History of plug-in hybrids

{{Short description|none}} {{Update|date=May 2024}} {{About|history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles|the history of all-electric vehicles|history of the electric vehicle}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | image1 = Bilbao 05 2012 BYD F3DM 2438.JPG | image2 = 2023 BYD Song Plus DM-i.jpg | width = 220 | caption1 = The [[BYD F3DM]] was the world's first [[mass production|mass produced]] [[plug-in hybrid]] passenger car, launched in [[China]] for fleet sales in December 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2015-01-29 |title=2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come |access-date=2015-02-17 |website=Green Car Reports |quote=BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt.}}</ref> | caption2 = The [[BYD Song Plus]] was the world's best selling PHEV in the first half of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jamesroberts |date=2025-08-18 |title=The best-selling BEVs and PHEVs worldwide |url=https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/the-best-selling-bevs-and-phevs-worldwide/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=JD Power Autovista24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> }}

The '''history of [[plug-in hybrid]]''' electric vehicles (PHEVs) spans a little more than a century, but most of the significant commercial developments have taken place after 2002. The revival of interest in this automotive technology together with [[all-electric car]]s is due to advances in battery and power management technologies, and concerns about increasingly volatile [[2000s energy crisis|oil prices]] and [[supply (economics)|supply]] [[Energy security|disruption]], and also the need to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="TwoBillion">{{Cite book |last1=Sperling |first1=Daniel |url=https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0 |title=Two Billion Cars: Driving Toward Sustainability |last2=Gordon |first2=Deborah |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-537664-7 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/22 22–26] |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Boschert06">{{Cite book |last=Boschert |first=Sherry |author-link=Sherry Boschert |url=https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc |title=Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America |publisher=New Society Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-86571-571-4 |location=Gabriola Island, Canada |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc/page/15 15–28]}}</ref><ref name="PEVs">{{cite book |url=http://www.brookings.edu/press/Books/2009/pluginelectricvehicles.aspx |title=Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington? |publisher=[[The Brookings Institution]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8157-0305-1 |editor-last=Sandalow |editor-first=David B. |editor-link=David B. Sandalow |edition=1st |pages=1–6}}''See Introduction''</ref> Between 2003 and 2010, most PHEVs were [[Plug-in hybrid#Conversions of production vehicles|conversions]] of production hybrid electric vehicles, and the most prominent PHEVs were [[Aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] conversions of 2004 or later [[Toyota Prius]], which have had plug-in charging and more [[lead–acid batteries]] added and their electric-only range extended.

Global sales of plug-in hybrids grew from over 300 units in 2010 to 222,000 in 2015 and 7.2 million in 2025.<ref name=Outlook2016/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Global EV Data Explorer – Data Tools |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> {{As of|2025|12}}, China is the world's largest plug-in hybrid car market with a stock of 15 million units, followed by the United States with 1.9 million vehicles, Germany with 1.1 million, the UK with 860,000 and France with 810,000.<ref name=":0" /> {{As of|2025|12}}, there are about 25 million plug-in hybrid electric cars in the world, about one third of the total stock of 75 million [[plug-in electric car]]s.<ref name=":0" /> In the half year to {{As of|2025|06|bare=Yes}}, the [[BYD Song Plus]] was the world's top selling plug-in hybrid car, with 188,500 units sold (5.4% of all PHEV sales) over the period. BYD models accounted for seven of the top ten best-selling PHEVs over this period, with the [[Li Auto]] L6 (96,400), [[Geely Galaxy Starship 7|Galaxy Starship 7]] (70,900) and [[AITO M9|Aito M9]] (58,700) also among the top ten.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jamesroberts |date=2025-08-18 |title=The best-selling BEVs and PHEVs worldwide |url=https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/the-best-selling-bevs-and-phevs-worldwide/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=JD Power Autovista24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==1899–1999== {{more citations needed section|date=March 2015}} [[Hybrid vehicles]] were produced beginning as early as 1899 by [[Lohner–Porsche]]. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation. However, the term "plug-in hybrid" has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. [[File:Lohner Porsche.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lohner–Porsche|Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid]] was the first gasoline-electric hybrid [[automobile]].]] The July 1969 issue of ''[[Popular Science]]'' magazine featured an article on the [[General Motors XP-883]] plug-in hybrid. The concept commuter vehicle housed six 12-volt lead–acid batteries in the trunk area and a transverse-mounted DC electric motor turning a [[front-wheel drive]] trans-axle. The gasoline-powered engine was connected to the trans-axle via a [[worm drive|worm gear]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 1969 |title=Hybrid Car Ready in 1969 |url=http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/hybrid-car-ready-in-1969 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509084247/http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/hybrid-car-ready-in-1969/ |archive-date=9 May 2007 |access-date=26 May 2007 |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |pages=86–87 |via=FinkBuilt}}</ref> The car could be plugged into a standard 110 Volt [[AC power plugs and sockets|AC outlet]] for recharging.

In 1971, Dr. [[Andrew A. Frank|Andy Frank]], the inventor of the modern PHEV, begins working on hybrids and PHEVs. He is professor of [[Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering]] at the [[University of California at Davis]].<ref name="TeamFate">{{cite web |title=Our Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Design |url=http://www.team-fate.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112070027/http://www.team-fate.net/ |archive-date=2006-01-12 |access-date=2007-04-08 |website=Team Fate}}</ref><ref name="CalCarsHistory">{{cite web |title=Plug-In Hybrids: State Of Play, History & Players |url=http://www.calcars.org/history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502064532/http://www.calcars.org/history.html |archive-date=2015-05-02 |access-date=2015-03-21 |website=[[CalCars]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://efficientdrivetrains.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222124320/http://efficientdrivetrains.com/about.html |archive-date=2007-12-22 |website=Efficient Drivetrains Inc.}}</ref>

The September 1975 issue of ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' magazine featured a cover story on an experimental "turbo-electric" hybrid that "plugs in overnight for thrifty driving around town."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sillery |first=Bob |date=2002-02-26 |title=The Persistent Contender: PopSci Covers the Hybrids |url=http://www.popsci.com/popsci/automotivetech/c45d3bcc2eb84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209165637/http://www.popsci.com/popsci/automotivetech/c45d3bcc2eb84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html |archive-date=2007-12-09 |access-date=2009-10-17 |magazine=Popular Science}}</ref> Built by electronics engineer Harry Grepke, the vehicle used eight 12-volt truck batteries and a turbine genset. Grepke claimed an [[all-electric range]] of {{convert|50|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lindsley |first=E.F. |date=September 1975 |title=Looking Back |url=http://www.popsci.com/popsci/printerfriendly/automotivetech/1d7d3bcc2eb84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184210/http://www.popsci.com/popsci/printerfriendly/automotivetech/1d7d3bcc2eb84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html |archive-date=2007-09-30 |magazine=Popular Science}}</ref>

In 1989, [[Audi]] produced its first [[iteration]] of the [[Audi Duo]], a plug-in parallel hybrid based on the [[Audi 100]] Avant [[Audi Quattro|Quattro]]. This car had a {{convert|12.6|bhp|abbr=on}} [[Siemens]] [[electric motor]] which drove the rear wheels. A trunk-mounted [[nickel]]-[[cadmium]] battery supplied [[energy]] to the motor that drove the rear wheels. The vehicle's front wheels were powered by a 2.3-litre five-cylinder engine with an output of {{convert|136|bhp|abbr=on}}. The intent was to produce a vehicle which could operate on the engine in the country and electric mode in the city. Mode of operation could be selected by the driver. Just ten vehicles are believed to have been made; one drawback was that due to the extra weight of the electric drive, the vehicles were less efficient when running on their engines alone than standard Audi 100s with the same engine.

Beginning around 1990, Professor [[Andrew A. Frank|Andy Frank]] of the [[University of California, Davis]] began using student teams to build operational prototype Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. His work attracted industry support and funding from [[Nissan]], [[Koyo Seiko]], [[General Motors]], [[Saturn (car)|Saturn]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Visteon]], JATCO, [[Ovonics]], the [[Defense Advanced Research Project Agency]] (DARPA), [[Sacramento Municipal Utility District]], [[Southern California Edison]], the [[United States Department of Energy]], and others. The UC Davis PHEVs won several DOE/USCAR "Future Car" and "Future Truck" national competitions.<ref name="CalCarsHistory"/>

Inspired by his work as an [[EV1]] propulsion system engineer, Jeff Ronning began developing concepts for plug-in hybrids in the mid-1990s at then [[Delco Electronics|Delco]] Remy, Division of GM. EV1 prototypes were sometimes attached with "range-extender" trailers, developed by [[Alan Cocconi]] of [[AC Propulsion]]. These trailers were simply rolling gen sets that could supply power for long trips. It was only natural to conceive of an EV1 with a small turbo-alternator on board (1995 internal publication). External publications (SAE 971629<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ronning |first=Jeffrey J. |date=1997-05-01 |title=SAE 971629: The Viable Environmental Car: The Right Combination of Electrical and Combustion Energy for Transportation |url=http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/971629 |doi=10.4271/971629 |url-access=subscription |website=[[SAE International]]}}</ref> and 1999-01-2946) followed expounding the merits of using electrical energy for most local travel and proving it with the data from the US DOT. "Unlimited EV" and "Battery Dominant Hybrid" as well as "Energy Hybrid" were the given names for the architecture because the term "plug-in" hybrid coined by Dr. [[Andrew A. Frank|Andy Frank]] was considered at odds with Toyota's position that [[Prius]] did not need to be "plugged in" and their opinion that plugging was inconvenient. In 1997 (ten years before Volt), an internal project at the new spin-off, Delphi Corporation, began to convert an EV1 to a PHEV. However, the project was canceled by the corporate directors of technology.

In 1994, the Esoro H301 two-door, four passenger plug-in hybrid sedan was built in [[Switzerland]] by the vehicle prototyping company Esoro AG.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esoro H301: The First Hypercar |url=http://www.esoro.ch/english/content/kernk/nhanst/h301/h.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105190947/http://www.esoro.ch/english/content/kernk/nhanst/h301/h.htm |archive-date=2007-11-05 |access-date=27 May 2007 |website=Esoro AG}}</ref> Four such prototypes are still on the road. The lightweight (710 kg/1565 lb) vehicle featured a 360 cc engine in parallel with a 34 kW air-cooled AC [[induction motor]]. The 9 kWh nickel-cadmium battery could be recharged in four hours from a 220 V electrical wall outlet, or from 30% to 80% [[state of charge]] in about two hours at a steady speed of 120 km/h.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaggi |first=D. |title=Twin Trak – a compact hybrid drive |url=http://www.esoro.ch/deutsch/content/kernk/bilder/nachhaltige/TWINTRAK.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003122/http://www.esoro.ch/deutsch/content/kernk/bilder/nachhaltige/TWINTRAK.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=April 22, 2007 |website=Esoro AG}}</ref>

In 1998, Audi premiered a second iteration of the Duo plug-in hybrid, based on the [[Audi A4]], at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]]. The 1998 Audi Duo featured a parallel configuration similar to its predecessor. At the time, hybrid propulsion was considered as a promising solution to Europe's inner city emissions problems. Audi AG leased ten Duo PHEVs to Solarmobilverein Erlangen in the city of [[Erlangen]], [[Bavaria]] as part of ELCIDIS ('''El'''ectric Vehicle '''Ci'''ty '''Dis'''tribution), an advanced mobility project funded by the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.elcidis.org/elcidisfinal.pdf |title=ELCIDIS Final Report |last=Vermie |first=Ton |date=2002 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Solar recharging stations were envisioned, but were not built. The fleet trial ended in August 2001.

