Holden straight-six motor

The '''Holden straight-six motor''' is a series of [[straight-six engine]]s that were produced by [[Holden|General Motors Holden]] at their [[Holden Fishermans Bend plant|Port Melbourne plant]] between 1948 and 1986. The initial ''Grey'' motor was so dubbed because of the colour of the [[cylinder block]], later motors came in the form of a ''Red'', ''Blue'', ''Black'', and the four-cylinder ''Starfire'' engine. These engines were fitted to all Australian designed Holdens of the same years, and the four-cylinder ''Starfire'' notably also found its way into the [[Toyota Corona (XT130)]]. The ''Grey'' motor is a different engine from the others, while the ''Red'', ''Blue'', ''Black,'' and even the Starfire are all inter-related with many common parts and castings.

== Grey == {{Infobox automobile engine | image = Holden-gray-2.0.jpg | name = Grey engine | aka = | configuration = [[Straight-six engine|Straight-six]] | production = 1948-1963 | successor = Holden Red engine | bore = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|3.000|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.062|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} }} | stroke = {{convert|3.125|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | displacement = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|2160|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|2262|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} }} | length = | diameter = | width = | height = | weight = | block = [[Cast iron]] | head = [[Cast iron]] | valvetrain = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 2 valves per cyl. | supercharger = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = [[Carburettor]] | fueltype = [[Petrol]] | oilsystem = [[Wet sump]] | coolingsystem = [[Water-cooled]] | power = {{Convert|60-76|hp| kW|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | specpower = | torque = {{convert|100-119|lbft|N.m|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | timing = [[Timing belt (camshaft)|Timing gears]] | compression = 6.8:1–7.5:1 | fuelcon = | specfuelcon = | oilcon = }}

The ''Grey'' motor, built between 1948 and 1963, (the last on 2 August 1963) earned its name as the engine block was painted grey. This [[overhead valve]] engine was first fitted to the [[Holden 48-215]] (and variants) and mated to a three-speed column change gearbox. A three-speed GM ''Roto-Hydramatic 240'' [[automatic transmission]] was an option fitted in the latter [[Holden EK|EK]] and [[Holden EJ|EJ series]]. The engine was based on the pre-[[World War II]] [[Buick Straight-6 engine]] design,{{cn|date=November 2021}} and saw only minor changes throughout its 15-year life.

It displaced {{convert|132|cuin|cc|sigfig=3}} in its original form as used by the 48-215 (1948). It developed 60 brake horsepower (45 kW). This engine remained in production for eight years - until the release of the [[Holden FE|FE series]] in 1956. At that point, power was increased to 72hp (53kW) by an increase in the compression ratio to 6.8:1. Holden replaced the [[Holden FC|FC]] in 1960 with the [[Holden FB|FB series]], and its engine was bored out to {{convert|138|cuin|cc|sigfig=3}}. The compression ratio was increased to 7.8:1. It developed {{convert|76|bhp|kW|lk=in}} at 4200 rpm and 120lb.ft (162N.m) at 1400rpm, providing superior performance to the competing four-cylinder [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]], [[Morris Motors|Morris]], [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] and [[Ford of Britain]] vehicles. The grey motor was a low stress design for high reliability and featured a low [[compression ratio]]. Due to sheer ubiquity, they were popular for racing, and were fitted to many open-wheelers, as well as racing Holdens. With the engines' low-end [[torque]], they also found their way into boats and machinery such as [[forklift]] trucks.

This engine ran a seven-port non-crossflow [[cast-iron]] cylinder head. There were three Siamese (shared) inlet ports for cylinders 1–2, 3–4 and 5–6, two individual exhaust ports for cylinders 1 and 6, and two siamese exhaust ports for cylinders 2–3 and 4–5 in a layout on one side of the head casting. The inlets were fed by a single-barrel Stromberg [[carburettor]] in common and fitted with a traditional Kettering ignition by coil and distributor. The electric system was six volts in the 48-215 and FJ. The earliest grey motors (approximately 100,000) were fitted with [[Remy Electric|Delco-Remy]] accessories, although [[Lucas Industries|Lucas]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] equivalents throughout the motor's lifetime replaced these.

The very first production grey motor (1948) was number 1001, and they continued in a single sequence until July 1956, when the prefix "L" was introduced.<ref name = "Loffler (2006), p. 284">Loffler (2006), p. 284</ref> The change affected all engines numbered L283373 and above, signifying the 12-volt negative-earth engines as fitted to the all new FE model.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} The prefix "U" was introduced for motors with the original electricals as fitted to the FJ utility and panel van models, which ended in February and May 1957 respectively. The change was effective from engine U283384.<ref name = "Loffler (2006), p. 284"/> The prefix "B" was introduced and the number sequence reset with the introduction of the {{convert|138|cuin|L|1}} displacement engine, and ultimately this was replaced by a "J" prefix for motors fitted to [[Holden EJ|EJ]] vehicles in 1962.

