{{short description|Small, remote Aboriginal Australian community}} {{For|other uses of the word|Outstation (disambiguation){{!}}Outstation}} {{Use Australian English|date=November 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}} An '''outstation''', '''homeland''' or '''homeland community''' is a very small, often remote, permanent community of [[Aboriginal Australian]] people connected by [[Aboriginal kinship|kinship]], on land that often, but not always, has social, cultural or economic significance to them, as traditional land. The '''outstation movement''' or '''homeland movement''' refers to the voluntary relocation of Aboriginal people from towns to these locations.
Within the Australian Indigenous context, outstation refers to remote and small groups of First Nations people who relocated for resistance, in the face of assimilation. This occurred predominantly in the 1970s – 1980s and was aimed at providing autonomy for Indigenous people opposing conformance. Oftentimes, these relocations were supported by government and overall wellbeing improvements for those who had relocated were able to be seen, demonstrating the importance of self-autonomy and a cultural connection to country. What started as a few small breakaway groups led into much larger outstation settlements. Many of these communities are now thriving as responsibility of the land and community has returned to traditional owners and cultural connections have improved. Outstations have also been referred to as homelands.
==Outstation movement== A movement arose in the 1970s and continued through the 1980s which saw the creation of very small, remote settlements of Aboriginal people who relocated themselves from the towns and settlements where they had been settled by the government's policy of [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]]. It was "a move towards reclaiming autonomy and self-sufficiency".<ref name=lim>{{cite web | last=Lim | first=Lisa | title=Where did the word 'outstation' come from? | website=South China Morning Post | date=2 February 2018 | url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2131576/where-did-word-outstation-come | access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> Also known as "homelands",<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1987|title=Inquiry into the Aboriginal homelands movement in Australia|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/reports/1987/1987PP125report|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Parliament of Australia|language=en-AU}}</ref> the term "outstation" was adopted as it "suggests a dependent relationship between the outstation and the main homestead, but with a degree of separation". Outstations were created by Aboriginal people who "sought... autonomy in deciding the meaning of their life independently of projects promoted by the state and market", and could be seen as a sign of remote [[Indigenous Australian self-determination|Aboriginal Australians' attempt at self-determination]].<ref name=expch1/><ref name=blurb>{{cite book | editor-last1=Peterson | editor-first1=Nicolas |editor2-link=Fred Myers | editor-last2=Myers | editor-first2=Fred | title=Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia [blurb] | publisher=ANU Press | doi=10.22459/ESD.01.2016 | url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/monographs-anthropology/experiments-self-determination|series= Monographs in Anthropology|isbn=9781925022902|date=January 2016| access-date=2 August 2020 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The underlying similarity among outstations is that the residents are living there by choice, sometimes because they wish to protect [[Aboriginal Australian sacred site|sacred sites]] and to retain connections to ancestral lands and ancestors, or because they wish to live off the land, or to escape social dysfunction prevalent in larger towns and communities<ref name=altman2009/> (as later described in the [[Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody]] in 1991<ref>{{cite web | title=Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody | website=Austlii Reconciliation and Social Justice Indigenous Law Resources | date=1991 | url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/rciadic/ |access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>).