About sixty 1998–1999 Audi Duo PHEVs were built. However, few customers were prepared to pay twice the price as the base model A4 equipped with an identical diesel engine, and series production was stopped.

==2000–2005== ;2000 The [[Electric Power Research Institute]] (EPRI) sponsored the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Alliance to promote and develop [[original equipment manufacturer]] commercialization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Alliance members include major automakers, national labs, utilities, and the University of California at Davis. EPRI's Hybrid Electric Vehicle Working Group published reports on PHEV attractiveness. Dr. Frank received new support from the [[European Commission]], South Coast Air Quality Management District, Yolo-Solano Air Quality Management District, [[California Air Resources Board]], and other governmental agencies.

;2001 The [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] created the National Center of Hybrid Excellence at UC Davis, with Dr. Frank as Director. Dr. Frank also obtained substantial GM funds to hybridize and plug-in GM's EV1. EPRI's Hybrid Electric Vehicle Working Group (HEVWG) published a report on costs and efficiencies of hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2002 |title=Comparing the Benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Options |url=http://www.evworld.com/library/EPRI_sedan_options.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023053255/http://www.evworld.com/library/EPRI_sedan_options.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-23 |access-date=27 April 2007 |website=[[Electric Power Research Institute]]}}</ref> The report evaluated a small car, a midsize car, and an SUV, and simulated four powertrains for each vehicle: a conventional powertrain, a parallel [[Hybrid electric vehicle|HEV]], a PHEV-20, and a PHEV-60.

:''Terminology note:'' A plug-in hybrid's [[all-electric range]] is designated by PHEV-''(miles)'' or PHEV''(kilometers)''km representing the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel 20 miles without using its internal combustion engine, or about 32 kilometers, so it may also be designated as PHEV32km.<ref name="reduct">{{cite web |last=James |first=Walter |date=September 2006 |title=Large Oil and GHG Reductions with Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles |url=http://www.rise.org.au/pubs/Alt_Trans_Energ_Conf_WA_20060912.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026045737/http://www.rise.org.au/pubs/Alt_Trans_Energ_Conf_WA_20060912.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-26 |website=Research Institute for Sustainable Energy}}</ref>

;2002 Entrepreneurs, environmentalists and engineers created the [[California Cars Initiative]]. CalCars is a non-profit PHEV advocacy and technology development group.

;2003 [[File:Renault Kangoo plug-in hybrid.jpg|right|thumb|The redesigned [[Renault Kangoo]] Elect'road operates in blended mode.]] Renault began selling the Elect'Road, a plug-in series hybrid version of their popular [[Kangoo]], in Europe. It was sold alongside Renault's "Electri'cite" electric-drive Kangoo battery electric van. The Elect'Road had a 150 km range using a [[nickel-cadmium battery]] pack and a 500 cc, 16 kW liquid-cooled gasoline "range-extender" engine. It powered two high voltage/high output/low volume [[alternator (automotive)|alternator]]s, each of which supplied up to 5.5 kW at 132 V at 5000 rpm. The operating speed of the internal combustion engine (and therefore the output delivered by the generators) varied according to demand. The fuel tank had a capacity of 10 litres and was housed within the right rear wheel arch. The range extender function was activated by a switch on the dashboard. The onboard 3.5 kW charger could charge a depleted battery pack to 95% SOC in about four hours from 220 volts. Passenger compartment heat was powered by the battery pack as well as an auxiliary coolant circuit that was heated by the range extender engine. Renault sold about 500, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, for about 25,000 euros each<ref>{{cite press release |title=Kangoo reinvents the electric car |date=March 10, 2003 |publisher=Renault |url=http://www.calcars.org/KangooRangeExtend.pdf |via=CalCars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412032635/http://www.calcars.org/KangooRangeExtend.pdf |archive-date=2007-04-12 |type=Press release}}</ref> and redesigned the Elect'road in 2007.

With support from the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the [[California Air Resources Board]], the [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]], the [[Electric Power Research Institute]], and [[Volkswagen]], Alan Cocconi of [[AC Propulsion]] converted a [[Volkswagen Jetta]] into a plug-in series hybrid. The engine was replaced with a 120 kW electric motor and 8.7 kWh’s worth of lead–acid batteries, which were charged by a trunk-mounted 1.4-liter internal combustion engine from a [[Volkswagen Lupo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=November 2005 |title=AC Propulsion: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://www.evchargernews.com/miscfiles/evaosc111905.pdf |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=EV Charger News}}</ref>

Professor Frank's vehicles were shown at the Paris International Auto Show and demonstrated to about 200 Renault engineers at its Paris headquarters. In the same year, Toyota shipped Coulomb, a University of California Davis Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, to [[Toyota City]] to demonstrate it to about 250 engineers and executives at two of [[Toyota]]'s primary Tier 1 suppliers, [[Koyo Seiko]], and [[Aisin]] AW (Aisin built the 1998–2003 [[Toyota Prius]] hybrid [[transaxle]], as well as those used in the [[Ford Escape Hybrid]], [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]], and Nissan Altima Hybrid).

;2004 [[File:Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg|left|thumb|[[Lithium-ion battery]] pack, with cover removed, in the [[California Cars Initiative|CalCars]] plug-in hybrid converted [[Toyota Prius]].]] In September, the [[California Cars Initiative]] converted a 2004 Toyota Prius into a prototype of what it calls the PRIUS+. With the addition of 130 kg (300 lb) of [[lead–acid batteries]], the PRIUS+ achieved roughly double the gasoline [[Fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]] of a standard Prius and can make trips of up to {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} using only electric power.<ref>{{cite web |title=How We Green-Tuned an '04 Prius into a PRIUS+ Plug-In Hybrid! |url=http://www.priusplus.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160529234618/http://www.priusplus.org/ |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |access-date=January 11, 2006 |website=CalCars}}</ref> The vehicle, which is owned by CalCars technical lead Ron Gremban, is used in daily driving, as well as a test bed for various improvements to the system.

Also in September, DaimlerChrysler displayed a plug-in hybrid version of its popular [[Mercedes-Benz]] Sprinter 311 CDI commercial van at the 2004 [[Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung]] Commercial Vehicle Show in [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Diesel engine combined with electric engine: Mercedes-Benz Sprinter now also with hybrid drive |date=30 July 2004 |publisher=DaimlerChrysler |url=http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-428612-1-0-0-0-0-0-1371-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html |access-date=April 23, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610102316/http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0%2C%2C0-5-7165-1-428612-1-0-0-0-0-0-1371-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0%2C00.html |archive-date=2007-06-10 |type=Press release}}</ref> The diesel-engine PHEV Sprinters had a maximum all-electric range of 30 kilometers. Hand-built in [[Sindelfingen]], Germany by Mercedes-Benz, the vehicles were tested around the clock, and some were placed in commercial fleet environments. The PHEV Sprinter's engine could be turned off by the driver for operation in historic European city centers that had outlawed internal-combustion engines.

By the end of the year, Dr. Frank's student teams had built and operated seven proof-of-concept and proof-of-demonstration prototype Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, including 6-passenger sedans (Taurus and Sable), Sport Utility Vehicles (Suburban, Explorer), two-seater sports car (GM EV1), and two ground-up 80 mpg sports cars, and the CalCars PRIUS+ prototype and EDrive Systems conversions were demonstrated.

;2005 Additional [[DaimlerChrysler]] [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] 15-passenger [[van]] PHEV prototypes were completed.<ref name="CalCarsHistory"/> EPRI, along with a number of utilities and government agencies, worked with DaimlerChrysler to deliver 4 Sprinter PHEV vans to test fleets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Malloy |first=Gerry |date=May 5, 2007 |title=Mitsubishi releases final details for Evo X |url=https://www.thestar.com/Wheels/article/210192 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503044902/https://www.thestar.com/Wheels/article/210192 |archive-date=2008-05-03 |access-date=5 May 2007 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref>

In August, four companies – Raser Technologies,<ref>{{cite web |title=About Raser |url=http://www.rasertech.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203091846/http://www.rasertech.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-03 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=Raser Technologies}}</ref> [[Maxwell Technologies]], Electrovaya, and [[Pacific Gas and Electric]] – formed the Plug-In Hybrid Consortium<ref>{{cite web |date=30 August 2005 |title=Advanced Hybrid Vehicle Development Consortium Targets Plug-Ins |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/08/advanced_hybrid.html |access-date=April 21, 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The PHEV Consortium |url=http://www.hybridconsortium.org/ |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=Hybrid Consortium}}</ref> to help reduce the research and design gap between component suppliers and OEMs and to accelerate the development of critical PHEV components. Since then, nine other component companies and three more utility companies, as well as [[CalCars]] and [[Plug In America]], have joined the consortium.

==2006== At the [[UC Davis]] Hybrid Center, teams led by Professor [[Andrew A. Frank]]<ref>{{cite web |date=October 5, 2006 |title=MindCast Episode 33: Interview with Dr. Andrew Frank |url=http://www.inoculatedmind.com/?p=81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001174408/http://www.inoculatedmind.com/?p=81 |archive-date=2013-10-01 |website=The Inoculated Mind}}</ref> have been designing and building working prototypes, installed into a GM Equinox for the [[Challenge X]] competition.<ref name="TeamFate"/>

PHEV conversions of [[Iveco]] medium-duty [[diesel engine|diesel]]-powered commercial vehicles, sold as Hybrid Daily Bimodales, are offered by [[Micro-Vett]] of [[Imola]], Italy in truck, nine-passenger van, and 20-passenger school bus configurations.<ref name="uvett">{{cite web |title=Hybrid Daily |url=http://www.micro-vett.it/english/bimodaleing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216070023/http://www.micro-vett.it/english/bimodaleing.html |archive-date=December 16, 2006 |access-date=April 21, 2007 |website=Micro-Vett}}</ref> Micro-Vett offers their conversions with either lead–acid or lithium-ion battery packs, which have an advertised all-electric range of 25 kilometers, or 45 to 100 kilometers, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hybrid Daily: Technical Data |url=http://www.micro-vett.it/english/bimodaleing2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210200526/http://www.micro-vett.it/english/bimodaleing2.html |archive-date=December 10, 2006 |access-date=April 21, 2007 |website=Micro-Vett}}</ref>

February: [[Hymotion]], a Canadian company, introduced plug-in hybrid upgrade kits in February 2006. Designed for the Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape and Mariner Hybrids, these kits were offered to fleet buyers at first and are projected to be available to the general public in 2007.

April 14: Piaggio, the Italian manufacturer of Vespa scooters, announced that it had built two parallel-architecture plug-in hybrid prototypes based on the standard Vespa LX 50 and X8 125 models.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2006 |title=Piaggio Launches Two Plug-In Hybrid Vespa Scooters |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/04/piaggio_launche.html |access-date=April 28, 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

May 17: Representatives of academia, government, and the utility and auto industries testified before the House Science Subcommittee on Energy in support of proposed legislation that would advance the commercialization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2006 |title=Congressional Witnesses Unanimously Support Proposed Plug-in Hybrid Legislation |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/05/congressional_w.html |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

May: Ryan Fulcher and Rich Rudman of Manzanita Micro converted Fulcher's Prius to a plug-in hybrid, using components that would lead to the introduction of a Manzanita Micro charger kit for PHEV conversions.