=== Applications === * 1948–1953 [[Holden 48-215|Holden FX]] ** 1948–1953 [[Holden 48-215]] (sedan) ** 1951–1953 [[Holden 48-215|50-2106]] (coupé utility) ** 1953 [[Holden 48-215|48-215-257]] (business/taxi sedan, sometimes abbreviated to 48-217) * 1953–1956 [[Holden FJ]] * 1956–1958 [[Holden FE]] * 1958–1960 [[Holden FC]] * 1960–1961 [[Holden FB]] * 1961–1962 [[Holden EK]] * 1962–1963 [[Holden EJ]]

== Red == {{Infobox automobile engine | image = Holden 149 Red motor.jpg | name = Red engine  | aka = | configuration = [[Straight-six engine|Straight-six]] | production = 1963–1980 | predecessor = Holden Grey engine | successor = Holden Blue engine | bore = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|3.125|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.375|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.500|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.563|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.625|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} }} | stroke = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|3.000|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.250|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} }} | displacement = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|2130|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|2262|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|2447|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|2639|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|2835|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|2940|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | {{convert|3049|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | 202 cubic inches (3,298cc) }} | length = | diameter = | width = | height = | weight = | block = [[Cast iron]] | head = [[Cast iron]] | valvetrain = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 2 valves per cyl. | supercharger = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = [[Carburettor]] | fueltype = [[Petrol]] | oilsystem = [[Wet sump]] | coolingsystem = [[Water-cooled]] | power = {{Convert|77-147|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | specpower = | torque = {{convert|183-263|Nm|kg.m lbft|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | timing = [[Timing belt (camshaft)|Timing gears]] | compression = 8.8:1-9.4:1 | fuelcon = | specfuelcon = | oilcon = }}

{| class="wikitable" table align="left" style="clear:right; margin-left: 1em" |+ Holden ''Red'' motor (1971–1974 [[Holden Kingswood#HQ|HQ]] series) ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" rowspan=2| Engine ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" rowspan=2| Displacement ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" rowspan=2| Compression ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" colspan=2| Power ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" colspan=2| Torque |- ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" | [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|bhp]] ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" | [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]] ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" | [[Foot-pound force|ft·lb]] ! style="background:#E8F4F8;" | [[Newton metre|N·m]] |- | rowspan="2" | 173 cu in ''Red'' [[Straight-six engine|I6]] | rowspan="2" | {{convert|2835|cc|L|1|order=flip}} | Low | {{convert|112|bhp|disp=table}} | {{convert|160|lb·ft|disp=table}} |- | High | {{convert|118|bhp|disp=table}} | {{convert|168|lb·ft|disp=table}} |- | rowspan="2" | 202 cu in ''Red'' [[Straight-six engine|I6]] | rowspan="2" | {{convert|3298|cc|L|1|order=flip}} | Low | {{convert|129|bhp|disp=table}} | {{convert|190|lb·ft|disp=table}} |- | High | {{convert|135|bhp|disp=table}} | {{convert|194|lb·ft|disp=table}} |}

Superseding the ''Grey'' motor, the ''Red'' motor was manufactured between 1963 and 1980. This was a completely new engine and in no way a further development of the grey motor. It featured a seven-bearing crankshaft, full flow oil filter and hydraulic valve lifters. Denoted by the entire engine being painted red including the inlet manifold, the engine made its debut in the [[Holden EH]] in capacities of {{convert|2447|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} and {{convert|179|cuin|cc}} (or HP) producing {{convert|100|and|115|bhp|kW}} respectively. This was a power increase of 33 per cent and 53 per cent over the grey motor.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_red_motor.htm | title = Holden 6 Cylinder Red Motor | publisher = Unique Cars and Parts | access-date = 2008-03-16}}</ref>

Initially the engine capacity was not cast on the blocks. The EH model with the 149 CID block was blank and the 179 CID was designated with the letters “HP” (to denote the high-performance engine). The 179 capacity marking cast in raised numbers, located on the side of the block behind the generator/alternator, began in December 1964 in readiness for the January 1965 start of production for the HD model due for release in February 1965. This 179 block casting also included the last of the EH commercial models that were ending production in June 1965.