Government support for outstations has ebbed and flowed over time.<ref name=expch1>{{cite book | editor-last1=Peterson | editor-first1=Nicolas | editor-last2=Myers | editor-first2=Fred | title=Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia| publisher=ANU Press|chapter=1. The origins and history of outstations as Aboriginal life projects|first1=Fred|last1= Myers|first2= Nicolas|last2= Peterson | url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p331981/html/ch01.xhtml|series= Monographs in Anthropology|isbn=9781925022902|date=January 2016|page=2 | access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=expch10>{{cite book | editor-last1=Peterson | editor-first1=Nicolas | editor-last2=Myers | editor-first2=Fred | title=Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia| publisher=ANU Press | chapter=10. Homelands as outstations of public policy|first1=Kingsley|last1= Palmer | url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p331981/html/ch10.xhtml|series= Monographs in Anthropology|isbn=9781925022902|date=January 2016| access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> During the 1970s and 1980s several groups moved from towns, [[mission station|missions]] and former [[Aboriginal reserves]] to smaller settlements on their traditional lands.<ref name=altman2009>{{cite web | last=Altman | first=Jon | title=No movement on the outstations | website=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=25 May 2009 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/no-movement-on-the-outstations-20090525-bkq5.html | access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> Governments were supportive of the moves, seeing benefits in health and well-being, maintenance of culture and the preservation of [[connection to country]], known to be of great significance to Aboriginal people.<ref name=expch10/> The policy of decentralisation came with moves towards [[Aboriginal Australian self-determination|self-determination]] and [[Indigenous land rights in Australia|land rights]], after it was realised that the earlier policies of [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] had failed. For about 30 years, the [[Australian government|Commonwealth government]] assumed responsibility for the outstations, despite a lack of underlying policy, and they grew in number, particularly in the [[Northern Territory]].<ref name=altman2009/>
There is a large diversity among the outstations: most comprise small family groups; a few have more than 100 people. Some are only seasonally or rarely occupied, and in most there is much movement of people between the outstations and larger centres. Some have or had thriving local economies based on arts centres, employment as [[Indigenous ranger]]s, and harvesting plants and animals from nature, while others are dependent on welfare income.<ref name=altman2009/>
==Terminology== Terminology has varied over time and by region. In a 2009 policy statement on homelands by the [[Northern Territory Government]], it said:<ref name=ntpolicy/>{{cquote| Homelands is the preferred name for some, but not all, regions of the Territory. Outstations/homelands will be used as a generic description. Outstations or homelands will continue to be used interchangeably as appropriate to each location.}} NT continues to use the term [[Homeland Learning Centre]]s for a particular type of educational facility provided to the small communities.<ref name=AR2019>{{cite journal|issn= 2202-929X|url=https://education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/744313/Department-of-Education-2018-19-Annual-Report.pdf|date=2019|publisher=Northern Territory Government|title=Department of Education 2018–19 Annual Report|journal=Annual Report| access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
==1987 report== In 1987 an inquiry into "[t]he social and economic circumstances of Aboriginal people living in homeland centres or outstations, and the development of policies and programs to meet their future needs" was undertaken by the [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]] Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, chaired by [[Allen Blanchard]].<ref name=expch10/>
On 14 May 1987 the Committee tabled its report (the "Blanchard Report"), entitled ''Return to country: the Aboriginal homelands movement in Australia''. It defined homelands as "small decentralised communities of close kin established by the movement of Aboriginal people to land of social, cultural and economic significance to them".<ref name=1987report>{{cite book | title=Inquiry into the Aboriginal homelands movement in Australia|date=March 1987 | url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/reports/1987/1987PP125report | publisher=Parliament of Australia, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs| isbn=0-644-06201-0| access-date=16 August 2020}} [https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/house/committee/reports/1987/1987_pp125a.pdf PDF]</ref> It said that the definition of homelands should include:<ref name=socjust2009>{{cite web | title=Social Justice Report 2009 | website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]] | date=23 December 2009 | url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/social-justice-report-1|author=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner|issn=1837-6436 | access-date=15 August 2020}} [https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/sjr_2009_web.pdf Whole book]; [https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/chapter-4-introduction-social-justice-report-2009 Chapter 4: Sustaining Aboriginal homeland communities]</ref>
*acknowledgement of the significance of Aboriginal peoples moving back to traditional country *a clear distinction between homelands and settlements, [[mission station|missions]] or [[Aboriginal reserve|reserves]]; *an acknowledgement of the traditional connection to the land and the ancestral spirits; and *a description of the permanency of homelands as [[traditional owner|traditional home territory]].