[[File:HybridsPlusPriusBatteries.jpg|thumb|Hybrids Plus PHEV [[Toyota Prius]] with PHEV-15 pack in place of original pack and extension pack (for PHEV-30) on the side, retaining tire access.]]

July 5: [[Hybrids Plus]] of Boulder, Colorado began offering plug-in hybrid conversions of the 2004 and later Toyota Prius, using [[A123 Systems]] [[Lithium ion polymer battery|Li-ion]] batteries for either a 15 or {{convert|30|mi|km|adj=on}} all-electric range. Their first contract was with the Colorado Office of Energy Management and Conservation, which ordered one plug-in Prius conversion. The vehicle was handed over to Colorado OEMC on March 6, 2007.

July 18: [[Toyota]] announced that it "plans to develop a hybrid vehicle that will run locally on batteries charged by a typical 120-volt outlet before switching over to a gasoline engine for longer hauls."<ref name="toyota">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Ken |date=19 July 2006 |title=Toyota charging ahead with plans for plug-in hybrid |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060719/ai_n16541548 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102032938/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060719/ai_n16541548 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=FindArticles.com}}</ref> The next major update to the Toyota Prius is said to use [[lithium ion batteries]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Garcia |first=D. |date=May 10, 2006 |title=Japanese mag update |url=http://vtec.net/news/news-item?news_item_id=553701 |website=VTEC.com}}</ref> Toyota's fuel economy target for the upcoming next-generation Prius has been reported to be 40 kilometers/liter (2.5 L/100 km, or 94 mpg US.)<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2006 |title=Rumors Rampant: Next-Gen 94MPG Prius by 2008? |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/04/rumors_rampant_.html |access-date=22 April 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

August: PML Flightlink unveiled an in-wheel, plug-in series hybrid conversion of a MINI at the British Motor Show, the MINI QED.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 August 2006 |title=PML's In-Wheel Motor, Plug-in Series Hybrid MINI |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/08/pmls_inwheel_mo.html |access-date=April 21, 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> PML claimed fuel economy of 80 mpg, 0 to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in 4.5 seconds, top speed of over {{convert|150|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, and a range of {{convert|1000|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2006 |title=MINI QED - A demonstration vehicle to showcase the best electric drive system in the world! |url=http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |archive-date=2007-08-30 |access-date=18 April 2007 |website=PML Flightlink Ltd.}}</ref>

November 1: [[Manzanita Micro]] sold their first [[PiPrius]] conversion kit using their PFC charger and [[battery regulator]] as a [[DC to DC converter]] and rapid [[battery charger]] system. [[Chelan County's Advanced Vehicle Initiative]] received the first conversion kit from Manzanita Micro in October 2006. As of April 2007 the fourth and fifth such conversions were underway.

November 29: GM announced plans to introduce a production plug-in hybrid version of [[Saturn Vue|Saturn's Greenline Vue SUV]] with an all-electric range of {{convert|10|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Magda |first=Mike |date=November 29, 2006 |title=LA Auto Show: Saturn Vue Green Line will offer 2-mode and plug-in hybrid technology |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/29/la-auto-show-saturn-vue-green-line-will-offer-2-mode-and-plug-i/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324160403/http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/29/la-auto-show-saturn-vue-green-line-will-offer-2-mode-and-plug-i/ |archive-date=2007-03-24 |access-date=18 April 2007 |website=AutoblogGreen}}</ref>

==2007== {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Chevy Volt Concept NAIAS 2007 02.jpg|image2=Chevy Volt Concept NAIAS 2007 01.jpg|width=220|caption1=|caption2=The Chevrolet Volt [[concept car]] was unveiled at the January 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]].}} January 7: General Motors' [[Chevrolet Volt]] was unveiled at Detroit's [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2007 |title=Chevrolet Volt |url=http://media.gm.com/us/gm/en/news/events/autoshows/07naias/brands/chevrolet/volt/volt%20design.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070206023414/http://media.gm.com/us/gm/en/news/events/autoshows/07naias/brands/chevrolet/volt/volt%20design.htm |archive-date=2007-02-06 |website=General Motors}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Motors 2007 NAIAS |url=http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid416542521 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112204108/http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid416542521 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |access-date=2009-10-17 |website=[[Brightcove]]}}</ref> The Volt is part of GM's E-Flex architecture, which is expected to initially feature a plug-in capable, battery-dominant series hybrid architecture. Future E-Flex plug-in hybrid vehicles may use gasoline, diesel, or hydrogen fuel cell power to supplement the vehicle's battery. General Motors envisions an eventual progression of E-Flex vehicles from plug-in hybrids to pure electric vehicles, as battery technology improves.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 15, 2007 |title=The Volt May be First, But E-Flex is the Key |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/01/the_volt_may_be.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821185018/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/01/the_volt_may_be.html |archive-date=2007-08-21 |access-date=28 April 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> General Motors presented the Volt as a PHEV-40 that starts its engine when 40% of the battery charge remains, and which can achieve a fuel economy of 50 mpg (4.7 L/100 km), even if the vehicle is not plugged in.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |date=January 7, 2007 |title=Detroit Auto Show: It's here. GM's plug-in hybrid is the Chevy Volt Concept |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/01/07/detroit-auto-show-its-here-gms-plug-in-hybrid-is-the-chevy-v/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523065052/http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/01/07/detroit-auto-show-its-here-gms-plug-in-hybrid-is-the-chevy-v/ |archive-date=2007-05-23 |website=AutoBlogGreen}}</ref>

February 28: The [[United States Department of Energy]] released a draft of a plan to accelerate the development and deployment of plug-in hybrid vehicle technology.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2007 |title=FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Plan |url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/program/phev_rd_plan_02-28-07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308143737/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/program/phev_rd_plan_02-28-07.pdf |archive-date=2007-03-08 |access-date=April 22, 2007 |website=U.S. Dept. of Energy}}</ref> On May 22, five research projects were selected to receive $19 million to further the development of technologies related to PHEVs, such as electric motor [[Power inverter#Electric vehicle drives|power inverters]].<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2007 |title=DOE Provides up to $19 Million for Advanced Vehicle Technologies |url=https://www.energy.gov/news/5078.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715021856/http://energy.gov/news/5078.htm |archive-date=2007-07-15 |access-date=27 May 2007 |website=U.S. Dept. of Energy}}</ref>

March 2: The [[South Coast Air Quality Management District]] in [[California]] approved a $2.6-million contract for the conversion of 20 [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]s and 10 [[Toyota Prius]]es to plug-in hybrids.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2007 |title=AQMD Contracts for 30 More Plug-in Hybrid Conversions from Quantum and Hymotion |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/03/aqmd_contracts_.html |access-date=27 April 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> The SCAQMD selected [[Quantum Technologies]] and [[Hymotion]] to perform the conversions.

March 14: The [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] delivered a converted plug-in Ford Escape Hybrid to the [[Chicago]] Department of [[Fleet management|Fleet Management]] for four to six months of field testing of the vehicle to evaluate the vehicle's performance, as well as improvements in fuel efficiency and emission reduction.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2007 |title=All Cell Plug-in Escape Hybrid Starting Field Trials |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/03/all_cell_plugin.html |access-date=25 April 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> The project is sponsored by the City of Chicago, MicroSun Technologies, [[ComEd]], and All Cell, an Illinois Institute of Technology-based technology transfer company formed in 2001 to commercialize lithium-ion batteries in military, medical, portable, and transportation applications.

April 9: [[Pacific Gas and Electric]], California's largest electric company, announced their support for plug-in hybrids with [[Vehicle to Grid]] capabilities. PG&E proposed regulatory changes which could allow homeowners to use such vehicles for back-up electricity in the event of a power failure.<ref name="pge">{{cite web |last=Krazit |first=Tom |date=April 9, 2007 |title=PG&E sees plug-in hybrids as potential profit centers |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/pg-e-sees-plug-in-hybrids-as-potential-profit-centers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110181426/http://news.com.com/PGE+sees+plug-in+hybrids+as+potential+profit+centers/2100-11392_3-6174672.html |archive-date=2013-01-10 |website=CNET News}}</ref>

April 23: The [[California Air Resources Board]] Independent Expert Panel on [[zero-emissions vehicle|Zero Emission Vehicle]]s published a report<ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2007 |title=ARB Expert ZEV Panel Bullish on Plug-in Hybrids |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/04/arb_expert_zev_.html |access-date=April 23, 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> that assessed advanced vehicle technologies and concluded, among other things, that plug-in hybrids "have the potential to provide significant direct societal benefits and are likely to become available in the near future."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kalhammer |first1=Fritz R. |last2=Kopf |first2=Bruce M. |last3=Swan |first3=David H. |last4=Roan |first4=Vernon P. |last5=Walsh |first5=Michael P. |author-link5=Michael Walsh (engineer) |name-list-style=amp |date=2007 |title=Status and Prospects for Zero Emissions Vehicle Technology: Report of the ARB Independent Expert Panel |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/zev_panel_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707065057/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/zev_panel_report.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-07 |access-date=April 23, 2007 |website=State of California Air Resources Board}}</ref>

April 25: Phoenix Motorcars and UQM Technologies announced a collaborative project to develop a plug-in series hybrid version of the sport utility truck that Phoenix currently sells as an all-electric vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2007 |title=Phoenix Motorcars and UQM to Develop Plug-In Series Hybrid Sport Utility Truck |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/04/phoenix_motorca.html |access-date=28 April 2007 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> The vehicle is projected to use a small gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine as a range extender and lithium titanate batteries from Altair Nanotechnologies.

May 1: [[A123Systems]] [[lithium-ion]] battery company CEO David Vieau announced that A123 plans to market battery packs in 2008 for third-party conversion of hybrids to plug-in hybrids.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2007 |title=A123Systems to Market PHEV Conversion Packs in 2008 |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/05/a123systems_to_.html |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

May 2: [[CalCars]] announced that it had received a $200,000 grant from [[Google.org]], the philanthropic arm of [[Google]], for a two-year period to support its work in educating the public about plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles. In 2006, Google.org announced that it intended to develop a plug-in hybrid of its own.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=September 14, 2006 |title=Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html?ex=1178337600&en=97bb4ac29290de9d&ei=5070 |access-date=May 4, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> [[File:Ford Escape plug-in hybrid.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ford Escape]] [[plug-in hybrid|plug-in]] test vehicle.]] July 9: Ford Motor Company CEO [[Alan Mulally]] said he expects Ford to sell plug-in hybrids in five to ten years, the time depending on advances in [[lithium-ion battery]] technology. Ford will provide [[Southern California Edison]] with twenty [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] sport utility vehicles reconfigured to work as plug-ins by 2009, with the first by the end of this year.<ref name="ford">{{cite web |last=Woodall |first=Bernie |date=July 10, 2007 |title=Ford sees plug-in hybrids in 5–10 years |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motoringNews/idUKNOA02732820070710 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716201510/http://uk.reuters.com/article/motoringNews/idUKNOA02732820070710 |archive-date=2007-07-16 |access-date=27 July 2007 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Ford announced that it will team up with Southern California Edison to examine the future of [[plug-in hybrid]]s in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the [[electrical grid]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 11, 2007 |title=Ford, Google, and Utilities Pursue Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles |url=http://www.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_11093 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715185210/http://www.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_11093 |archive-date=2007-07-15 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=EERE Network News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 9, 2007 |title=Ford Motor Company and Southern California Edison Join Forces to Advance a New Transportation and Energy Vision |url=http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=26326 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011195651/http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=26326 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |website=Ford Motor Company}}</ref>

