name="err11">[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], [http://www.sieho.nl/hist_start.htm KNHS eerste fase] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915151906/http://www.sieho.nl/hist_start.htm |date=2008-09-15 }}, Kooksfabriek 1 1924; Hoogoven 1 1924 - 1972 Hoogoven 2 1926 - 1972; Giethal 1924 - 1948; Centrale 1 1924</ref> [[Coal tar]], a by-product from coking, was used by the chemical works Cindu (''[[Chemische Industrie Uithoorn]]''),<ref name="cok1"/> and cleaned coke oven gas was used in the site's power plant and in nearby municipalities.{{efn|In 2010 Cindu Chemicals BV was sold to Koppers Holding Inc. ([[Koppers]]).<ref name="cindu">{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/Nieuws-2010/corus-verkoopt-belangen-in-teerdestillatie-bedrijf-aan-koppers.html| title = Corus verkoopt belangen in teerdestillatie bedrijf aan Koppers| date = 1 Mar 2010| work = www.tatasteel.nl| publisher = Corus| access-date = 20 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082853/http://tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuws-2010/corus-verkoopt-belangen-in-teerdestillatie-bedrijf-aan-koppers.html| archive-date = 5 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>}} A brickworks (''NV Phoenix Maatschappij voor Vervaardiging van Hoogovensteen''), was built to use [[slag]] from the blast furnace to make building products, but the enterprise ceased in 1927.<ref name="cok1">[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], [http://www.sieho.nl/hist_start.htm KNHS eerste fase] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915151906/http://www.sieho.nl/hist_start.htm |date=2008-09-15 }}, Phoenix Steenfabriek 1924 - 1927; Bijproductenfabriek 1924</ref> A third blast furnace started operation in 1930.<ref>History Steel Company, (Corus), "Blast - Furnace 3 is lit 13 July 1930"</ref>

In 1928 the KNHS and [[Royal Dutch Shell]] set up a joint venture [[Mekog]] which was to manufacturer fertiliser using chemicals derived from coke oven gas.<ref name="mek">{{harvnb|Pederson|2008|loc= para.6}}</ref> A second subsidiary was founded in 1930, an on-site cement factory established as a joint venture between KNHS and the Dutch concrete company ''[[Eerste Nederlandse Cement Industrie]]'' (ENCI): it was named ''[[Cementfabriek IJmuiden]]'' (CEMIJ) and manufactured cement using granulated furnace slag as an additive.<ref name="mek"/><ref>[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], Cemij 1930</ref>

During the 1930s the plant was further developed, turning from raw iron production to steel production using open hearth furnaces; again Freyr, Brassert & Co. was chosen to supply the plant's design.{{sfn|Vrieling|1998|loc=Table 5.1, p.117; p.129}} A pipe foundry was opened in 1936, and in 1938 construction of a steel conversion plant using the [[Siemens-Martin]] (open hearth) process was begun. The first 60-ton capacity open hearth furnace opened 19 March 1939, additional furnaces were added during the 1940s and early 1950s, and the capacity of the furnaces increased - by 1956 the plant had six furnaces, each of 190-ton capacity.<ref>[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], [http://www.sieho.nl/hist_fase2.htm Geïntegreerd staalbedrijf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915151841/http://www.sieho.nl/hist_fase2.htm |date=2008-09-15 }}, Buizengieterij 1936; Martin Staal Fabriek 1939 - 1972</ref> Construction of the plant's first rolling mill (''Walserij West'') began in the late 1930s. During the World War II occupation the mill was confiscated and shipped to [[Watenstedt]] (Salzgitter), Germany where it was installed in the [[Reichswerke Hermann Göring]] steel plant. After the war, the mill was returned to the Netherlands and remained in operation until decommissioned in 1992.<ref>[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], [http://www.sieho.nl/hist_fase2.htm Geïntegreerd staalbedrijf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915151841/http://www.sieho.nl/hist_fase2.htm |date=2008-09-15 }}, Walserij West 1947 - 1992</ref>{{sfn|van Elteren|1986|p=128}}

The [[Van Leer company]] established a steel rolling mill (''Walsbedrijven NV'') at the IJmuiden site in the late 1930s; a plate mill began production in 1938, followed by a strip and profile mill in 1939. As built it was outdated, using second-hand equipment. The mill was built to supply the Van Leer company's own steel needs and not as an independent commercial concern. In 1941, under the Nazi occupation during World War II, Van Leer's Jewish owner [[Bernard van Leer]] was forced to flee the country, and the mill was acquired by KNHS and integrated into the rest of the IJmuiden site: it became known as ''Walserij Oost'', remaining in use until 1953,<ref>[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], Van Leer's Walsbedrijven NV > Walserij Oost 1938 - 1953</ref>{{sfn|van Elteren|1986|p=128}}{{sfn|van Elteren|1986|loc=4.3 Kenschets van Van Leer's Walsbedriijven N.V./Walserij-Oost, pp.132-139}} and being replaced by the mills of ''Breedband NV''.