All red engines manufactured prior to January 1968 had forged steel crankshafts.(with the exception of some HR model field test vehicles). With the opening of Holden’s Nodular Iron Foundry (the only one in Australia) on 10 February 1967 by Prime Minister, [[Harold Holt]] production of cast nodular iron crankshafts, along with other products, could begin. The Nodular Iron crankshafts were first released for field testing in '''some''' engines fitted in the HR model. Starting from engine number A121465, in February 1967, they were identified by using a different harmonic balancer with a vee annular groove. Full production release of the so called “cast” crankshaft in the red motor was from January 1968 in the HK model. The forged steel crankshafts, however, still remained in the optional engine variants such as the X2, all 186S engines and the LC 186 XU1. The standard engine colour also changed in the HK to Rocket Red from the previous “Holden Engine Red”. In 1978 Holden changed the colour of the Red motor to a new variation called Rocket Red MkII (Dulux code 31036).

;Capacities * 130 – South Africa, et al. HQ export * 138 – LC & LJ Torana * 149 * 161 * 173 * 179 * 186 * 202

=== Applications ===

==== Holden Standard, Special, Premier (1963–1968) ==== * 1963–1965 [[Holden EH]] * 1965–1966 [[Holden HD]] * 1966–1968 [[Holden HR]]

==== Holden Belmont, Kingswood, Premier (1968–1980) ==== * 1968–1969 [[Holden HK]] * 1969–1970 [[Holden HT]] * 1970–1971 [[Holden HG]] * 1971–1974 [[Holden HQ]] * 1974–1976 [[Holden HJ]] * 1976–1977 [[Holden HX]] * 1977–1980 [[Holden HZ]]

==== Holden Commodore (1978–1980) ==== * 1978–1980 [[Holden Commodore VB]]

==== Holden Torana (1969–1979) ==== * 1969–1971 [[Holden Torana#LC|Holden Torana LC]] * 1972–1974 [[Holden Torana#LJ|Holden Torana LJ]] * 1974–1975 [[Holden Torana#LH|Holden Torana LH]] * 1976–1978 [[Holden Torana#LX|Holden Torana LX]] * 1978–1979 [[Holden Torana#UC|Holden Torana UC]]

====Bedford (1971–1979)==== * 1971–1979 [[Bedford CF]] (Australasian models only)<ref>Delivery van is bigger than its predecessor ''[[Freight & Container Transportation]]'' September 1970 page 35</ref>

== Blue == {{Infobox automobile engine | image = Holden-blue-3.3-engine.jpg | name = Blue engine | aka = | configuration = [[Straight-six engine|Straight-six]] | production = 1980-1984 | predecessor = Holden Red engine | successor = Holden Black engine | bore = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|3.500|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.625|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} }} | stroke = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|3.000|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | {{convert|3.250|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} }} | displacement = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|2835|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | 202 cubic inches (3,298cc) }} | length = | diameter = | width = | height = | weight = | block = [[Cast iron]] | head = [[Cast iron]] | valvetrain = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 2 valves per cyl. | supercharger = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = [[Carburettor]] | fueltype = [[Petrol]] | oilsystem = [[Wet sump]] | coolingsystem = [[Water-cooled]] | power = {{Convert|103-114|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | specpower = | torque = {{convert|192-231|Nm|kg.m lbft|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | timing = [[Timing belt (camshaft)|Timing gears]] | compression = 8.8:1-9.0:1 | fuelcon = | specfuelcon = | oilcon = }}

The ''Blue'' specification debuted in the 1980 [[Holden Commodore VC|VC Commodore]].<ref name = "VC">{{cite web | url = http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car_info_holden_commodore_vc.htm | title = Holden Commodore VC | publisher = Unique Cars and Parts | access-date = 2007-06-15}}</ref>

The blue motor was a development of the earlier red engine, and incorporated several improvements; the biggest of these changes was the complete redesign of the cylinder head. The head was upgraded to a 12 port design with individual ports for each cylinder, and a revised T5 camshaft.The blue motor was made in 2.85-and 3.3- litre versions. The crankshaft for the 3.3-litre engine now had counterweights on each throw, and stronger connecting rods were used. The crankshaft for the 2.85-litre remained the same as earlier crankshafts except that it had the main journal size increased to the same size as the blue 3.3 litre. A two-barrel Varajet carburettor was standard, as was a dual outlet exhaust manifold and a Bosch HEI distributor. === Applications === * 1980–1985 [[Holden WB]] * 1980–1981 [[Holden Commodore VC]] * 1981–1984 [[Holden Commodore VH]]