July 18: Toyota requested permission from Japan's government to test a prototype plug-in Prius with a lithium-ion battery pack on public roads. After the test, Toyota is expected to lease them to government and municipal fleets, and may introduce the new model at the Tokyo Motor Show in November.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2007 |title=Toyota to Obtain Permission for Public Road Test for Plug-in Prius in Japan |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/07/toyota-to-obtai.html |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

On July 25, 2007, Japan's [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport]] certified Toyota's plug-in hybrid for use on public roads, making it the first automobile to attain such approval. Toyota plans to conduct road tests to verify its all-electric range. The plug-in Prius was said to have an all-electric range of {{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Toyota Motor Corporation |date=July 25, 2007 |title=Japan Certifies Toyota Plug-in Hybrid for Public-road Tests |url=http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=14929 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060815/http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=14929 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=July 25, 2007 |website=JCN Newswire}}</ref> But later prototypes shown at the 2008 Paris Auto Show had an electric-only range of "just a little over six miles."<ref>{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Wayne |date=October 2, 2008 |title=Toyota finally plugs in the Prius |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10056934-48.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006050703/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10056934-48.html |archive-date=2008-10-06 |website=CNet Car Tech}}</ref> [[File:Bush-feb07.jpg|thumb|[[George W. Bush|President Bush]] with [[A123Systems]] [[CEO]] on the [[South Lawn (White House)|White House South Lawn]] examining a [[Toyota Prius]] converted to plug-in hybrid with [[Hymotion]] technology.]] August 9: General Motors vice president [[Bob Lutz (businessman)|Robert Lutz]] said that GM is on track for [[Chevrolet Volt]] production to begin by 2010. Announcing an agreement with [[A123Systems]], Lutz said GM would like to have their planned [[Saturn Vue]] plug-in on the roads by 2009.<ref name="gmwhen">{{cite news |last=Terlep |first=Sharon |date=August 10, 2007 |title=GM races ahead with plug-in car |url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070810/AUTO01/708100342/1148 |access-date=6 September 2007 |newspaper=[[The Detroit News]]}}</ref>

September 5: [[Quantum Technologies]]<ref>{{cite web |date=September 5, 2007 |title=Drive The Future With Fisker Automotive, A New Green American Premium Car Company |url=http://www.qtww.com/files/qtww_press/070905%20Fisker%20Automotive%20A%20New%20Green%20Car%20Company.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014055215/http://www.qtww.com/files/qtww_press/070905%20Fisker%20Automotive%20A%20New%20Green%20Car%20Company.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=Quantum Technologies}}</ref> and [[Fisker Coachbuild]] LLC announced the launch of a joint venture in [[Fisker Automotive]].<ref name="fisker automotive">{{cite web |date=5 September 2007 |title=Drive the Future with Fisker Automotive, A New Green American Premium Car Company |url=http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/pdf/FISKER%20AUTOMOTIVE%20-%20English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320113645/http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/pdf/FISKER%20AUTOMOTIVE%20-%20English.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2009 |website=Fisker Automotive}}</ref> Fisker intends to build a US$80,000 luxury PHEV-50, the [[Fisker Karma]], anticipated in late 2009.<ref name="karma">{{cite news |last1=Shirouzu |first1=Norihiko |last2=Buckman |first2=Rebecca |name-list-style=amp |date=January 14, 2008 |title=Electric-Car Firms Get Star Investors |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120027887033287745 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

September 6: Toyota announced that they reached an agreement with [[Electricite de France]] (EDF) to "jointly test prototype plug-in hybrid vehicles and develop electricity infrastructure for plug-ins".<ref>{{cite web |date=September 6, 2007 |title=Toyota, French Power Firm To Jointly Test Plug-In Hybrids |url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=103840033&docId=l:665462273 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521141405/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=103840033&docId=l:665462273 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=2007-10-23 |website=Asia Pulse}}</ref>

September 11–23: The [[Frankfurt Auto Show]] features plug-in hybrids. The [[Volvo]] "[[Volvo ReCharge|Recharge]]" PHEV-60 [[concept car]] was unveiled,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 11, 2007 |title=Volvo ReCharge Concept Debuts at Frankfurt Motor Show |url=http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_display.cfm?release=25980 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307085554/http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_display.cfm?release=25980 |archive-date=2008-03-07 |website=Ford Motor Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wert |first=Ray |date=September 6, 2007 |title=Volvo ReCharge Plug-In Hybrid Concept Car |url=http://jalopnik.com/cars/frankfurt-auto-show/volvo-recharge-plug+in-hybrid-concept-car-296913.php |website=Jalopnik}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2007 |title=Volvo Plug-in-Hybrid Interview |url=http://car.pege.org/2007-iaa/volvo-interview.htm |website=Planetary Engineering Group Earth}}</ref> and [[General Motors Corporation]] exhibited the [[Opel Flextreme]] PHEV-34 [[concept car]].

September 25: The [[United States Department of Energy]] is providing $17.2 million to further development of advanced batteries, and another $2 million for the study of future plug-ins. A cost-share with the [[United States Advanced Battery Consortium]] will allow up to $38 million in battery research and development.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2007 |title=DOE to Provide Nearly $20 Million to Further Development of Advanced Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles |url=http://www.energy.gov:80/news/5523.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011070336/http://energy.gov/news/5523.htm |archive-date=2007-10-11 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=U.S. Department of Energy}}</ref>

October 9: Chinese manufacturer [[BYD Auto|BYD Automobile Company]], owned by China's largest mobile phone battery maker, announced that they would be introducing a production PHEV-60 sedan in China in the second half of 2008. BYD plans to exhibit it in January 2008 at the [[North American International Auto Show]] in Detroit. Based on BYD's midsize F6 sedan, it uses iron-based batteries instead of lithium-ion, and can be recharged to 70 percent of capacity in 10 minutes.<ref name="byd">{{cite web |date=15 October 2007 |title=Detroit Show Preview: BYD's New Plug-in Hybrid on Sale Next Year |url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=123027 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019043035/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId%3D123027 |archive-date=2007-10-19 |access-date=26 October 2007 |website=[[Edmunds (company)|Edmunds]]}}</ref>

October 27: [[Venture Vehicles]] announced it would produce two versions of the three-wheeled [[VentureOne]], an electric model with a range of {{convert|120|mi|km}}, and a 100 mpg{{Clarify|us or imp?|date=February 2009}} PHEV version.

November 8: German Environmental Minister [[Sigmar Gabriel]] received a concept paper from [[Volkswagen]] CEO [[Martin Winterkorn]] about Volkswagen's attempts for electric drive and plug-in-hybrid technology.<ref>{{cite web |last=Charisius |first=Christian |date=2007-11-08 |title=Volkswagen CEO Winterkorn and German Environmental Minister Gabriel Pose at the Research Department of the Volkswagen Plant |url=http://www.planetark.com/envpicstory.cfm/newsid/45228 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111184114/http://www.planetark.com/envpicstory.cfm/newsid/45228 |archive-date=2007-11-11 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=Planet Ark}}</ref>

==2008== On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start selling lithium battery plug-in hybrids by 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Robin |date=15 January 2008 |title=Toyota announces plug-in hybrid by 2010 |url=http://motortorque.askaprice.com/news/auto-0801/toyota-announces-plugin-hybrid-by-2010.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710111821/http://motortorque.askaprice.com/news/auto-0801/toyota-announces-plugin-hybrid-by-2010.asp |archive-date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=MotorTorque}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Popely |first=Rick |date=June 18, 2008 |title=Plug-in car production race is on |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-wed-car-batteries_06-17jun18,0,4936123.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622151226/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-wed-car-batteries_06-17jun18,0,4936123.story |archive-date=2008-06-22 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> [[File:Chevrolet Volt WAS 2010 8852.JPG|thumb|The production version of the [[Chevrolet Volt]] is able to run in [[all-electric mode]] up to {{convert|40|mi}}.]] January 2008: A privately run waiting list to purchase the [[Chevrolet Volt]] reached 10,000 members. The list, administered by Lyle Dennis, was started one year prior.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dennis |first=L.J. |date=January 26, 2008 |title=Chevy Volt Waiting List Hits 10,000 Members |url=http://www.gm-volt.com/2008/01/26/gm-voltcom-chevy-volt-waiting-list-hits-10000-members/ |access-date=January 26, 2008 |website=GM-Volt.com}}</ref>

January 2008: Assistant professor [[Yi Cui (scientist)|Yi Cui]] and colleagues at Stanford University's Department of Materials Science and Engineering<ref>{{cite web |title=Yi Cui Group |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/yicui.html |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=Stanford University}}</ref> have made a discovery to use [[silicon]] [[nanowire]]s to give rechargeable [[lithium ion]] batteries 10 times more charge.<ref>{{cite web |last=Serpo |first=Alex |date=January 15, 2008 |title=A tenfold improvement in battery life? |url=http://www.news.com/A-tenfold-improvement-in-battery-life/2100-1041_3-6226196.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515192718/http://www.news.com/A-tenfold-improvement-in-battery-life/2100-1041_3-6226196.html |archive-date=2008-05-15 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=CNET News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Computing power |journal=[[Nature Nanotechnology]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=1 |bibcode=2008NatNa...3....1. |doi=10.1038/nnano.2007.425 |pmid=18654434 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On February 7, 2008, [[Valence Technology]] announced it has entered into a contract with The [[Tanfield Group]] Plc (LSE: TAN) to manufacture and supply safe, Lithium Phosphate energy storage systems to power zero emission, all-electric commercial delivery vehicles. The Valence battery systems will be installed in leading-edge vans and trucks produced by Tanfield's UK-based trading division, [[Smith Electric Vehicles]], the world's largest manufacturer of electric vans and trucks.

On March 27, 2008, the [[California Air Resources Board]] modified their regulations, requiring automobile manufacturers to produce 58,000 plug-in hybrids for sale to Californians during 2012 through 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-03-27 |title=Preliminary Summary of Air Resources Board Action – Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235829/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/summary.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-16 |website=California Air Resources Board}}</ref> This requirement is an asked-for alternative to an earlier mandate to produce 25,000 pure [[zero emission vehicle]]s, reducing that requirement to 5,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Neff |first=John |date=March 31, 2008 |title=CARB backs off a bit on ZEV Mandate, orders 66k PHEVs sold by 2014 |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/03/31/carb-backs-off-a-bit-on-zev-mandate-orders-66k-phevs-sold-by-20/ |website=Autoblog}}</ref>

April 2008: Raser and FEV<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://fev.com/ |website=FEV GmbH}}</ref> series hybrid/extended range EV powertrain plan to have the first prototype vehicle ready to demonstrate in the third quarter of this year installed in a full-size SUV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Posts tagged Raser/FEV |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/tag/raser-fev/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416195926/http://www.autobloggreen.com/tag/raser-fev/ |archive-date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=AutoblogGreen}}</ref>

On June 4, 2008, [[Rick Wagoner]], GM chairman and CEO announced mass production of the Chevy Volt beginning in late 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 4, 2008 |title=GM's Chevy Volt Is a "Go" – Production Vehicle, in Showrooms in 2010 |url=http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/957.html |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=CalCars}}</ref> On June 5, 2008, Hymotion signed the first six dealers for its kits to convert Toyota Priuses into plug-in hybrids.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kho |first=Jennifer |date=2008-06-05 |title=Toyota Dealers Sold on Hymotion Plug-In Hybrids |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/toyota-dealers-sold-on-hymotion-plug-in-hybrids-977.html |access-date=2010-11-27 |website=Greentech Media}}</ref> On June 12, 2008, Ford urged the US Government to step up the evolution of plug-in hybrids.<ref>{{cite web |title=Error |url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=104970025&docId=l:806056867 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521143217/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=104970025&docId=l:806056867 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=16 June 2008 |website=LexisNexis}}</ref>