During World War II the company was affected by the German occupation: in 1941 [[Vereinigte Stahlwerke]] had acquired 40% of the company from the shareholdings of the state and city of Amsterdam.{{sfn|Sluyterman|2005|p=118}} The directors of the company Housz and Holtrop went into hiding in 1943.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Board of directors into Hiding"</ref> The mouth of the North Sea canal at IJmuiden was used as a base for the [[Kriegsmarine]], and the steelworks itself was a strategic target for attack, and bombings and lack of raw materials brought production to a halt.<ref>{{citation| url = http://stewthornley.net/hthornley_bible.html| title = WE ARE IN A SMART DISTRESS (republished in 'World War II Experiences of Howard Thornley'| journal = Samen Magazine| date = December 1977| pages = 228–230| access-date = 11 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006015616/http://stewthornley.net/hthornley_bible.html| archive-date = 6 October 2011| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "War, company is closed down" 13 December 1943</ref>

====1945&ndash;1999==== [[File:Hoogovens entree Dudok.JPG|Koninklijke Hoogovens headquarters in Velsen by WM Dudok|thumb]]

After the end of World War II reconstruction of the Netherlands began, and as part of this process investments were made in the steelworks. A separate company, Breedband NV, was established on 19 June 1950, receiving funding from both the state and the United States, under the [[Marshall Plan]]. The project introduced hot and cold rolling mills for thin plate, of 60 and 75 thousand tonnes per year capacity respectively, and a [[galvanising]] line. All three installations were operating by the end of 1953.<ref name="hans92"/><ref name="his53"/> During the same period architect [[Willem Marinus Dudok]] was commissioned to design a head office for the company in [[Velsen]], which was completed 1953.<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Juvo-QRY4woC| title = W.M. Dudok| author = Herman van Bergeijk| publisher = 010 Publishers| year =2001| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Juvo-QRY4woC&pg=PA124| chapter = 1947/51 Administrative offices of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken (Royal Dutch Steel Works)| isbn = 9789064503160}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.architectuurgids.nl/project/list_projects_of_architect/arc_id/24/prj_id/686| title = architectuurgids.nl - Hoofdgebouw Hoogovens, Willem Marinus Dudok, Velsen-Noord| work = www.architectuurgids.nl| access-date = 11 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140513030122/http://www.architectuurgids.nl/project/list_projects_of_architect/arc_id/24/prj_id/686| archive-date = 13 May 2014| url-status = live}}</ref> The ''Breedband'' project moved Hoogoven's emphasis into flat rather than long products, which continued in later decades.{{sfn|Vrieling|1998|p=134}}

During the 1950s and 1960 the facilities were extended; the plants first oxy-steel converted was put into operation in 1958,<ref>History Steel Company, (Corus), "Oxy steel factory 1 officially opened, 22 Feb 1958"</ref> a second cold rolling line was added in 1961, electrolytic galvanising machines were added in 1958, 1962, and 1967, and hot rolling capacity had increased to 1.6 million tonnes per year by 1965. On 4 May 1965 KNHS took over the company ''Breedband NV''.<ref>[[#korte|Korte geschiedenis .. (SIEHO)]], [http://www.sieho.nl/hist_breedband.htm Breedband NV 1950 - 1965] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915151837/http://www.sieho.nl/hist_breedband.htm |date=2008-09-15 }}</ref> Also in the post-war period an automated casting machine was installed in 1948, two new blast furnaces activated in 1958 and 1961, and a mill for steel rod and wire production was commissioned in 1964.<ref name="his53">[http://www.sieho.nl/historie.htm Korte geschiedenis CORUS IJmuiden] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013052307/http://www.sieho.nl/historie.htm |date=13 October 2008 }}, (SIEHO), De ruwijzergietmachine; Hoogoven 4 1958; Hoogoven 5 1961; Staaf en Draad Walserij 1964 - 2000]</ref> The sixth blast furnace began operation in 1967, and a second oxy-steel plant in 1968. In 1969 a block mill capable of handling 45-tonne blocks, and another hot strip mill with a capacity of over 3.5 million tonnes a year were opened.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company, (Corus)]], "Blast Furnace 6 officially lit, 28 November 1967"; "Oxy steel factory 2 put into use, 5 Oct 1968"; ""Block Mill 3 and Hot Strip Mill 2"</ref>

Labour relations at the plant were usually good; during the first two decades of the enterprise's existence the organisational structure was relatively simple, with limited hierarchies, and there were limited attempts at a benevolent social policy by the plant's management. Psychological testing of potential workers was gradually introduced, first for skilled workers, and after World War II for unskilled workers. [[Vocational training]] was slowly introduced after 1938.{{sfn|van Elteren|1986|loc="Summary", pp.370-}} In the post-war period foreign workers from Italy, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Morocco began to be employed at the plant, and in the 1960s the practice of housing foreign workers in floating hotels was begun.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "The Arosa Sun in IJmuiden, 27 February 1960"</ref><ref>{{citation|url = http://www.regiocanons.nl/noord-holland/kennemerland/industrialisatie-ijmondgebied|language = nl|title = Industrialisatie IJmondgebied 1876-1950|work = www.regiocanons.nl|access-date = 11 February 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120625013642/http://www.regiocanons.nl/noord-holland/kennemerland/industrialisatie-ijmondgebied|archive-date = 25 June 2012|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Lammert Vrieling p.107">{{harvnb|Vrieling|1998|p=107}}</ref> Post-war there was no major industrial action until 1973, when 2,300 workers went on strike at the IJmuiden plant. During the [[Steel crisis]] there were no strikes, despite significant lay-offs.<ref name="str">{{citation| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fw99yyUtt6oC| title = Towards a European labour identity: the case of the European Work Council| editor = Michael Whittall| editor2= Herman Knudsen| editor3 = Fred Huijgen| publisher = Routledge| year= 2007| isbn = 9780415403962| at = "Historical background", pp.41-43}}</ref>

