{{Short description|Zoroastrian religious hymn}} {{Infobox religious text | image = Darmesteter Hom Stom.png | caption = First page of Darmesteter's French translation of the Hom Stom (called Hom Yasht){{sfn|Darmesteter|1892|loc=p. 84}} | religion = Zoroastrianism | language = Avestan | chapters = 3 | verses = 64 | period = Avestan period |background=#990955 }} The '''Hom Stom''',{{sfn|Kellens|2007}} also known as '''Hom Stod'''{{sfn|Pirart|2004}} or '''Hom Yasht''',{{sfn|Malandra|2004}} is an Avestan text dedicated to the praise of ''Haoma''. It consists of verses 9-11.11 of the ''Yasna'' and must not be confused with the ''Hom Yasht'', which is part of the ''Yasht'' collection.{{sfn|Malandra|2004}}
==Name== In the sources, the text itself has no clearly defined name. As a result, scholars use various names like ''Hom Stom'',{{sfn|Kellens|2007}} ''Hom Stod'',{{sfn|Pirart|2004}} or ''Hom Yasht''.{{sfn|Malandra|2004}} Here, ''Hom'' is the Middle Persian name of Avestan ''Hauma'', the name of the divine plant of Zoroastrianism and its associated divinity.{{sfn|MacKenzie|1971|loc=p. 44: "Hóm [...] the sacred plant Haoma"}} Avestan ''Hauma'' is cognate with Vedic ''Soma'', but the identity of this plant is still unknown.
The name ''Hom Yasht'', used by several authors for this text, draws on the connection to the ''Hom Yasht'' in the ''Yasht'' collection. However, as Pirart points out, the ''Hom Stom'' lacks the typical verse structure of the ''Yashts'', i.e., hymns of worship, which are governed by the eponymous verb ''yazamaide'' (we worship). Instead, this text is characterized by the verb ''staomi'' (I praise). It should, therefore, not be intrepreted as a ''worship'' but as a ''praise'' of Hauma.{{sfn|Pirart|2004|loc=p. 23}} As a result, several authors use the name ''Hom Stod''{{sfn|Pirart|2004}} or ''Hom Stom''.{{sfn|Hintze|2013|loc=p. 65}}
==Structure and content== {{see also|Yasna}} The ''Hom Stom'' is part of the ''Yasna'', which refers both to an important text within the Avesta and the central Zoroastrian liturgy during which this text is recited.{{sfn|Malandra|2006}} Within the ''Yasna'', verses 9-11.11 are also known under the name ''Hom Stom'' or ''Hom Yasht''. Verses 11.12-11.17, however, a series of blessings and curses, are not considered to be part of this text.{{sfn|Malandra|2004|loc="Y. 9-11.11 Hōm Yašt. Y. 11 concludes with blessings and curse and other prayers."}} The text itself is accompanied during the liturgy by the ''parahoma'' ritual, i.e., the pressing of the ''Haoma'' plant.{{sfn|Boyce|2003}}
The first chapter (Y 9) is devoted to naming the early worshippers of ''Haoma'', which is a structure also found in some ''yashts'' from the ''Yasht'' collection.{{sfn|Lommel|1927|loc=p. 187: "Am meisten den Charakter der Yäst's hat Yasna 9, mit der Aufzählung der früheren Verehrer des Hauma"}} The second chapter (Y 10) contains a long description of the ''Haoma'' plant itself, less of the associated divinity.{{sfn|Lommel|1927|loc=p. 187: "In Yasna 10 erscheint Hauma besonders deutlich als Pflanze mit Wurzeln, Stengeln usw"}} These descriptions are an important source for the identification of the ''Haoma'' plant.{{sfn|Taillieu|2003}} The third chapter (Y 11) describes the appropirate portion of the sacrifice allotted to ''Haoma''.
==Manuscripts, editions and translations== Since the ''Hom Stom'' is a part of the ''Yasna'', its Avestan text is extant through the ''Yasna'' manuscripts. The exegetical ''Yasna'' manuscripts also contain translations into Middle Persian, Sanskrit and Modern Persian.{{sfn|Pirart|2004|loc=p. 24}} In addition, the text of the ''Hom Stom'' can also be found in the liturgical ''Visperad'' and ''Vendidad'' manuscripts, since these liturgies are extensions of the ''Yasna'' liturgy.