On June 26, 2008, [[Volkswagen]] announced that they would be introducing production plug-ins based on the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] compact. Volkswagen uses the term 'TwinDrive' to denote a PHEV.<ref name="vwgolf">{{cite web |last=Gerlach |first=Marilyn |date=June 26, 2008 |title=VW starts testing electric cars, sees launching them by 2010 |url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/06/26/afx5156904.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604011518/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/06/26/afx5156904.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[File:Ford Escape E85 Flex Plug-in Hybrid views and badging WAS 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Demonstration [[Ford Escape Hybrid|Ford Escape]] [[E85]] [[flex-fuel]] [[plug-in hybrid]].]] The production design model of the Chevrolet Volt was officially unveiled on September 16, 2008, as part of General Motors centennial celebration at the [[Renaissance Center|Wintergarden]] headquarters in Detroit.<ref name="GMPressRelease">{{cite web |date=2008-09-16 |title=Chevrolet Volt Leads General Motors Into Its Second Century |url=http://www.prefix.com/Downloads/Volt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034213/http://www.prefix.com/Downloads/Volt.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2009-12-21 |website=GM Communications}}</ref> The production model differed greatly in design from the original concept car. The carmaker cited necessary [[aerodynamic]] changes needed to reduce the concept car's high[[drag coefficient]] of {{Cd|0.43}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Patton |first=Phil |date=2008-12-19 |title=Edgy, Yet Still Aerodynamic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/automobiles/21AERO.html |access-date=2011-05-15 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> down to a more efficient {{Cd|0.28}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sherman |first=Don |date=28 September 2011 |title=2011 Chevrolet Volt vs. Chevy Cruze Eco |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/2011-chevrolet-cruze-eco-page-3 |access-date=21 February 2012 |website=[[Car and Driver]]}}</ref>

In September 2008, [[Mazda]] was reported to be planning PHEVs.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-08-28 |title=Mazda plans Volt rival |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/234607/ |access-date=2009-10-17 |website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]}}</ref> On September 23, 2008, [[Chrysler]] announced that they had prototyped a plug-in [[Jeep Wrangler]] and a [[Chrysler Town and Country]] mini-van, both PHEV-40s with series powertrains, and an all-electric Dodge sports car, and said that one of the three vehicles would go into production.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2008 |title=Chrysler plans to sell electric car in 2010 |url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hNc7S9F0ntHtyL8ZMuEiOXqt3uEgD93CLGQ85 |website=AP}} {{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pakulski |first1=Gary T. |last2=Vellequette |first2=Larry |name-list-style=amp |date=2008-09-24 |title=Chrysler switching gears, to add electric car by 2010; 3 prototypes include Jeep Wrangler |url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080924/BUSINESS02/809240299/0/BUSINESS10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930073652/http://www.toledoblade.com/Automotive/2008/09/24/Chrysler-switching-gears-to-add-electric-car-by-2010-3-prototypes-include-Jeep-Wrangler.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |newspaper=[[Toledo Blade]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Van Praet |first=Nicolas |date=September 23, 2008 |title=Chrysler unveils electric car that gets 150 miles a charge |url=http://www.financialpost.com/news/story.html?id%3D818218 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925224825/http://www.financialpost.com/news/story.html?id=818218 |archive-date=2008-09-25 |access-date=2008-10-05 |newspaper=[[Financial Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2008-09-24 |title=Chrysler Reveals Alternative-Energy Prototypes |url=http://www.popsci.com/cars/gallery/2008-09/chrysler-reveals-alternative-energy-prototypes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109051128/http://www.popsci.com/cars/gallery/2008-09/chrysler-reveals-alternative-energy-prototypes |archive-date=2008-11-09 |website=[[Popular Science]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 24, 2008 |title=Chrysler "Jolts" PHEV Race; PHEV Ads; V2Green Acquired |url=http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063144/http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1005.html |archive-date=December 19, 2008 |access-date=September 26, 2008 |website=CalCars}}</ref>

On October 3, the U.S. enacted the [[Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008]] as part of the [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008]]. The legislation provides tax credits of $2,500 plus $417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 4 kilowatt-hours, up to $7,500 for cars under 10,000 pounds, $10,000 for larger vehicles under 14,000 pounds, $12,500 for bigger trucks under 26,000 pounds, or $15,000 for larger trucks and equipment. The tax credit will be phased out two calendar quarters after the first 250,000 such vehicles are sold, down to 50% for the next six months and 25% for another half year after that.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schoenberger |first=Robert |date=October 2, 2008 |title=Bailout bill includes tax breaks for buyers of plug-in hybrid vehicles |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/10/bailout_bill_includes_tax_brea.html |newspaper=[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |date=October 3, 2008 |title=Bush signs $7,500 plug-in hybrid tax credit bill into law |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/senate-passes-bill-that-approves-up-to-7500-in-tax-credits-for-plug-ins.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030170341/http://www.motorauthority.com/senate-passes-bill-that-approves-up-to-7500-in-tax-credits-for-plug-ins.html |archive-date=2008-10-30 |website=MotorAuthority.com}}</ref> [[File:Byd f3 dm.jpg|thumb|The [[BYD F3DM|F3DM]] began sales in China in December 2008.]] In mid-October, the ''Wall Street Journal'' reported that [[BYD Auto]]'s PHEV-60 [[BYD F3DM|F3DM sedan]] will be available by November in China.<ref name="Shirouzu">{{cite news |last=Shirouzu |first=Norihiko |date=October 14, 2008 |title=China's BYD to Begin Selling Electric Car Next Month |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122392773358329717 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It will sell for equivalent of US$22,000 and has a 110 km electric-mode driving range.<ref name="evworld.com">{{cite web |date=October 15, 2008 |title=BYD to Launch Electric Car Sales in China Next Month |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19436 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021638/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19436 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |website=EV World}}</ref>

As a demonstration project, Ford delivered in 2008 the first [[flexible-fuel]] [[plug-in hybrid]] [[SUV]] to the [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE), a [[Ford Escape Hybrid|Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid]], capable of running on gasoline or [[E85]].<ref name="FlesFuelHybrid">{{cite web |date=2008-06-12 |title=Ford Delivers Flex Fuel Hybrid to DOE |url=http://www.foodandfuelamerica.com/2008/06/ford-delivers-flex-fuel-hybrid-to-doe.html |access-date=2008-03-28 |website=Fuel and Food America}}</ref>

On December 15, 2008, [[BYD Auto]]'s [[BYD F3DM|F3DM]] PHEV-60 sedan began selling in China as the first production plug-in hybrid, the first ever sold in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crippen |first=Alex |date=December 15, 2008 |title=Warren Buffett's Electric Car Hits the Chinese Market, But Rollout Delayed For U.S. & Europe |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2008/12/15/warren-buffetts-electric-car-hits-the-chinese-market-but-rollout-delayed-for-us-europe.html |website=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="bwf3dm">{{cite web |last=Balfour |first=Frederik |date=December 15, 2008 |title=China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2008/gb20081215_913780.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220105009/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2008/gb20081215_913780.htm |archive-date=2008-12-20 |website=[[BusinessWeek]]}}</ref> It costs the equivalent of {{USD|22,000}} and has a {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} electric-mode driving range.<ref name="evworld.com"/> During its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles.<ref name="Sales09_1">{{cite web |date=2010-03-08 |title=BYD Plans to Start European Car Sales Next Year |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-08/byd-plans-to-start-european-car-sales-next-year-update1-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412094820/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-08/byd-plans-to-start-european-car-sales-next-year-update1-.html |archive-date=2010-04-12 |access-date=2010-03-24 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="Sales09_2">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=2009-09-23 |title=Chinese electric car maker upbeat despite gloomy sales |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/sep/23/byd-auto-sales |access-date=2010-03-16 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>

==2009== [[File:Toyota Prius plug-in -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Demonstration [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]] produced for real-world testing]]

On June 1, 2009, [[Volvo]] announced the launching of [[mass production|series production]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]-electric plug-in hybrids by 2012.<ref name="Volvo01">{{cite web |date=2009-06-01 |title=Volvo promises diesel-electric plug-in hybrid by 2012 |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/volvo-promises-diesel-electric-plug-in-hybrid-by-2012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625182619/http://www.motorauthority.com/volvo-promises-diesel-electric-plug-in-hybrid-by-2012.html |archive-date=2009-06-25 |access-date=2009-06-04 |website=Motor Authority}}</ref><ref name="Volvo02">{{cite web |last=Doggett |first=Scott |date=2009-06-01 |title=Volvo Unveils Plug-in Diesel-Electric Hybrid Car, Says It Will Be Available in 2012 |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2009/06/volvo-unveils-plug-in-diesel-electric-hybrid-car-says-it-will-be-available-in-2012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607104444/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2009/06/volvo-unveils-plug-in-diesel-electric-hybrid-car-says-it-will-be-available-in-2012.html |archive-date=2009-06-07 |access-date=2009-06-04 |website=Edmunds}}</ref><ref name="Volvo03"/> The company plans to sell a [[Hybrid vehicle#Series hybrid|series hybrid]] with the goal of achieving emissions of less than 50 grams of [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] per kilometer.<ref name="Volvo02"/><ref name="Volvo03">{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2009-06-02 |title=Volvo to Introduce Plug-In Diesel by 2012 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/volvo-to-introduce-plug-in-diesel-by-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605164422/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,524378,00.html |archive-date=2009-06-05 |access-date=2009-06-04 |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> Two [[Volvo V70]] demonstrators were converted to PHEVs and are undergoing a test trial in real world conditions since December 2009. This demonstration project is a [[joint venture]] with [[Vattenfall]], a Swedish energy company. As reported by the test drivers, the [[Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid|V70 Plug-in Hybrid]] demonstrators have an [[all-electric range]] between {{convert|20|km}} to {{convert|30|km}}. The test plug-in hybrids were built with a button to allow test drivers to manually choose between electricity or diesel engine power at any time.<ref name="Emobility">{{cite journal |date=September 2010 |title=Having a plug-in hybrid as your family car - what is it actually like? |url=http://www.plugincars.com/sites/default/files/36_EMobility_September2010.pdf |journal=Business Intelligence for E-Mobility |publisher=[[Vattenfall]] |pages=3–4 |access-date=2010-09-05 |via=PluginCars.com}}</ref><ref name="PluginCars">{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Brad |date=2010-10-01 |title=Volvo Reports Reactions from First Drivers of Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid |url=http://www.plugincars.com/volvo-reports-reactions-first-drivers-volvo-v70-plug-hybrid-83786.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121013235/http://www.plugincars.com/volvo-reports-reactions-first-drivers-volvo-v70-plug-hybrid-83786.html |archive-date=2010-11-21 |access-date=2010-10-05 |website=Plugin Cars}}</ref>