In 1972 the first two blast furnaces were decommissioned.<ref name="err11"/> In the same year (1972) the IJmuiden steelworks (''Hoogovens IJmuiden BV''){{efn|KNHS formed its interests in the steelworks that were to be merged into the company ''Hoogovens IJmuiden BV'', source: [[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Estel is founded, 7 July 1972"}} were formed into a 50:50 joint venture named [[Estel]] with [[Hoesch AG|Hoesch]] of Germany as the other partner,{{efn|In the late 1960s Hoogovens and Hoesch had planned to build a second Dutch steel plant in [[Rotterdam]]. The proposal was blocked by the Rotterdam council, having received opposition from the public and green groups.{{sfn|Vrieling|1998|p=149}}}} which merged its Dortmund steel plant into the concern. IJmuiden, with good access to seaborn raw materials, was to act primarily as a raw steel supplier to the plant in Germany, which was closer to a large market for finished steel products. The [[steel crisis]] of the 1970s prevented any positive expansion and the company was disbanded in 1982 when funding arrangements for the loss-making Dortmund plant could not be agreed.<ref>See sources in article [[Estel]]</ref>

After the [[demerger]] from Hoesch the company required restructuring and investment: the company was producing too much raw steel with not enough semi-finished product manufacturing capacity. This led to the installation of a continuous casting, hot rolling, and steel coating lines of the next decade. The Dutch state supported the process with a loan of 570 million guilders. The workforce was reduced by 3,000 (14%) over 4 years from 1982, with the company becoming profitable again in 1984.<ref name="Lammert Vrieling p.107"/>{{sfn|Schenk|2001|pp=96-99}} The subsidiary [[Demka]] was also closed.{{sfn|Pederson|2008|loc= para.17}}

The company's first [[continuous casting|continuous caster]] was put into operation in May 1980.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Continuous Casting Installation, 9 May 1980"</ref> In 1990 a production line for producing paint coated steel rolls was started.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Paint line put into operation, 16 March 1990"</ref> The third blast furnace was decommissioned in 1991.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Blast Furnace 3 demolished, 18 October 1991"</ref>

In the late 1990s two blast furnaces were purchased by the Indonesian steel group [[Gunawan Steel Group]] and dismantled and shipped to its development in Malaysia, [[Gunawan Iron and Steel]]. The dismantling work was carried out by a Chinese contractor which was found to be paying its 120 Chinese workers less than the Dutch minimum wage, with poor safety conditions, with 14 accidents resulting in 2 fatalities due to falls from height. The Chinese contractor was fined for breaches of safety practice, and made to improve working conditions, as well as retrospectively paying its workers 15,000 guilders.<ref name="o1">Sources: *{{citation | url = http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DSTI/SI/SC(97)36&docLanguage=En | title = MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN STEELMAKING CAPACITY IN THE NON-OECD AREA | publisher = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development : DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY : STEEL COMMITTEE | date = 14 October 1997 | pages = 38 | access-date = 13 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060913/http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DSTI%2FSI%2FSC%2897%2936&docLanguage=En | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = live }} *{{citation| url = http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/1997/07/inbrief/nl9707124n.htm| title = Chinese company may continue demolition work| work = www.eurofound.europa.eu| date = 28 July 1997}} *{{citation| url = http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/1997/10/inbrief/nl9710141n.htm| title = Chinese company fined for its dangerous working conditions| date = 28 October 1997| work = www.eurofound.europa.eu}} *{{citation| url = http://www.digibron.nl/search/share.jsp?uid=00000000012de18c6a424163262ee276&sourceid=1011| title = Onrust over ongevallen op terrein Hoogovens| language = nl| date = 23 May 1997| work = www.digibron.nl}} *{{citation| url = http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/2750567/1997/06/03/Vergunning-Chinees-bedrijf-in-gevaar.dhtml| title = Vergunning Chinees bedrijf in gevaar| date = 3 June 1997| work = www.trouw.nl| language = nl| access-date = 7 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130724003330/http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/2750567/1997/06/03/Vergunning-Chinees-bedrijf-in-gevaar.dhtml| archive-date = 24 July 2013| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 1996 the company changed its official name to ''Koninklijke Hoogovens''.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Name is changed, 1 January 1996"</ref> A new continuous caster was installed between 1998 and 2000.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Casting mill installation opened, 17 April 2000"</ref>

In 1998 a joint subsidiary with [[Sidmar]], named ''Galtec'', was established at Sidmar's plant near Ghent, producing galvanised steel.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.metallurgical-research.org/articles/metal/abs/2001/01/vereecke/vereecke.html| title = Start-up of the continuous galvanizing line Galtec| first = M.| last = Vereecke| journal = Metallurgical Research and Technology| volume = 98| number = 1| date = Jan 2001| pages = 105–9| doi = 10.1051/metal:2001163| access-date = 21 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160928022034/http://www.metallurgical-research.org/articles/metal/abs/2001/01/vereecke/vereecke.html| archive-date = 28 September 2016| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref>