== Black == {{Infobox automobile engine | image = Holden-black-303-efi.jpg | name = Black engine | aka = | configuration = [[Straight-six engine|Straight-six]] | production = 1984-1986 | predecessor = Holden Blue engine | successor = [[Nissan RB engine#RB30 (3.0L I6)|Nissan RB engine]] (RB30E) | bore = {{convert|3.625|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | stroke = {{convert|3.250|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | displacement = 202 cubic inches (3,298cc) | length = | diameter = | width = | height = | weight = | block = [[Cast iron]] | head = [[Cast iron]] | valvetrain = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 2 valves per cyl. | supercharger = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = {{unbulleted list | [[Carburettor]] | [[Multi-port fuel injection]] }} | management = [[Jetronic]] for EFI variant | fueltype = [[Petrol]] | oilsystem = [[Wet sump]] | coolingsystem = [[Water-cooled]] | power = {{Convert|117-144|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | specpower = | torque = {{convert|232-266|Nm|kg.m lbft|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} | timing = [[Timing belt (camshaft)|Timing gears]] | compression = 8.8:1 | fuelcon = | specfuelcon = | oilcon = }}

The ''Black'' specification was introduced in the 1984 [[Holden Commodore VK|VK Commodore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/history-of-the-holden-commodore-part-one-vb-vc-vh-vl |title=History of the Holden Commodore Part One: VB, VK, VL |publisher=[[Street Machine (magazine)|Street Machine]] |author=Dave Carey |date=25 March 2018 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> The black engine was only produced in 3.3-litre displacement, and in carbureted and fuel-injected versions. The carbureted engine was almost identical to the previous blue engine, the main difference being in the use of computer controlled spark timing (EST) taking its timing pick-up from the flywheel area. The ports were slightly wider spaced, meaning the manifolds will not simply interchange. The fuel-injected version used [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Jetronic#LE1-Jetronic, LE2-Jetronic, LE3-Jetronic (1981–1991)|LE2-Jetronic]] [[Fuel injection#Multi-point injection|multipoint fuel injection]] and featured a long-runner intake manifold, 6-3-1 tubular exhaust manifold and a conventional HEI ignition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/39-years-of-holden-commodore/1984-holden-commodore-injecting-life-into-the-commodore |title=1984 Holden Commodore: Injecting life into the Commodore |publisher=[[Wheels (magazine)|Wheels]] |date=17 September 2017 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> It also had slightly different cylinder head intake ports for improved breathing (along with location notches for the fuel injectors) and revised camshaft specifications, and delivered superior performance and fuel economy over the carbureted version.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_commodore_VK_technical_specifications |title=Holden Commodore VK Technical Specifications |publisher=Unique Cars and Parts |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> In the 1986 [[Holden Commodore VL|VL Commodore]], Holden replaced the Australian-made and designed six-cylinder engines with the [[Nissan]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB30|RB30E]] and [[Nissan RB engine#RB20|RB20E]] engines. Pending emission standards and the requirement for unleaded fuel made it difficult to re-engineer the Australian engine.<ref>Robinson (2006), p. 25</ref>

=== Applications === * 1984–1986 [[Holden Commodore VK]]

== Starfire == {{Infobox automobile engine | image = 1979-Holden-Sunbird-Starfire-engine-scaled.jpg | name = Starfire engine | aka = {{unbulleted list | Misfire, Backfire (colloquial) | Toyota X engine }} | configuration = [[Straight-four engine|Straight-four]] | production = 1978-1986 | predecessor = [[Opel cam-in-head engine]] 1.9L | successor = [[GM Family II engine]] 1.6L-2.0L | bore = {{convert|3.500|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | stroke = {{convert|3.000|in|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} | displacement = {{convert|1892|cc|cuin|0|order=flip}} | length = | diameter = | width = | height = | weight = | block = [[Cast iron]] | head = [[Cast iron]] | valvetrain = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 2 valves per cyl. | supercharger = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = [[Carburettor]] | fueltype = [[Petrol]] | oilsystem = [[Wet sump]] | coolingsystem = [[Water-cooled]] | power = {{cvt|58|kW|hp|0}} | specpower = | torque = {{cvt|136|Nm|lbft|0}} | timing = [[Timing belt (camshaft)|Timing gears]] | compression = 8.7:1 | fuelcon = | specfuelcon = | oilcon = }}

This 1.9-litre (1,892 cc) powerplant, known as the ''Starfire Four'' motor, was effectively Holden's existing 2.85-litre 173 cu in straight-six with two cylinders removed.<ref name = "VC"/> Designed and built in Australia to satisfy local content rules, it first appeared in 1978 during the UC Sunbird's production run, replacing the Opel 1.9-litre cam-in-head unit used in LH, LX and early UC Torana/Sunbird four-cylinder models.<ref name=ShannonsUC>{{cite web | url = https://club.shannons.com.au/club/news/retroautos/ucudue-toranasunbird-never-meant-to-be/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20240806231244/https://club.shannons.com.au/club/news/retroautos/ucudue-toranasunbird-never-meant-to-be/ | archivedate = 2024-08-06 | title = UC/UD/UE Torana/Sunbird: Never meant to be | first = David | last = Burrell | work = Shannons Club: Retroautos | publisher = Shannons Insurance | date = 6 June 2023 }}</ref>