Modern, scholarly editions and translations of the ''Hom Stom'' are likewise often provided as part of the ''Yasna''. Examples are the editions by Westergaard{{sfn|Westergaard|1852}} and Geldner{{sfn|Geldner|1886}} and translations by Mills into English{{sfn|Mills|1887}} and by Darmesteter into French.{{sfn|Darmesteter|1892}} An edition dedicated specifically to the ''Hom Stom'', including a commentary and translation into French, was produced by Pirart in 2004.{{sfn|Pirart|2004}} In 2018, Khanizadeh published an edition dedicated to the first chapter of the ''Hom Stom''{{sfn|Khanizadeh|2018}} and subsequently a full edition, including a commentary and translation into English (publication forthcoming), as part of the Multimedia Yasna project.{{sfn|Khanizadeh|2023}}
==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|3}}
===Bibliography=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- B --> * {{cite book|last=Boyce|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Boyce|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica|year=2003|chapter=HAOMA ii. THE RITUALS|location=New York|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|volume=XI|pages=662–667|chapter-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haoma-ii}} <!-- C --> <!-- D --> * {{Cite book|last=Darmesteter|first=James|author-link=James Darmesteter|year=1892|title=Le Zend-Avesta: Traduction nouvelle avec commentaire historique et philologique; Vol I: La liturgie (Yasna et Vispéred)|location=Paris|publisher=E. Leroux|url=https://archive.org/details/lezendavestatrad01darm/page/n9/mode/2up}} <!-- G --> * {{Cite book|last=Geldner|first=Karl F.|author-link=Karl Friedrich Geldner|year=1886|title=Avesta. The Sacred Books of the Parsis I: Yasna|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Kohlhammer|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217560/page/n67/mode/2up}} <!-- H --> * {{cite book|last=Hintze|first=Almut|author-link=Almut Hintze|editor-last=Pirart |editor-first=E.|title=Le Sort des Gathas et Autres Études Iraniennes - In Memoriam Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin|year=2013|chapter=Perceptions of the Yasna Haptanghaiti|location=Leuven, Paris, Walpole|publisher=Peeters|series=Acta Iranica|volume=54|pages=53–73|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/6090224/2013_Perceptions_of_the_Yasna_Haptanh%C4%81iti_In_E_Pirart_ed_Le_sort_des_G%C3%A2th%C3%A2s_et_autres_%C3%A9tudes_iraniennes_in_memoriam_Jacques_Duchesne_Guillemin_Leuven_Paris_Walpole_MA_Peeters_2013_53_73_Acta_Iranica_54_}} * {{cite book|last=Hintze|first=Almut|title=Encyclopædia Iranica |year=2014|chapter=Yašts|author-link=Almut Hintze|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica|location=New York|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|chapter-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts}} <!-- K --> * {{Cite book|last=Khanizadeh|first=M.|year=2018|title= Reward for sacrifice: the Pahlavi version of Yasna 9.1-15 [PhD thesis, SOAS University of London]|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00030320|url=https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/378828/reward-for-sacrifice-the-pahlavi-version-of-yasna-91-15}} * {{Cite book|last=Khanizadeh|first=M.|year=2023|title=The Avestan Hymn to Haōma. A Critical Edition of Yasna 9 to 11 with Commentary and Glossary|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies – Corpus Avesticum|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|url=https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/376217}} * {{Cite book|last=Kellens|first=Jean|author-link=Jean Kellens|year=2007|title=Etudes avestiques et mazdéennes: Volume 2, Le Hom Stom et la zone des déclarations (Y7.24 – Y15.4, avec les intercalations de Vr3 à 6)|volume=2|publisher=Editions De Boccard|isbn=978-2-7018-0224-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Kotwal|first=Firoze M.|last2=Hintze|first2=Almut|author-link2=Almut Hintze|url=https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/dzo/artikel/201/891_201.pdf |title=The Khorda Avesta and Yast Codex E1|year=2008 |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-05692-2}} <!-- L --> * {{Cite book|last=Lommel|first=Herman|author-link=Herman Lommel|year=1927|title=Die Yäšt's des Awesta|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|series=Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran|volume=15}} <!-- M --> * {{Cite book|last=MacKenzie|first=David N.|author-link=David Neil MacKenzie|year=1971|title=A concise Pahlavi dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London, New York, Toronto|url=https://archive.org/details/a-concise-pahlavi-dictionary/page/44/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Malandra|first=William W.|title=Encyclopædia Iranica |year=2004|chapter=HŌM YAŠT|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica|location=New York|volume=XII|pages=431–434|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|chapter-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hom-yast}} * {{cite book|last=Malandra|first=William W.|title=Encyclopædia Iranica |year=2006|chapter=YASNA|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica|location=New York|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|chapter-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yasna}} * {{Cite book|last=Mills|first=Lawrence H.|author-link=Lawrence Heyworth Mills|editor-last=Müller|editor-first=Max|editor-link=Max Müller|year=1887|series=Sacred Books of the East|title=The Zend-Avesta Part III: The Yasna, Visparad, Afrinagan, Gahs, and Miscellaneous Fragments|volume=31|location=Oxford|publisher=Claredon Press|url=https://archive.org/details/zendavesta03darm/page/n7/mode/2up}} <!-- P--> * {{cite book|last=Pirart|first=Eric|title=L'éloge mazdéen de l'ivresse: édition, traduction et commentaire du Hom Stod|year=2004|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2747561228}} <!-- R--> <!-- S --> * {{cite book|last1=Stausberg|first1=Michael|title=Die Religion Zarathustras: Geschichte - Gegenwart - Rituale|volume=1|year=2002|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Kohlhammer|isbn=978-3-17-017120-6}} <!-- T --> * {{cite book|last=Taillieu|first=Dieter|title=Encyclopædia Iranica |year=2003|chapter=HAOMA i. BOTANY|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica|location=New York|volume=XI|pages=659–662|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|chapter-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haoma-i}} <!-- W --> * {{Cite book|last=Westergaard|first=Niels L.|author-link=Niels Ludvig Westergaard|year=1852|title=Zendavesta: or The religious books of the Zoroastrians|publisher=Berling brothers|location=Copenhagen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4ApAAAAYAAJ}} <!-- Y --> {{refend}}
==External links== * [https://www.avesta.org/yasna/yasna.htm#y9 English text of the Hom Stom (Y 9-11) at Avesta.org] Translated by James Darmesteter * [https://www.avesta.org/yasna/y9to11.htm Avestan text of the Hom Stom (Y 9-11) at Avesta.org] Edited by Karl Friedrich Geldner
{{Avesta}} {{Zoroastrianism}}
Category:Zoroastrian texts