In 1998 Hoogovens employed around 23,000 people, and produced approximately 8 million tonnes of steel (and 450,000 tonnes of aluminium) per year, with sales of over $10 billion. The company's main products were rolled steel, including tinplate (thin gauge steel), coated steels, and aluminium extrusions. Production was distributed 20% in the Dutch market, 60% in the rest of Europe and 20% to the rest of the world.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.petervansteen.nl/html/topic_00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000_2A04E566-3936-11D7-9258-009027B1ACD6_0.htm| title = J.F. van Duyne, voorzitter van de Raad van Bestuur van Koninklijke Hoogovens : Een diepe en felle dip, maar absoluut geen dieptepunt| year = 1999| editor = Peter van Steen| access-date = 11 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120511084608/http://www.petervansteen.nl/html/topic_00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000_2A04E566-3936-11D7-9258-009027B1ACD6_0.htm| archive-date = 11 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

====Corus group 1999&ndash;2007==== In June 1999 [[British Steel plc]] and Hoogovens announced that they intended to merge, which would make the combined company—provisionally named BSKH—the world's third-largest steel producer with an aggregate worldwide turnover of approximately €15.127 billion.<ref name="bbc-merge">{{cite news |title=British Steel merges with Dutch rival |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/362530.stm |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=7 June 1999}}</ref><ref name="m1595">{{cite book |author1=Commission of the European Communities |title=Case No IV/M. 1595 - BRITISH STEEL / HOOGOVENS: Article 6(1)(b) Non-Opposition |date=15 July 1999 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |location=Luxembourg |url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m1595_en.pdf |access-date=5 August 2022 }}</ref> Upon completion, Hoogovens shareholders would own 38.3% of the new company.<ref name="bbc-merge" />

Because of the size of the two companies, and the extent of their competition within the [[European Economic Community]], the merger required the approval of the [[European Commission|Commission of the European Communities]];<ref name="m1595" /> this was granted in mid-July of the same year,<ref>{{cite press release | author = <!--Not stated--> | title = Commission approves merger between British Steel (UK) and Hoogovens (Netherlands) | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_99_524 | location = Brussels | publisher = European Commission | id = IP/99/524 | date = 19 July 1999 | access-date = 5 August 2022}}</ref> and on 6 October 1999 the merger was completed.<ref>[[#hc|History of Koninklijke Hoogovens, (Corus)]], ''The 1990s''</ref> The new name for the joint company, Corus, had been announced the month before.<ref>{{Citation| url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB| title = Newly merged British Steel-Hoogovens group to be named Corus| date = 30 September 1999| work = nl.newsbank.com| publisher = Associated Press Archive| access-date = 8 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005439/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB| archive-date = 5 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref>

Because British Steel had been the significantly larger of the two companies in both workforce and market capitalisation, some observers characterised the merger as being more akin to a takeover of Hoogovens by British Steel.<ref name="str"/> Analysts noted that expanding its market share in Europe by means of the merger would help insulate British Steel against the strength of the [[pound sterling|sterling]] relative to the [[euro]], which had been harming British Steel's exports.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/british-steel-poised-for-pounds-1bn-takeover-1097796.html| title = British Steel poised for pounds 1bn takeover| author = Michael Harrison| date = 3 June 1999| work = www.independent.co.uk| publisher = [[The Independent]]| access-date = 2 September 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204925/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/british-steel-poised-for-pounds-1bn-takeover-1097796.html| archive-date = 4 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="bbc-merge" />

In 2000 a hot dip galvanising line ''Galtec 2'', with a capacity of 400,000 tonnes per year of zinc coated coil began operation; it was the second to be produced as part of a joint venture with [[Sidmar]].<ref>{{citation| url =http://runners.ritsumei.ac.jp/cgi-bin/swets/hold-query-e?mode=1&key=&idxno=00784388| journal =MPT - Metallurgical Plant and Technology| volume =23| number =3| title =Surface coating - Galtec 2| pages =94–97| author =Mauro Righini| author2 =Michele Turchetto| issn =0935-7254| year =2000}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A joint venture (42.5%) ''Galstar LP'' with [[Weirton Steel]] for another galvanising line built in the late 1990s in [[Jeffersonville, Indiana]], USA entered bankruptcy in 2001 having been closed due to poor demand after only 4 months in production.<ref>Sources: *{{harvnb|Annual Report|1998|pp=24, 41}} * {{citation| url = | title =Galvanizing site bought by Weirton, Hoogovens| publisher = American Metal Market | date =13 May 1998 }}</ref>{{efn|Later renamed ''GalvPro'',<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54399509.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409133358/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54399509.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 9 April 2016| title = Galvstar LP.(changes name to Galvpro LP)(Brief Article)|publisher = Purchasing| date = 8 April 1999| work = }}</ref> the joint venture became bankrupt in 2001,<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.lockerassociates.com/LA_Articles/2002-12%20Indiana%20Ports%20Provide%20Help%20to%20GalvPro.PDF| title = Indiana ports provide help in a bid to sell idle GalvPro| date = 30 December 2002| author = Scott Robertson| work = www.lockerassociates.com| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723212305/http://www.lockerassociates.com/LA_Articles/2002-12%20Indiana%20Ports%20Provide%20Help%20to%20GalvPro.PDF| archive-date = 23 July 2008| url-status = dead}}</ref> The plant was acquired by [[Steel Dynamics]] in 2003.<ref>{{citation| url =http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2591515/Steel-dynamics-finalizes-deal-to.html| title = Steel dynamics finalizes deal to buy GalvPro| publisher =American Metal Market| date = 6 February 2003| work = goliath.ecnext.com}}</ref>|group="note"}}