Peak power output for the Starfire was {{cvt|58|kW|hp|0}}, with a 17.5 second acceleration time from {{0to100kmh}} in the VC Commodore.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_commodore_VC_technical_specifications.htm | title = Holden Commodore VC Technical Specifications | publisher = Unique Cars and Parts | access-date = 2008-02-07}}</ref> This variant's performance meant the need to push the engine hard leading to [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel consumption]] similar to the straight-sixes. Due to this, it was often nicknamed as ''Misfire'' or ''Backfire''. This engine was replaced in the Australian market by the [[Holden Camira|Camira's]] OHC [[GM Family II engine|''Camtech'']] unit, however, it continued to be used until 1986 in New Zealand, where it was used to power four-cylinder versions of the [[Holden Commodore VK|VK Commodore]].

This engine was also used by [[Toyota Australia]] to meet local parts content regulations for the [[Toyota Corona (T130)|Corona XT130]].<ref name=Whatcar>{{Citation | title=What car is that? : in Australia & New Zealand | editor-last=Boyce | editor-first=David | ref = DB1 | year=1981 | publisher=Rigby | location=Adelaide | page = 169 | isbn=0727014803 }}</ref> Engines installed in Toyotas received some slight differences in the form of a unique camshaft, manifold, and carburettor. Toyota called the engine the "1X" and it had a slightly different power curve: {{cvt|58|kW|hp|0}} at 4800 rpm and {{cvt|136|Nm|lbft|0}} at 2400 rpm.<ref name=Whatcar/>

=== Applications === * 1978–1980 [[Holden Torana#UC|Holden Sunbird (UC)]] (red block version). * 1980–1981 [[Holden Commodore VC]] * 1981–1984 [[Holden Commodore VH]] * 1984–1986 [[Holden Commodore VK]] (New Zealand) * 1979–1982 [[Toyota Corona (XT130)]]

==ADR27A Compliance== [[ADR27A]] was an [[Australian Design Rule]] specifying regulations for fuel evaporative and exhaust emissions for Australian passenger motor vehicles effective from 1 July 1976 in order to reduce air pollution. The following engines were ADR27A compliant: * Red (post 1 July 1976 only) * Blue * Black * Starfire

These engines were fitted with emission control systems which generally resulted in reduced engine output. The following table compares the output of the 202ci Red engine in pre- and ADR27A-compliant versions:

{| class="wikitable" |- ! ! Power ! Torque |- | pre-ADR27A | {{convert|135|hp|kW|abbr=on}} @4400rpm<ref name=UCP1>{{cite web|url=https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_HJ_technical_specifications |title=Holden HJ Technical Specifications |publisher=Unique Cars and Parts |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | {{convert|194|lb.ft|Nm|abbr=on}} @2000rpm<ref name=UCP1/> |- | ADR27A-compliant | {{convert|109|hp|kW|abbr=on}} @3900rpm<ref name=UCP2>{{cite web|url=https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_HX_technical_specifications |title=Holden HX Technical Specifications |publisher=Unique Cars and Parts |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | {{convert|185|lb.ft|Nm|abbr=on}} @1400rpm<ref name=UCP2/> |}

== See also == * [[Holden V8 engine]] * [[Nissan RB engine]] (Straight six used in the [[Holden Commodore VL]]) * [[List of GM engines]]

== Notes == {{Reflist}}

== References == * {{cite book | last = Loffler | first = Don | orig-year = 1998 | year = 2006 | title = She's a Beauty!: The Story of the First Holdens | edition = New Enlarged | location = [[Kent Town]] | publisher = [[Wakefield Press (Australia)|Wakefield Press]] | pages = 310 | isbn = 1-86254-734-3}} * {{cite book | last = Robinson | first = Peter | year = 2006 | title = AutoBiography: The inside story of Holden's all-new VE Commodore | location = [[Woolloomooloo]] | publisher = Focus Publishing | pages = 224 | isbn = 1-921156-10-4}}

[[Category:Straight-six engines]] [[Category:Holden engines]] [[Category:1940s automobile engines]] [[Category:1960s automobile engines]] [[Category:1970s automobile engines]] [[Category:1980s automobile engines]] [[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]