The Blanchard report gave formal recognition of the importance of outstations, giving 58 recommendations aimed at "improving the economic security and viability of outstations and increasing the level of services available to outstation residents". At this time the good effects of outstations on residents' quality of life and aspirations were recognised.<ref name=expch10/>
==1990s–2000s== Funding the outstations proved extremely expensive, and as government ideologies changed, they were seen as wasteful of resources. Adequate health services were not provided and training and employment opportunities were not funded. By the 1990s the difficulties emerged with the decentralisation process: some services were extremely expensive to deliver to multiple tiny communities in remote places with few possibilities for economic self-sufficiency. From 1990, the outstations were largely funded via the [[Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission]] (ATSIC), which was established in 1990. Services were provided to outstations by small organisations based in a parent community known as an Outstation Resource Centre (ORA).<ref name=expch10/>
A review was commissioned by ATSIC in 1997, at which time there were about 12,000 Indigenous Australians living at about 1,000 outstations. It was intended to provide data that would reduce waste and improve efficiency, while supported by the commissioners who allocated funding.<ref name=expch10/><ref>{{cite report |last=Altman |first=J. |last2=Gillespie |first2=D. |last3=Palmer |first3=K. |year=1998 |title=National Review of Resource Agencies Servicing Indigenous Communities, 1998 |location=Canberra |publisher=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission}}</ref> By this time, there had been a lot of criticism by politicians, and there were indeed many examples of waste, new houses built in uninhabited places, and suchlike. However, there were also thriving and well-run communities, and it was intended to review the funding of the ORAs, increase accountability and implement management techniques which would keep the elements of outstations which improved the lives of their residents. By this time, however, the costs associated with running the outstations were very high, and political will had dwindled. Recommendations were made on the assumption that ATSIC, or something similar, would continue.<ref name=expch10/>
From 2004 there was a major shift in both policy at both state and federal level with regard to funding outstations. [[John Howard]] abolished ATSIC in 2005, after saying a year earlier that "the experiment in elected representation for Indigenous people has been a failure".<ref name=expch10/> In September 2007, during the [[Northern Territory National Emergency Response]] ("The Intervention"), the [[Howard government]] gave responsibility for outstations back to the Territory. By this act, the chronic underfunding was continued. The NT developed a new policy, contained in a framework called "Working Future", published in May 2009. The policy targeted delivery of support and services to 20 larger Aboriginal communities in the NT, to be called "Territory Growth Towns", which would benefit from federal funding.<ref name=altman2009/> This ended the 20-year commitment to support homelands following the Blanchard review in 1987.<ref name=expch10/>
By 2009, there were 560 small communities, mostly inhabited by fewer than 100 people scattered across the NT. They are nearly all located on [[native title in Australia|Aboriginal-owned land]], which covers about {{convert|500,000|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=altman2009/>
In May 2009, the [[Northern Territory Government]] issued a policy statement on outstations/homelands, in which it stated that it: "values the contribution of outstations and homelands to the economic social and cultural life of the Territory...". The policy outlined new service delivery processes, and "introduce[d] a new disbursement model based on a more realistic framework for the allocation of limited government resources... consistent with [federal] Government policy on remote service delivery". It said that it would continue to support current outstations, where residents reside for a minimum of 8–9 months a year, and where there was an adequate supply of fresh drinking water, but residents must "commit to increasing [[self-sufficiency]]". While it was not opposed to Aboriginal people creating new remote communities, they would have to be self-funded. It would continue to support [[Homeland Learning Centre]]s and schools.<ref name=ntpolicy>{{cite web|url=https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2009-05/apo-nid14479.pdf|title=Outstations/homelands policy: Headline Policy Statement|author= Northern Territory Government|date= May 2009| access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
The [[Australian Human Rights Commission]]'s Social Justice Report for 2009, submitted by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner [[Tom Calma]], devoted a chapter to "Sustaining Aboriginal homeland communities". After outlining the definitions of and criteria for successful homelands and the history of the homelands movement, it criticised the government's withdrawal of funding, saying that "if government policies fail to support the ongoing development of homelands it will lead to social and economic problems in rural townships that could further entrench Indigenous disadvantage and poverty". In 2009. about 81% of Northern Territory's Indigenous people lived in remote or very remote communities.<ref name=socjust2009/>