Plans for the construction of an (€223 million) additional hot dip galvanising line and cold rolling mill were made in 2005, for an expected completion in 2008.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuwsarchief-2005/belangrijke-investering-bij-corus-in-ijmuiden.html| title = Belangrijke investering bij Corus in IJmuiden| date = 30 November 2005| publisher = Corus| work = www.tatasteel.nl| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113316/http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuwsarchief-2005/belangrijke-investering-bij-corus-in-ijmuiden.html| archive-date = 24 September 2015| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>Sources: *{{citation| url = http://www.steel90.com/We%20celebrate/Hot%20Dip%20Galvanising%20Line%203| title = Hot Dip Galvanising Line 3| publisher = Corus| work = www.steel90.com| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209025513/http://steel90.com/We%20celebrate/Hot%20Dip%20Galvanising%20Line%203| archive-date = 9 December 2013| url-status = dead}} *{{citation| url = http://www.steel90.com/We%20celebrate/Cold%20Mill%2022| title = Cold Mill 22| publisher = Corus| work = www.steel90.com| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209021759/http://steel90.com/We%20celebrate/Cold%20Mill%2022| archive-date = 9 December 2013| url-status = dead}}</ref>

====Tata Steel 2007&ndash;present==== In 2007 [[Tata Steel]] acquired Corus and subsequently renamed it [[Tata Steel Europe]] in 2010.

In 2008 due to lack of demand the Corus steel group cut production by 20%; in IJmuiden one blast furnace was taken out of production.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuwsarchief-2008/persbericht-corus-group.html| title = Corus Group Press Release| date = 7 November 2008| work = www.tatasteel.nl| publisher = Corus| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113320/http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuwsarchief-2008/persbericht-corus-group.html| archive-date = 24 September 2015| url-status = live}}</ref>

During the [[Great Recession]], the downturn led to significant job losses &ndash; 800 persons in 2009, and a further 1000 jobs were lost by 2014. In the 2014/2015 financial year the IJmuiden site made a profit of c. €340million, resulting a 9.19% bonus to the workforce, then numbering c. 8000 to 9000 persons.<ref>{{citation| url = http://fd.nl/ondernemen/1105251/tata-steel-ijmuiden-boekt-winst-van-bijna-350-mln| title = Bijna €350 mln winst voor Tata Steel IJmuiden| language = nl| date = 25 May 2015| work = fd.nl| access-date = 20 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160330202410/http://fd.nl/ondernemen/1105251/tata-steel-ijmuiden-boekt-winst-van-bijna-350-mln| archive-date = 30 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2021, Tata Steel Europe ceased to exists after it was split into a British and a Dutch branch. Tata Steel Netherlands (TSN) and [[Tata Steel UK]] fall directly under the Indian parent company [[Tata Steel]].<ref name=":0" /> The plant itself is still named Tata Steel IJmuiden.

===Aluminium production=== In 1964 a joint venture with Hoogovens as major (50%) partner established an aluminium company ''Aldel'' in the north east of the Netherlands; the enterprise was backed by the state which guaranteed a long term supply of energy a low price: a large natural gas discovery had been made in the region. Mining company [[Billiton]] was the other partner in the venture, along with technical support from [[Alusuisse]].<ref name="hans8793">{{harvnb|Schenk|2001|pp=87, 93}}</ref>{{efn|Hoogovens acquired Billiton's share in the joint venture in 1977.{{sfn|Vrieling|1998|p=158}}|group="note"}}

In 1970 the company acquired a shareholding in [[Sidal]] (Belgium), and in 1987 [[Kaiser Aluminium]]'s European business was acquired; the acquisition made KNHS a major aluminium producer: by 1996 it had an [[aluminium smelting]] capacity of well over 10 million tonnes per annum.{{sfn|Vrieling|1998|p=101}}<ref>[[#hc|History of Koninklijke Hoogovens, (Corus)]], "The 1970's"; "The 1980's"</ref>