The first [[pre-production car|pre-production test car]] based on the final Chevrolet Volt design was built in June 2009, in [[Warren, Michigan]],<ref name="PreProd">{{cite web |date=2009-03-25 |title=GM's Response to the GM-Volt.com First Chevy Volt to be Built Post and Comments |url=http://gm-volt.com/2009/03/25/gms-response-to-the-gm-voltcom-first-chevy-volt-to-be-built-post-and-comments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329050344/http://gm-volt.com/2009/03/25/gms-response-to-the-gm-voltcom-first-chevy-volt-to-be-built-post-and-comments/ |archive-date=2009-03-29 |access-date=2009-03-29 |website=GM-VOLT: Chevy Volt Electric Car Site}}</ref><ref name="NYT0602">{{cite news |last=Motavalli |first=Jim |date=2009-06-02 |title=G.M. Says Chevy Volt Is Still on Track |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/gm-says-chevy-volt-is-still-on-track/ |access-date=2009-06-02 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> and by October 2009, 80 Volts had been built and were tested under various conditions.<ref name=NYT0602/><ref name="NYT230">{{cite news |last1=Vlasic |first1=Bill |last2=Bunkley |first2=Nick |date=August 11, 2009 |title=G.M. Puts Electric Car's City Mileage in Triple Digits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/business/12auto.html |access-date=2009-08-11 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

During its first eight months in the Chinese market, the [[BYD F3DM]] PHEV-60 sold less than 100 vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-09-18 |title=BYD Reportedly Has Sold Less Than 100 F3DM PHEVs in 8 months |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/09/byd-100-20090918.html |access-date=2010-03-15 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref name="F3DMHK"/><ref name=Sales09_2/> Sales of the F3DM began in [[Hong Kong]] in June 2009.<ref name="F3DMHK">{{cite web |date=2009-09-21 |title=Report: BYD only sells 100 plug-in F3DM hybrids in eight months |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/21/report-byd-only-sells-100-plug-in-f3dm-hybrids-in-eight-months/ |access-date=2010-03-15 |website=AutoblogGreen}}</ref>

==2010== A global demonstration program involving 600 [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Toyota Prius Plug-in]] [[pre-production car|pre-production test cars]] began in late 2009 in [[Japan]] and by mid-2010 field testing had begun in [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="ToyotaDemo2009">{{cite web |date=2009-12-14 |title=TMC Introduces 'Prius Plug-in Hybrid' into Key Markets |url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/12/1214.html |access-date=2010-04-09 |website=[[Toyota]] News}}</ref><ref name="GCCEDF">{{cite web |date=2010-04-28 |title=Toyota, EDF and Strasbourg Launch Large-Scale, 3-Year Plug-in Hybrid Demonstration Project |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/toyota20104028.html#more |access-date=2010-04-28 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref name="ReutersUK0610">{{cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=Toyota, EDF trial plug-in Prius in Britain |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65K57T20100622 |access-date=2010-06-28 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=English |first=Andrew |date=2010-01-05 |title=Toyota Plug-In Prius review |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/car-manufacturers/toyota/6833552/Toyota-Plug-In-Prius-review.html |access-date=2010-04-10 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Deveau |first=Scott |date=2010-03-25 |title=Toyota tests Prius plug-in hybrid in Canada |url=http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=2726189 |access-date=2010-04-09 |newspaper=[[Financial Post]]}} {{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Brad |date=2010-06-11 |title=Prius Plug-in Hybrid Arrives at Ultra-Green Portland State University |url=http://www.plugincars.com/prius-plug-hybrid-arrives-ultra-green-portland-state.html |access-date=2010-06-17 |website=PlugIn Cars}}</ref> The commercial version is expected to cost between {{USD|3,000}} to {{USD|5,000}} more than the conventional [[Prius]] and Toyota announced it expects to sell 20,000 units a year initially.<ref name="NYT0913">{{cite news |last=Bunkley |first=Nick |date=2010-09-13 |title=Toyota Plans 6 New Hybrids for 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/business/14auto.html |access-date=2010-09-13 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama drives Chevy Volt.jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] behind the wheel of a [[Chevy Volt]] plug-in during his tour of the [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|General Motors Auto Plant in Hamtramck]], [[Michigan]].]] Sales of the BYD F3DM to the general public began in [[Shenzhen]] in March 2010,<ref name="GCC0310">{{cite web |date=2010-03-23 |title=BYD Auto To Begin Sales of F3DM Plug-in to Individuals |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/byd-20100323.html |access-date=2010-03-27 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref name="Edmunds310">{{cite web |date=2010-03-23 |title=BYD Auto to Offer F3DM Plug-in Hybrid to Chinese Individuals Starting Next Week |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/03/byd-auto-to-offer-f3dm-plug-in-hybrid-to-chinese-individuals-starting-next-week.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330091520/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/03/byd-auto-to-offer-f3dm-plug-in-hybrid-to-chinese-individuals-starting-next-week.html |archive-date=2010-03-30 |access-date=2010-03-27 |website=[[Edmunds.com]]}}</ref> and only 417 units were sold during 2010.<ref name="Chinaauto">{{cite web |date=2011-02-23 |title=BYD Delivered Only 33 Units of e6, 417 F3DM in 2010 |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/02/byd-delivered-only-33-units-of-e6-417-f3dm-in-2010/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925213333/http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/02/byd-delivered-only-33-units-of-e6-417-f3dm-in-2010/ |archive-date=2014-09-25 |website=ChinaAutoWeb}}</ref>

On March 31, 2010, the first factory-built Chevrolet Volt was produced at the [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit Hamtramck Assembly Plant]] in order to test the [[production line]] and for quality control purposes, both of the tooling and the pre-production vehicles produced before regular production began.<ref name="UST0310">{{cite news |date=2010-03-31 |title=GM builds first Chevy Volt, says production line practice run OK |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/03/gm-finishes-building-first-chevy-volt-battery-car-using-production-tooling-says-the-practice-run-was-ok/1 |access-date=2010-04-05 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2010-04-02 |title=First Pre-Production Chevy Volt Rolls Off Line |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/volt-20100402.html |access-date=2010-04-05 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

In October 2010, [[Lotus Engineering]] unveiled the [[Lotus CityCar]] at the [[2010 Paris Motor Show]], a plug-in [[series hybrid]] [[concept car]] designed for [[flex-fuel]] operation on [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]], or [[methanol fuel|methanol]] as well as regular [[gasoline]].<ref name="AbG">{{cite web |date=2010-10-02 |title=Lotus unveils range-extended electric city car concept in Paris |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/10/02/lotus-unveils-range-extended-electric-city-car-concept-in-paris/ |access-date=2010-10-05 |website=AutoblogGreen}}</ref><ref name="Car&Driver">{{cite web |last=Gillies |first=Mark |date=2010-10-02 |title=Lotus City Car Concept – Auto Shows |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/10q3/lotus_city_car_concept-auto_shows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005085559/http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/10q3/lotus_city_car_concept-auto_shows |archive-date=2010-10-05 |access-date=2010-10-04 |website=[[Car and Driver]]}}</ref> The [[lithium battery]] pack provides an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|60|km}}, and the 1.2-liter flex-fuel engine kicks in to allow to extend the range to more than {{convert|500|km}}.<ref name=AbG/><ref name=Car&Driver/>

Henrik Fisker showed the first production model of the [[Fisker Karma]] at the 2010 [[Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Dell |first=John |date=2010-09-30 |title=2010 Paris Motor Show: Fisker Karma Production Model Hews to Concept's Promise |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/09/2010-paris-motor-show-fisker-karma-production-model-hews-to-concepts-promise.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004165018/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/09/2010-paris-motor-show-fisker-karma-production-model-hews-to-concepts-promise.html |archive-date=2010-10-04 |access-date=2010-12-06 |website=[[Edmunds.com]] Green Car Adviser}}</ref>

[[General Motors]] began deliveries of the [[Chevrolet Volt]] in the United States in December 2010. The Volt has an all-electric range of {{Convert|35|mi}} according to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]].<ref name="Volt1stDelivery">{{cite web |date=2010-12-16 |title=First Chevy Volts Reach Customers, Will Out-Deliver Nissan in December |url=http://www.plugincars.com/first-chevy-volts-reach-customers-will-out-deliver-nissan-december-106575.html |access-date=2010-12-17 |website=Plug-in Cars}}</ref> A total of 326 Volts were delivered to retail customers during 2010.<ref name=Sales2010US/>

==2011== [[File:2012 Fisker Karma EC EVer.jpg|thumb|Retail deliveries of the [[Fisker Karma]] began in November 2011.]] [[Fisker Automotive]] initially scheduled sales of its Karma PHEV by the fourth quarter of 2009 in the U.S., and starting in 2010 in Europe.<ref name="dberr">{{cite web |date=2008-04-11 |title=Fisker Automotive announces first European importer |url=http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/11-04-08_11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415000848/http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/11-04-08_11 |archive-date=2008-04-15 |access-date=2009-09-14 |website=[[Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform]]}}</ref> After rescheduling the Fisker Karma market launch to September 2010, and missing its target to build 70 to 100 test cars in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Poornima |date=2010-05-27 |title=Fisker to build 100 test Karma cars in 2010 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64Q11G20100527# |access-date=2011-03-07 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> production began in July 2011.<ref name="JulyLaunch">{{cite web |last=Holder |first=Jim |date=2011-07-12 |title=Fisker Karma gets 3000 orders |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle.aspx?AR=258134 |access-date=2011-07-12 |website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]}}</ref> The [[Valmet Automotive|Valmet plant]] in Finland began production with five cars a week. By December 2011 the production rate was 25 units a day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |date=2011-12-22 |title=Fisker Automotive Seeks to Lift Karma Sales to Move on From Loan Scrutiny |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-22/fisker-seeks-to-lift-karma-sales-to-move-on-from-loan-scrutiny.html |access-date=2012-01-04 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> The first deliveries of the [[Fisker Karma]], with an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|32|mi}}, took place in the U.S. in July 2011.<ref name="Karma1stDelivery">{{cite web |last=Fehrenbacher |first=Katie |date=2011-07-26 |title=PHOTOS: Kleiner's Ray Lane receives his Fisker Karma |url=http://gigaom.com/cleantech/photos-kleiners-ray-lane-receives-his-fisker-karma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103004911/http://gigaom.com/cleantech/photos-kleiners-ray-lane-receives-his-fisker-karma/ |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=2011-07-26 |website=Earth2Tech}}</ref> Karma deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011.<ref name="MPGe02">{{cite web |date=2011-10-19 |title=Fisker Karma gets EPA certified: 52 mpge, 32-mile electric range then 20 mpg |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/10/19/fisker-karma-epa-certified-52-mpge-32-mile-electric-range/ |access-date=2011-10-19 |website=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

Chrysler began in 2011 field testing of the [[Dodge Ram 1500 Plug-in Hybrid]] in the United States with 140 units. The plug-in pickups were allocated to local and state governments, utility companies, and a U.S. Army base. This is demonstration program only, and Chrysler stated it has no plans for a production version. The Ram PHEV has an EV range of {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SAE2011">{{cite web |last=Buchholz |first=Kami |date=2011-05-23 |title=Chrysler's Ram PHEV trucks take to the streets |url=http://ev.sae.org/article/9769 |access-date=2012-01-20 |website=[[SAE International]]}}</ref><ref name="GCC092811">{{cite web |date=2011-09-28 |title=Chrysler providing 10 PHEV Ram 1500 pickups to MBTA as part of demo project |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/09/ramphev-20110928.html |access-date=2012-01-20 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