The report recommended:<ref name=socjust2009/>{{cquote|In order to implement the UN [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]], particularly Articles 3, 11, 12, 20 and 21, that the Australian and Northern Territory Governments commit to: *Review the Working Future policy with the active participation of representative leaders from homeland communities; *Develop and implement future homeland policies with the active participation of leaders from homeland communities; and * Provide funding and support for homeland communities in all states and territories through the COAG National Indigenous Reform Agreement and associated National Partnership Agreements.}}
==2010s== According to NT politician [[Alison Anderson]] in 2013, there were 10,000 people living on 520 homelands, representing about 25 per cent of the remote Indigenous population of the NT, in about 2,400 dwellings. She spoke of the benefits of the homelands, "in health and wellbeing and social harmony". She said that her government reaffirmed the integral role of the homelands in the Territory, and were committed to providing homelands residents with the same services as other residents of the NT, "within reason".<ref name=expch10/>
In December 2014, the [[Government of Western Australia]] under [[Colin Barnett]] announced that it would cease funding 150 remote communities because it lacked the funds.<ref name=expch10/>
{{as of|2018}}, there were about 1,200 outstations in Australia, and seen as significant for the maintenance of [[Aboriginal Australian culture|culture]], [[Aboriginal Australian languages|language]] and [[Aboriginal Australian kinship|relationships]], thus contributing to [[Indigenous Australians' health|health and well-being]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
==Present and future== Individual small communities continue to exist, although not described as outstations because they are not part of a federal or other program that advocates "the homeland ideal"; "settlements" is the more usual term these days. They survive on one-off grants for such things as Indigenous business enterprise or [[environmental protection]] ([[Indigenous Protected Area]]s), private contributions by their residents, or [[royalties]] from mineral exploration on their land.<ref name=expch10/>
{{as of|September 2020}} there were around 500 homelands in the Northern Territory, which include 2,400 residences housing about 10,000 people. The [[Northern Territory Government]] delivers services via its Homelands Program by funding service providers who provide housing maintenance, [[municipal]] and [[essential services]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Services to remote communities and homelands | website=NT.GOV.AU | date=24 September 2020 | url=https://nt.gov.au/community/local-councils-remote-communities-and-homelands/services-to-remote-communities-and-homelands | access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> However, there was concern that many remote schools<ref>{{cite web | last=James | first=Felicity | title=Leaked NT Government report reveals funding inequality at Aboriginal homelands schools | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=8 November 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-09/nt-homelands-schooling-in-the-northern-territory/12860078 | access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> and other services were under-funded, and a review of the policy, previously revised in 2015, had not been completed by November 2020. While the NT government remains committed to supporting the homelands, which had been shown to enhance educational outcomes for Aboriginal people, the funding source for the future remained unclear. In 2015, the then [[Chief Minister of the Northern Territory]], [[Adam Giles]], agreed that his government would take "full responsibility" for delivering services to homeland, in exchange for {{AUD|155 million}} paid out as a once-only payment.<ref>{{cite web | last=Zwartz | first=Henry | title=Fears mount policy inaction threatens future of NT Aboriginal homelands | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=9 November 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-10/nt-laynhapuy-aboriginal-homelands-review-funding-uncertainty/12685664 | access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
In October 2021, the NT Government asked the federal government to speed up its program of home construction and upgrades, as housing in some homelands such as [[Emu Point, Northern Territory|Emu Point]] was so derelict and overcrowded that residents were living in tents.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ashton | first=Kate | title=NT pleads with Canberra to pay for new homes on Aboriginal homelands, plays catch-up on remote housing targets| website=ABC News| publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=3 October 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-04/nt-asks-federal-government-for-remote-housing-money/100509386 | access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