====Corus period==== Divisions in the board of Corus arose in 2002 when the company announced it was to sell its profitable aluminium business to [[Pechiney]] for over £500 million; Corus's British division was making a loss at this time and the sale was seen by Dutch interests as being used to prop up the loss-making British interests with no backward investment in the European mainland side of the business. The board of Corus Netherlands vetoed the sale.<ref>{{citation| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fw99yyUtt6oC| title = Towards a European labour identity: the case of the European Work Council| editor = Michael Whittall| editor2= Herman Knudsen| editor3 = Fred Huijgen| publisher = Routledge| year= 2007| isbn = 9780415403962| at = "A case in point: the aluminium debacle", pp.47-52; also p.43}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/corus-group-plc-preliminary-report-for-the-12-months-to-28-december-2002---part-3-154997915.html| title = Corus Group plc Preliminary Report for the 12 Months to 28 December 2002 - Part 3| date = 14 March 2003| work = www.prnewswire.co.uk| publisher = Corus Group| access-date = 20 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404054718/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/corus-group-plc-preliminary-report-for-the-12-months-to-28-december-2002---part-3-154997915.html| archive-date = 4 April 2016| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2006 Corus's aluminium rolling and extrusion facilities were sold to [[Aleris]].<ref>Sources: *{{citation| url = http://www.aluminum.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=23907| title = Aleris International Snags Corus' Downstream Aluminum Business| date = August 2006| work = www.aluminum.org| publisher = [[The Aluminum Association]]}} *{{citation| url =http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5737214/Aleris-acquires-Corus-business.html| title =Aleris acquires Corus business| publisher =Metal Center News| date =1 August 2006| work =goliath.ecnext.com}} *{{citation| url = http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=5109| title = Corus to Sell Aluminium Rolled Products and Extrusions Businesses to Aleris International| date = 17 March 2006| work = www.azon.com| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130705170816/http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=5109| archive-date = 5 July 2013| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2009 smelters in [[Delfzijl]] (Netherlands) and [[Voerde]] (Germany) were sold to Briand Investments B.V., an associate of [[Klesch Group|Klesch]], a large commodity trader. This ended the businesses' association with aluminium, leaving it primarily as a steel producer.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.aluminum.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=27721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712065338/http://www.aluminum.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=27721 |archive-date=12 July 2010 |title=Corus Sells Last Aluminum Smelters to PE Firm |date=23 January 2009 |work=www.aluminum.org |publisher=[[The Aluminum Association]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Subsidiaries and joint ventures=== [[Demka]], an earlier Dutch steel producer became a KNHS subsidiary in 1964, the company was shut down in 1984.{{sfn|Schenk|2001|pp=101-2, note.3}}

[[Mekog]] and [[CEMIJ]] were established at the IJmuiden site in 1928 and 1930, manufacturing fertiliser, and cement respectively, using steel production by products.<ref name="mek"/> CEMIJ was sold off in 1989.<ref name="sld">{{harvnb|Pederson|2008|loc=para.21}}</ref> A shareholding in coal tar distillation plant Cindu (''[[Chemische Industrie Uithoorn]]''), then named ''Teerbedrijf Uithoorn'', was acquired in 1927;<ref>{{citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8oBmAAAAMAAJ| title = Studies on the history of the Netherlands| publisher = Nederlands Historisch Genootschap| author = Martinus Nijhoff| year =1973| page=129 | isbn = 9789024715374|quote=in order to increase sales of coal tar, Hoogovens acquired an interest in NV Teerbedrijf Uithoorn (Uithoorn Tar Company) (Tebu) in 1927}}</ref> the plant used tar produced as a by-product of coke production.<ref name="cok1"/> In 2010 Cindu Chemicals BV was sold to Koppers Holding Inc. ([[Koppers]]).<ref name="cindu"/>

The welded tubes factory in [[Zwijndrecht, Netherlands|Zwijndrecht]] was acquired at the end of 1995 from [[Van Leeuwen Buizen]] (see also [[Van Leeuwen Pipe and Tube Group]]).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2844/Archief/archief/article/detail/394519/1995/11/01/Hoogovens-koopt-walserij-van-Van-Leeuwen-Buizen.dhtml| title = Hoogovens koopt walserij van Van Leeuwen Buizen| date = 1 November 1995| language = nl|work = www.volksrant.nl}}</ref> In 2011 a €3million investment was made into the factory improving facilities for manufacturing tube steel for car chassis construction.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuws-2011/investering-bij-tata-steel-in-zwijndrecht.html| title = Nieuwe bewerkingslijn voor automotivesector in Zwijndrecht| work = www.tatasteel.nl| year = 2011| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022238/http://tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuws-2011/investering-bij-tata-steel-in-zwijndrecht.html| archive-date = 6 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 1983 the company, [[Sidmar]] and [[Phenix Works]] reached agreement on a joint venture [[SEGAL]] (''Société Européenne de Galvanisation'') at [[Ivoz-Ramet]], [[Liège]], Belgium which would produce [[Hot-dip galvanization|hot dip galvanized]] steel for the car industry.<ref>[[#h90|History Steel Company (2007)]], "Foundation of Segal, 3 November 1983"</ref><ref>{{citation| url =http://www.portdeliege.be/en/lpa/135_segal| title =SEGAL| work =www.portdeliege.be| access-date =21 Apr 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065205/http://www.portdeliege.be/en/lpa/135_segal| archive-date =24 April 2016| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="segal2">{{citation| url = http://www.segal.be/fr/segal.html| title = Segal| work = www.segal.be| language = fr| access-date = 21 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504154415/http://www.segal.be/fr/segal.html| archive-date = 4 May 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The shares of the company were wholly owned by Corus by 2004.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuwsarchief-2004/corus-verwerft-resterend-belang-in-segal.html| title = Corus acquires remaining interest in Segal| date = 12 November 2004| quote = Corus Staal BV, a fifty percent owner of Segal SA, has agreed to purchase the remaining shares in the Belgian galvanizing line| publisher = Corus| work = www.tatasteel.nl| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050733/http://tatasteel.nl/news-and-media/archief/nieuwsarchief-2004/corus-verwerft-resterend-belang-in-segal.html| archive-date = 5 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref>