BYD Auto reported sales over 1,000 BYD F3DMs by October 2011.<ref name="Sales2011">{{cite web |date=2011-10-27 |title=First Pure-Electric Vehicle now available for Consumers in China |url=http://www.bydenergy.com/bydenergy/energy/News%20Center/News/78.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101200501/http://www.bydenergy.com/bydenergy/energy/News%20Center/News/78.html |archive-date=2011-11-01 |access-date=2012-02-04 |website=[[BYD Company|BYD Energy]]}}</ref> Cumulative sales of the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. and Canada reached 8,272 units through December 2011.<ref name="Sales2011Dec">{{cite web |date=2012-01-04 |title=GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2011 by Model |url=http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Jan/gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer/par/download/file.res/Deliveries%20December%202011.pdf |access-date=2012-01-04 |website=[[General Motors]]}}</ref><ref name="CanadaDec11">{{cite web |date=2012-01-04 |title=Sales and Production – General Motors December and 2011 Sales |url=http://investor.gm.com/sales-production/press-release.jsp?id=%2Fcontent%2FPages%2Fnews%2Fca%2Fen%2F2012%2FJan%2F0104_Sales_December.html |access-date=2012-01-04 |website=General Motors Canada}} {{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==2012== [[File:Opel Ampera.JPG|thumb|Deliveries of the [[Opel Ampera]] in Europe began in February 2012.]] The European version of the Volt, the [[Opel Ampera]], was released to customers in Europe in February 2012. Opel reported that most of the Ampera clients are fleet or business customers.<ref name="Opel Europe-2012">{{cite web |date=2012-02-21 |title=Opel Ampera: First Customers Take Delivery |url=http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2012/opel/02_21_opel_ampera_first_customer |access-date=2012-03-01 |website=Opel Europe}}</ref> Deliveries of the right-hand drive Vauxhall Ampera in the UK began in May 2012.<ref name="carmagazine1210">{{cite web |last=Pollard |first=Tim |date=2010-12-13 |title=Chevrolet Volt for European sale in November 2011 |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/Chevrolet-Volt-for-UK-sale-in-November-2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323124122/http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/Chevrolet-Volt-for-UK-sale-in-November-2011/ |archive-date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2010-05-20 |website=[[Car Magazine]] Online}}</ref> {{As of|2012|10}}, more than 33,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family have been sold worldwide. The United States is the world's top selling market with 19,309 Volts sold during the first ten months of 2012, and cumulative sales of 27,306 units since December 2010.<ref name="Sales2010US">{{cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=December 2010 Dashboard: Year End Tally |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/december-2010.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712233547/http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/december-2010.html |archive-date=2011-07-12 |access-date=2011-02-02 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref><ref name="Sales2011Dec"/><ref name=USales0912/><ref name=PEVSalesUS1012/> The second best selling market is the Netherlands with 2,175 Amperas and 241 Volts sold through October 2012.<ref name="NetherSales2012">{{cite web |date=2012-06-04 |title=Verkoopstatistieken – nieuwverkoop personenautos |trans-title=Sales statistics – new passenger car sales |url=http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328183047/http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx |archive-date=2014-03-28 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=RAI Vereniging |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="NetherSales1012">{{cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Verkoopcijfers oktober 2012 – Modellenoverzicht |trans-title=Sales October 2012 – Models overview |url=http://www.autoweek.nl/verkoopcijfers.php?verkoopjaar=2012&maand=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105075038/http://www.autoweek.nl/verkoopcijfers.php?verkoopjaar=2012&maand=10 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |access-date=2012-11-03 |website=Auto Week Netherlands |language=nl}} ''Table shows September and October 2012 sales''.</ref> Canada ranks third with 1,075 Volts sold during 2012 and cumulative sales of 1,350 units between September 2011 and October 2012,<ref name="CanadaSales">{{cite web |last=Cain |first=Timothy |date=2012-11-01 |title=Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures |url=http://www.goodcarbadcar.net/2011/01/chevrolet-volt-sales-figures.html |access-date=2012-11-03 |website=Good Car Bad Car}}</ref> followed by Germany with 1,012 Amperas and 48 Volts registered through October 2012.<ref name="SalesGer2011">{{cite web |title=Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2011 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen |trans-title=New registrations of passenger cars in December 2011 by segment and model lines |url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/fileserver/vogelonline/issues/kfz/sonst/2011/3699.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429122207/http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/fileserver/vogelonline/issues/kfz/sonst/2011/3699.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-29 |access-date=2012-10-15 |website=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |language=de}}''A total of 241 Amperas and 25 Volts were sold through December 2011''.</ref><ref name="SalesGer2012">{{cite web |date=November 2012 |title=Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Oktober 2012 nach Marken und Modellreihen |trans-title=New registrations of passenger cars in October 2012 by make and model series |url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/fileserver/vogelonline/issues/kfz/sonst/2012/4287.pdf |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |language=de}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg|thumb|left|Production version of the 2012 [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]].]] The [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]] was released in Japan in January 2012, followed by the United States in February 2012, and Europe in June 2012.<ref name="JAPlaunch">{{cite news |last=Narabe |first=Takeshi |date=2012-05-10 |title=Toyota rolls out rechargeable Prius plug-in hybrid |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/AJ201201310056 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701220416/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/AJ201201310056 |archive-date=2013-07-01 |access-date=2012-05-13 |newspaper=[[Asahi Shimbun]]}}</ref><ref name="PEVsalesUS">{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2012-04-03 |title=Plug-In Car Sales Soar In March, Led By Chevrolet Volt |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1074785_plug-in-car-sales-soar-in-march-led-by-chevrolet-volt |access-date=2012-04-03 |website=Green Car Reports}}</ref><ref name="PriuSales0612EU">{{cite news |date=2012-07-13 |title=Solid 13% Q2 sales increase for Toyota and Lexus vehicles in Europe |url=http://corporatemedia.toyota.eu/PressReleases/Pages/CorporatePressRelease.aspx?pressReleaseId=752&returnUrl=/Pages/default.aspx&source=Corporate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016044354/http://corporatemedia.toyota.eu/PressReleases/Pages/CorporatePressRelease.aspx?pressReleaseId=752&returnUrl=%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&source=Corporate |archive-date=2015-10-16 |access-date=2012-08-06 |website=Toyota Motor Europe}}</ref> {{As of|2012|10|31}}, a total of 21,600 Prius PHVs have been sold worldwide, with 9,623 units sold in the United States through October 2012, followed by Japan with 9,500 units sold through October 2012, and 1,867 units sold in Europe through September 2012.<ref name="USales0912">{{cite web |date=2012-10-04 |title=September 2012 Dashboard |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/september-2012-dashboard-53157.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115123641/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/september-2012-dashboard-53157.html |archive-date=2012-11-15 |access-date=2012-11-03 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref><ref name="PEVSalesUS1012">{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2012-11-01 |title=October 2012 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card |url=http://insideevs.com/october-2012-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ |access-date=2012-11-03 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref><ref name="PiPSales1012">{{cite web |date=2012-11-08 |title=Cumulative Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 2 Million Units in Japan |url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/12/11/1108_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111065020/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/12/11/1108_1.html |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2012-11-18 |website=Toyota Motor Company}}</ref><ref name="ToyotaEU0912">{{cite web |date=2012-10-09 |title=Toyota Motor Europe Posts 13% Sales Increase In Q3 |url=http://newsroom.toyota.eu/newsrelease.do;jsessionid=22FD9B271DB38BB28166B04DC7018FB7?&id=2971&allImage=1&teaser=toyota-motor-europe-posts-13-sales-increase-q3&mid=1 |access-date=2012-10-15 |website=Toyota Motor Europe}}{{dead link |date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In April 2012, [[BYD Auto]] announced that due to its low sales, the F3DM will be replaced by the [[BYD Qin]] (pronounced "Chin") plug-in hybrid, which was unveiled at the 2012 [[Beijing International Automotive Exhibition]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2012-04-20 |title=BYD Chin: World's First Plug-In Hybrid, Updated And Renamed |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1075547_byd-chin-worlds-first-plug-in-hybrid-updated-and-renamed |access-date=2012-04-21 |website=Green Car Reports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Danny |date=2012-04-19 |title=BYD's Qin sedan will replace poor-selling F3DM |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/04/19/byds-qin-sedan-will-replace-poor-selling-f3dm/ |access-date=2012-04-21 |website=Autoblog Green}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012-04-22 |title=Daimler/BYD joint venture introduces DENZA EV concept at Auto China 2012; BYD introduces new dual-mode Qin |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/04/denza-20120423.html |access-date=2012-04-25 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

A two-year demonstration program with 25 [[Chrysler Town & Country#Town & Country Plug-in hybrid|Chrysler Town & Country]] [[E85]] [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] plug-in minivans began in April 2012. The first units were delivered in [[Auburn Hills, Michigan]] and [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Danny |date=2012-04-18 |title=Chrysler delivers first plug-in minivans in $26m demonstration project |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/04/18/chrysler-delivers-first-plug-in-minivans-in-26m-demonstration-p/ |access-date=2012-04-18 |website=Autoblog Green}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012-04-10 |title=Chrysler Group Sends More Plug-In Hybrid Chrysler Minivans To Duke Energy |url=http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2012/04/18/chrysler-group-sends-more-plug-in-hybrid-chrysler-minivans-to-duke-energy/ |access-date=2014-06-07 |website=CBS Detroit}}</ref> The demonstration program was halted in September 2012, and Chrysler recalled the 23 units deployed at the time due to damage sustained by three separate [[Dodge Ram 1500 Plug-in Hybrid]]s participating in a parallel program when their battery packs overheated. The carmaker plans to upgrade the battery packs shared by both vehicles with cells that use a different lithium-ion chemistry before the vehicles go back on service. No minivans were involved in any incidents.<ref name="Chrysler">{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2012-09-24 |title=Chrysler Yanks Plug-In Hybrid Test Fleet Off Roads, Will Replace Batteries |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1079368_chrysler-yanks-plug-in-hybrid-test-fleet-off-roads-will-replace-batteries |access-date=2012-09-30 |website=Green Car Reports}}</ref> [[File:Fisker Karma and Opel Ampera charging Utrecht Mariaplaats.JPG|thumb|310px|A [[Fisker Karma]] and an [[Opel Ampera]] charging in [[Utrecht]], the Netherlands.]] [[Fisker Automotive]] reported that around 1,500 units have been delivered in the U.S. and Europe by September 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lamonica |first=Martin |date=2012-09-26 |title=Fisker Raises Cash, Readies Plan for Second EV |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/view/429377/fisker-raises-cash-readies-plan-for-second-ev/ |access-date=2012-10-03 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> The Netherlands, with 138 units sold through October 2012,<ref name=NetherSales2012/><ref name=NetherSales1012/> is the top selling European market for the Karma.<ref>{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2012-08-20 |title=Fisker Karma Considered a Sales Success in Europe |url=http://www.plugincars.com/fisker-karma-considered-sales-success-most-europe-123899.html |access-date=2012-08-20 |website=Plugin Cars}}</ref> [[File:Ford C-Max Energi with badge WAS 2012 0597 copy.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ford C-Max Energi]] was released in the U.S. in October 2012.]] Sales of [[plug-in hybrid vehicle|plug-in hybrid car]]s in the Netherlands during 2012 have been notable, as PHEV sales took the lead over all-electric cars during the first nine months of 2012. In addition to the Opel Ampera ranking as the best selling electric-drive car with 1,927 units sold during 2012, the [[Prius Plug-in Hybrid]] ranks second, with 610 units sold between June and September 2012, and the Chevrolet Volt ranks third with 205 units sold during the first months of the year. Adding 134 Fisker Karmas sold during 2012, the group of plug-in hybrid cars leads the Dutch market with 2,876 units sold during the first nine months of 2012, representing more than 80% of passenger EV sales in the country during this period.<ref name="NetherlPHV">{{cite web |date=2012-11-14 |title=Verkoopcijfers elektrische auto's derde kwartaal 2012 – Plug-in hybrides winnen van volledig elektrische auto's |trans-title=Sales electric car's third quarter 2012 – Plug-in hybrids gain of fully electric cars |url=http://www.anwb.nl/auto/nieuws/2012/oktober/verkoopcijfers-elektrische-autos-derde-kwartaal-2012 |access-date=2012-11-04 |website=[[ANWB]] |language=nl}}</ref> {{As of|2012|09}}, the [[Nissan Leaf]] was the top selling all-electric car in the country, with 163 units sold during the year, and a total of 457 units sold in the Netherlands since their introduction in mid-2011.<ref name=NetherSales2012/><ref name=NetherSales1012/> [[File:Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (front quarter 2).jpg|thumb|The [[Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid]] is the world's first diesel plug-in hybrid.]] Deliveries of the [[Ford C-Max Energi]] began in the U.S. by mid October 2012.<ref name="EnergiSales">{{cite web |last=Motavalli |first=Jim |date=2012-11-02 |title=Ford's Electric Cars: Starting Slow, and Waiting for the Market |url=http://www.plugincars.com/fords-evs-starting-slow-and-waiting-market-125120.html |access-date=2012-11-03 |website=Plugin Cars}}</ref> The C-Max Energi has an all-electric range of {{Convert|21|mi|abbr=on}} and initially, an EPA rating for combined city/highway fuel economy in [[all-electric mode]] of 100 [[miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent|MPG-e]] ({{convert|100|mpgus|L/100km|abbr=on|disp=out|1}}).<ref name="HC1012">{{cite web |last=Crowe |first=Philippe |date=2012-10-11 |title=108 City MPGe Rating For C-MAX Energi |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/108-city-mpge-rating-c-max-energi-53858.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015002318/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/108-city-mpge-rating-c-max-energi-53858.html |archive-date=2012-10-15 |access-date=2012-10-11 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref> Later, due to complaints from owners not achieving the sticker fuel economy, and following a technical review, the official EPA rating in EV mode was downgraded to 88 MPG-e ({{convert|88|mpgus|L/100km|abbr=on|disp=out|1}}).<ref name=Energi2013_14/> In a similar way, initially the EPA rating in [[charge-sustaining|hybrid-gasoline mode]] was {{convert|43|mpgUS|abbr=on}},<ref name="HC1012"/> but it was later downgraded to {{convert|38|mpgUS|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Energi2013_14">{{cite web |author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]] |date=2014-10-03 |title=Compare Side-by-Side – 2013/14 Ford C-Max Plug-in Hybrid and 2013/14 Ford Fusion Plug-in Hybrid |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34662&id=34089&id=33398&id=33336&#tab1 |access-date=2014-10-06 |website=FuelEconomy.gov}}</ref>