==Examples== Outstations mentioned in the Blanchard report include:<ref name=1987report/>
===Northern Territory=== Most outstations were/are in the Northern Territory. *[[Kaltukatjara]] (used to be known as Docker River) *[[Hermannsburg, Northern Territory|Ntaria]] (used to be known as Hermannsburg) *[[Maningrida, Northern Territory|Maningrida]] * [[Utopia, Northern Territory|Utopia (Urapuntja and Amengernterneah)]]
===Queensland=== *Various communities, near [[Aurukun]], [[Weipa]], [[Doomadgee]] and on [[Mornington Island]]
===South Australia=== *[[Pipalyatjara, South Australia|Pipalyatjara]] *[[Mimili, South Australia|Mimili]] *[[Kaltjiti, South Australia|Kaltjiti]] (used to be known as Fregon) *[[Pukatja, South Australia|Pukatja]] (used to be known as Ernabella)
===Western Australia=== *[[Warmun Community, Western Australia|Warmun Community]] (Used to be known as Turkey Creek) *[[Balgo, Western Australia|Balgo]] *[[Halls Creek, Western Australia|Halls Creek]] *[[Warakurna Community|Warakurna]] *[[Wanarn Community|Wanarn]]
==See also== * [[Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities]] (AMMRIC) *[[Homeland Learning Centre]] *''[[Homeland Movement (album)|Homeland Movement]]'', 1989 studio album by [[Yothu Yindi]] * [[Native title in Australia]]
==References== {{reflist}} :*<small>Morice RD, (1976), Woman dancing dreaming: Psychosocial benefits of the aboriginal outstation movement, [[Medical Journal of Australia]], Dec 18-25 2(25-26):939-42</small>
==Further reading== *{{cite web|url=http://www.naaja.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/APO-NT-Statement-on-Homelands-111011-final.pdf|title=Statement on Homelands, Outstations and Other Small Communities|author=Aboriginal Peak Organisations of the Northern Territory (APO NT)|date=Oct 2011}} * {{cite web | last=Altman | first=Jon | title=In search of an outstations policy for Indigenous Australians | publisher=Canberra, ACT : Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), [[Australian National University]] | date=26 July 2018 | issn=1442-3871 | url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/145659}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.nlc.org.au/html/care_con.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312035121/http://www.nlc.org.au/html/care_con.html|title= Caring for Country: Connection to Land - Past and Present|website=[[Northern Land Council]]|archive-date=12 March 2008}} *{{cite book|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/products/report_research_outputs/ganesharajah-2009-indigenous-health-wellbeing-importance-country.pdf|title=Indigenous Health and Wellbeing: The Importance of Country |first=Cynthia |last=Ganesharajah|series=Native Title Research Report Report No. 1/2009|date=April 2009|isbn=9780855756697|publisher=[[AIATSIS]]. Native Title Research Unit}} [https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/indigenous-health-and-wellbeing-importance-country AIATSIS summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504162522/https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/indigenous-health-and-wellbeing-importance-country |date=4 May 2020 }} *{{cite book | editor-last=Weiner | editor-first=James F. | editor-last2=Glaskin | editor-first2=Katie| last=Glaskin | first=Katie| title=Customary Land Tenure and Registration in Australia and Papua New Guinea: Anthropological Perspectives|chapter=Chapter Ten: Outstation Incorporation as Precursor to a Prescribed Body Corporate 1 | publisher=ANU E Press | series=Asia-Pacific Environment Monographs | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-921313-27-1 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A6ui2xBB6sC&pg=PA199 | page=199}} [https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p99961/html/ch10.html Text] *{{cite web | last=Korff | first=Jens | title=Aboriginal homelands & outstations | website=Creative Spirits | date=13 August 2020 | url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/land/aboriginal-homelands-outstations}} *{{cite journal | last=Morice | first=Rodney D. | title=Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement | journal=Medical Journal of Australia | publisher=AMPCo | volume=2 | issue=25–26 | year=1976 | pages=939–942 | issn=0025-729X | doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x| pmid=1035404 | s2cid=28327004 }} *{{Citation | author1=Smith, Richard M | author2=Smith, Pamela A | title=Getting strength from country: report of the Outstation Impact Project: concerning the delivery of health services to outstations in the Kimberley region, Western Australia | date=1995 | publisher=W.A. Health Dept., 1995 | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35374941}} *{{cite web | title=Upgrades to Marralum outstation: Building a strong future for native title holders| website=Northern Land Council | date=30 August 2018 | url=https://www.nlc.org.au/media-publications/upgrades-to-marralum-outstation-building-a-strong-future-for-native-title-holders}} "Native title holders are driving upgrades to Marralum outstation near the Western Australian border using funds generated from a major prawn farm project." {{Indigenous Australians}} {{Ethnic enclaves}}
[[Category:History of Indigenous Australians]] [[Category:Native title in Australia]] [[Category:Intentional communities in Australia]]