Metal plating company [[Hille and Muller]] became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1997, after acquiring a 50% share acquired in 1988.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/2766753/1997/01/24/Hoogovens.dhtml| title = Hoogovens| date = 24 January 1997| work = www.toruw.nl| language = nl| access-date = 14 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723210023/http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/2766753/1997/01/24/Hoogovens.dhtml| archive-date = 23 July 2013| url-status = live}}</ref>

A 50% share in Belgian steelmaker [[Usine Gustave Boël]] (UGB) in [[La Louvière]] was acquired in 1997 (as a joint venture [[HB Holding]],{{sfn|Annual Report|1998|p=25}}), with option to buy the remaining shares.<ref name="ugb">{{citation| url = http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/97/363&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en| title = The European Commission authorises the acquisition by the Hoogovens Group of 50% of Usines Gustave Boël| work = europa.eu| publisher = European Union| date = 29 April 1997}}</ref> The UGB subsidiary [[Fabrique de Fer de Maubeuge]] (FFM) was also acquired, and renamed 'Myriad'.<ref name="ugb"/><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.actuacity.com/acierie--laminoir-dite-fabrique-de-fer-de-maubeuge--puis-hoogovens--puis-myriad_m127411/| title = Aciérie, laminoir dite Fabrique de Fer de Maubeuge, puis Hoogovens, puis Myriad| language = fr| work = www.actuacity.com| access-date = 14 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052300/http://www.actuacity.com/acierie--laminoir-dite-fabrique-de-fer-de-maubeuge--puis-hoogovens--puis-myriad_m127411/| archive-date = 4 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> Governmental financing for rescue investment in UGB La Louvière could not be agreed and the plant was sold to [[Duferco]] in 1999.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/1999/03/inbrief/be9903169n.htm| title = Unions concerned at sale of UGB steelworks by Hoogovens| work = www.eurofound.europa.eu| publisher = European Union| date = 28 March 1999| author = Philippe Dryon| author2 = Estelle Krzeslo}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://business.highbeam.com/436402/article-1G1-54301875/ugb-board-oks-duferco-plan-reconstruction| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307162817/https://business.highbeam.com/436402/article-1G1-54301875/ugb-board-oks-duferco-plan-reconstruction| url-status = dead| archive-date = 7 March 2016| title = UGB board OKs Duferco plan for reconstruction.(Usine Gustave Boel in Belgium)| publisher = American Metal Market| date = 31 March 1999| author = Christian Kohl| work = }}</ref>

The company also participated in north sea gas exploration and extraction company [[Nordwinning Group]] (1960s), its interests were sold off in 1988.<ref name="sld"/>

==Heritage== SIEHO (''Stichting Industrieel Erfgoed Hoogovens'', English: Hoogovens industrial heritage foundation) is dedicated to the history of the plant, and runs the [[Hoogovens Museum]] which is an affiliate of the [[European Route of Industrial Heritage]]. ''[[Corus Stoom IJmuiden]]'' (Steam Corus IJmuiden) operates steam trains on the rail network of the CIJmuiden and has workshop facilities on site.

==See also== *[[HIsarna steelmaking process]], primary steel production process invented at Hoogovens *[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament]], formerly the Hoogovens chess tournament, started 1938

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

===Sources=== {{refbegin}} *{{citation|url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2840800049.html |journal = International Directory of Company Histories| volume = 91| editor-first = Jay P.|editor-last= Pederson| publisher = Gale| year= 2008| title = Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken NV |via =www.encyclopedia.com}} *{{citation|url = https://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Corus-Group-plc-company-History.html|journal = International Directory of Company Histories| volume = 49| editor-first= Jay P.|editor-last= Pederson | publisher = St. James Press|year = 2003| title = Corus Group plc| via=www.fundinguniverse.com}} *{{citation|url = https://www.tatasteeleurope.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Corporate/History_KH.pdf| title = History of Koninklijke Hoogovens | work = www.tatasteeleurope.com| publisher = [[Corus Group plc|Corus]]|ref=hc}} *{{citation| url = http://www.steel90.com/We%20celebrate/90%20Years%20of%20Steel%20Company%20in%20IJmuiden| title = 90 Years of Steel Company in IJmuiden| work = www.steel90.com| publisher = [[Corus Group plc|Corus]]| year = 2007| language = en| ref = y90| access-date = 8 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209023009/http://steel90.com/We%20celebrate/90%20Years%20of%20Steel%20Company%20in%20IJmuiden| archive-date = 9 December 2013| url-status = dead}} *{{citation| url = http://www.steel90.com/History%20Steel%20Company| title = History Steel Company| work = www.steel90.com| publisher = [[Corus Group plc|Corus]]| year = 2007| ref = h90| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209023453/http://steel90.com/History%20Steel%20Company| archive-date = 2013-12-09}} *{{citation| url = http://www.sieho.nl/historie.htm| title = Korte geschiedenis Corus IJmuiden| work = www.sieho.nl|language = nl| publisher = Stichting Industrieel Erfgoed Hoogovens (SIEHO)| ref=korte|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013052307/http://www.sieho.nl/historie.htm| archive-date=13 October 2008|url-status=dead}} **{{citation| url = http://www.sieho.nl/history_uk.htm| title = Short history of Corus IJmuiden| work = www.sieho.nl| access-date = 31 January 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007084825/http://www.sieho.nl/history_uk.htm| archive-date = 7 October 2007| url-status = dead}} **partially reproduced at {{citation| url= https://www.hoogovensmuseum.nl/?page_id=999| title = geschiedenis van Hoogovens| work = www.hoogovensmuseum.nl|language = nl|publisher = Hoogovensmuseum}} *{{citation| url = https://www.hoogovensmuseum.nl/?page_id=999| title = geschiedenis van Hoogovens| work = www.hoogovensmuseum.nl|language = nl|publisher = Hoogovensmuseum | ref=korte}} *{{citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JPcUAAAAIAAJ| title = Staal en arbeid - Periode 1924-1955| volume =1| first =Melchior Cornelis Maria|last = van Elteren| year= 1986| publisher = Brill Archive| isbn = 9004078177}} *{{citation| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AoZ-PzW1UFIC| title = Success and failure in public governance: a comparative analysis |series = New Horizons in Public Policy <!-- series editor Wayne Parsons -->| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year= 2001| editor-first = M.A.P.|editor-last= Bovens |editor-link=Mark Bovens |editor2-first = B. Guy|editor2-last= Peters| editor3-first= Paul |editor3-last='t Hart|chapter = 6. A 'Dutch Miracle' in steel policy? Laissez-faire intervention, wage restraint and the evolution of Hoogovens|first = Hans |last=Schenk|pages =84–104| isbn = 9781843762171 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AoZ-PzW1UFIC&pg=PA84}} **''also publisher as : '' {{citation|ssrn = 242409| title = Is Polder-Type Governance Good For You? Laissez-Faire Intervention, Wage Restraint, And Dutch Steel| first = Hans|last= Schenk | date = May 2000|series= ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2000-28-ORG }} *{{citation| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x03B9zZOl_QC| title = Dutch enterprise in the twentieth century: business strategies in a small open economy| first = Keetie E.|last= Sluyterman| publisher = Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group| year= 2005 | isbn = 9780203023167}} *{{citation| url = http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/management/1998/l.vrieling/| first = Lammert| last = Vrieling| year = 1998| title = The Pathfinder : Strategy Paths And Resources In Their Territory Through Time| publisher = University of Groningen / Labyrint Publication| isbn = 90-72591-60-7| work = dissertations.ub.rug.nl| access-date = 14 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130705135435/http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/management/1998/l.vrieling/| archive-date = 5 July 2013| url-status = dead}} **Chapter 4 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20130705133645/http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/management/1998/l.vrieling/c4.pdf Koninklijke Hoogovens In Its Territory: A Bird's-Eye View], pp.&nbsp;88–109 **Chapter 5 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20130705143530/http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/management/1998/l.vrieling/c5.pdf The "Social Becoming" Of Koninklijke Hoogovens Plc], pp.&nbsp;110–174 *{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteeleurope.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Corporate/Financial/hoogovens_report_98.pdf| title = Annual report 1998 Koninklijke Hoogovens NV| publisher = Koninklijke Hoogovens| work = www.tatasteeleurope.com| year = 1998| ref = {{harvid|Annual Report|1998}}| access-date = 15 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160505185824/http://www.tatasteeleurope.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Corporate/Financial/hoogovens_report_98.pdf| archive-date = 5 May 2016| url-status = dead}} *{{citation| title= Het Spiedend Oog Der Luchtcamera : 170 Luchtfoto's met toelochtende tekst| editor = J.H.G. Schepers|publisher = Koninkklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jc0UAAAAIAAJ| chapter = De Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken N.V.|author = L.A. Pennock| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jc0UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|year = 1948| language = nl}} *{{citation| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=zqhqXgd-01AC | title = Les Centres sidérurgiques des rivages de la mer du Nord et leur influence sur l'organisation de l'espace: Brême, IJmuiden, Gand, Dunkerque : recherches sur l'expression et sur la signification géographiques de l'activité industrielle|language = fr| author = Jacques Malézieux| journal = Publications de la Sorbonne. Géographie| publisher = Publications de la Sorbonne| year = 1981| isbn = 9782859440374|issn = 0766-0448}} {{refend}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Koninklijke Hoogovens}} ;Official websites *{{citation| url = http://www.tatasteel.nl/| title =Tatasteel.nl| work = www.tatasteel.nl| language = nl| publisher =Tata Steel IJmuiden BV}} *{{citation|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040412041657/http://www.corus.nl/| title = Welkom bij Corus in IJmuide| url = http://www.corus.nl/| archive-date = 12 April 2004| work = www.corus.nl|language = nl}} ;Museums and heritage *{{citation| url = https://www.hoogovensmuseum.nl/| title = Hoogovens Museum|publisher = SIEHO| work = www.hoogovensmuseum.nl| language = nl}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|52.47839|N|4.59212|E|display=title|type:landmark}} [[Category:Tata Steel Europe]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies of the Netherlands]] [[Category:Steel companies of the Netherlands]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1918]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999]] [[Category:1999 disestablishments in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Dutch companies established in 1918]] [[Category: Companies formerly listed on Euronext Amsterdam]]