The [[Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid]], the world's first diesel plug-in hybrid, was released in Sweden by late 2012.<ref name="SwedenSales2011_12">{{cite web |date=2013-04-02 |title=2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & Plug-In Hybrid Models |url=http://www.best-selling-cars.com/hybrid/2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models/ |access-date=2013-01-15 |website=BestSellingCars.com}}</ref> Deliveries in the rest of Europe started in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Green |first=Geraldine Ashton |date=2012-12-03 |title=Volvo increase production of new V60 Plug-in Hybrid |url=http://www.motoring.co.uk/car-news/volvo-increase-production-of-new-v60-plug-in-hybrid_51027 |access-date=2012-12-09 |website=Motoring UK}}</ref> Almost 8,000 units were sold in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-04-24 |title=Volvo Cars adds R-Design version of V60 diesel Plug-in Hybrid |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/04/20140424-volvo.html |access-date=2014-04-27 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> {{Clear}}

==2013== [[File:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Rear 0329.JPG|thumb|The [[Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV]] was released in Japan in January 2013.]]

Sales of the [[Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid]] began in the U.S. in January 2013, and availability is limited to California and New York.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brissette |first=Pete |date=2013-01-21 |title=2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid Now Available in Calif. And New York |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/2014-honda-accord-plug-in-hybrid-now-available-in-calif-and-new-york/ |access-date=2013-01-21 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref> The Accord PHEV was introduced in Japan in June 2013 and it is available only for leasing, primarily to corporations and government agencies.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-06-21 |title=Honda introduces Accord hybrid and plug-in in Japan; hybrid in US in October |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/06/honda-20130621.html |access-date=2014-02-22 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> The [[Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV]] was released in the Japanese market also in January 2013, becoming the first [[SUV]] plug-in hybrid in the market.<ref name="JapPHEV">{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2013-01-24 |title=Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV On Sale In Japan Today, Extended Promotional Video Released |url=http://insideevs.com/mitsubishi-outlander-phev-on-sale-in-japan-today-extended-promotional-video-released/ |access-date=2013-01-28 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> The European version was released in Europe in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crowe |first=Philippe |date=2013-10-22 |title=Outlander PHEV Now On Sale In Europe |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/outlander-phev-now-on-sale-in-europe/ |access-date=2013-10-25 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref> The introduction in the United States was delayed until 2015 due to problems in the initial production batch.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2013-09-24 |title=US-Market Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Delayed Until 2015 |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/us-market-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-delayed-until-2015/ |access-date=2013-09-25 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref> Over 25,000 units have been sold through April 2014, with 13,498 units sold in Japan<ref name="JapMiEV042014">{{cite web |date=2014-05-29 |title=三菱 i-MiEVなどの2014年4月度販売実績 |trans-title=Mitsubishi i-MiEV sales results for April 2014 |url=http://evn.blog.eonet.jp/weblog/2014/05/mitsubishi-moto-2c47-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531184307/http://evn.blog.eonet.jp/weblog/2014/05/mitsubishi-moto-2c47-1.html |archive-date=2014-05-31 |access-date=2014-05-31 |website=Electric Vehicle News |language=ja}} ''Cumulative Outlander P-HEV sales in Japan totaled 13,498 through April 2014.''</ref> followed by the Netherlands with 10,951 units,<ref name="Nether2012_14">{{cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen elektrische auto |trans-title=Electric transport figures – Number of registered electric vehicles in the Netherlands – Top 5 registered electric car models |url=http://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/elektrisch-rijden/stand-van-zaken/cijfers |access-date=2014-05-31 |website=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (Netherlands Enterprise Agency) |language=nl}} ''See under the heading 31-12-2013 and 30-04-2014 for registration figures through April 2014.''</ref> where the Outlander P-HEV ranked for two months in-a-row, November and December 2013, as the top selling new car in the country.<ref name="NEDrecord1">{{cite web |date=2013-12-17 |title=Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top seller |url=http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1323i-Mitsubishi-Outlander-PHEV-top-seller.htm |access-date=2013-12-26 |website=Automotive Industry Data (AID)}}</ref><ref name="NEDrecord2">{{cite web |last=Pontes |first=Jose |date=2014-01-04 |title=Netherlands December 2013 |url=http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/01/netherlands-december-2013.html |access-date=2014-01-05 |website=EV Sales}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gasnier |first=Mat |date=2013-12-04 |title=Netherlands November 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander shoots up to pole position! |url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2014/01/03/netherlands-december-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-at-12-7-share-volvo-v40-and-v60-on-podium/ |access-date=2013-12-26 |website=Best Selling Cars Blog}}</ref> {{As of|2014|09}}, the Outlander P-HEV is the top registered plug-in electric car in the Netherlands with 14,567 units.<ref name="Nether2012_092014"/> [[File:Ford Fusion Energi SEL with badge WAS 2012 0583.jpg|thumb|left|Deliveries of the [[Ford Fusion Energi]] began in the U.S. in March 2013.]] The [[Ford Fusion Energi]] was released in the U.S. market by late February 2013, and retail deliveries began in March 2013.<ref name="EnergiDelivery01">{{cite web |last=Sears |first=Jesse |date=2013-02-27 |title=2013 Ford Fusion Energi: Fuel Economy, Pricing and Release Date |url=http://pricinginsider.carsdirect.com/2013/02/27/2013-ford-fusion-energi-fuel-economy-pricing-and-release-date/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305135302/http://pricinginsider.carsdirect.com/2013/02/27/2013-ford-fusion-energi-fuel-economy-pricing-and-release-date/ |archive-date=2013-03-05 |access-date=2013-03-03 |website=Cars Direct}}</ref><ref name="EnergiDelivery02">{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2013-03-01 |title=February 2013 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card |url=https://insideevs.com/february-2013-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304012451/http://insideevs.com/february-2013-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ |archive-date=2013-03-04 |access-date=2013-03-03 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> A total of 6,089 units were sold in the U.S. in 2013.<ref name="PEVUSales2013">{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2014-01-03 |title=December 2013 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card |url=http://insideevs.com/december-2013-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ |access-date=2014-01-03 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> Deliveries to retail customers of the limited edition [[McLaren P1]] supercar began in the UK in October 2013.<ref name="McLarenP1">{{cite web |last=Joseph |first=Noah |date=2013-10-21 |title=McLaren P1 hits 62 mph in 2.8 seconds, 186 in 16.5 |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/10/21/mclaren-p1-official-performance-figures/ |access-date=2013-10-21 |website=Autoblog}}</ref> The first P1 delivery in the U.S. occurred in May 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2014-05-13 |title=Jay Leno Gets First McLaren P1, Drives The Heck Out Of It On Normal Roads – video |url=http://insideevs.com/jay-leno-gets-first-mclaren-p1-drives-heck-video/ |access-date=2014-05-30 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> The [[Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid]] was released in the U.S. market in November 2013. The first retail deliveries of the [[Cadillac ELR]] took place in the U.S. in December 2013.<ref name="ELR1st">{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2014-01-03 |title=Cadillac ELR Arrives Early, Manages To Sell 6 Copies In December |url=http://insideevs.com/cadillac-elr-december-2013-sales/ |access-date=2014-01-03 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref>

[[BYD Auto]] ended production of its BYD F3DM due to low sales, and sold the remaining inventory through October 2013.<ref name="EndF3DM">{{cite web |last=Webb |first=Alysha |date=2013-05-02 |title=China's BYD Opens Electric Bus Production Plant in California |url=http://www.plugincars.com/chinas-byd-opens-electric-bus-production-plant-california-127131.html |access-date=2013-05-11 |website=Plugin Cars}}</ref> Its successor, the [[BYD Qin]], began sales in [[Costa Rica]] in November 2013, with sales in other countries in [[Latin America]] scheduled to begin in 2014.<ref name="QinLatam01">{{cite web |last=Nuñez |first=Beatriz |title=BYD Presenta su Auto Híbrido Qin |trans-title=BYD Unveils Its "Qin" Hybrid Car |url=http://www.puromotor.com/industria/3652-byd-presenta-su-auto-hibrido-qin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216032641/http://www.puromotor.com/industria/3652-byd-presenta-su-auto-hibrido-qin |archive-date=2013-12-16 |access-date=2013-12-16 |website=Puro Motor |language=es}}</ref><ref name="QinLatam02">{{cite web |date=2013-12-04 |title=BYD Announces Sales Launch of Qin Electric Hybrid in Latin America |url=http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=31882 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216034711/http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=31882 |archive-date=2013-12-16 |access-date=2013-12-16 |website=EV World}}</ref><ref name="QinLatam03">{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2013-12-09 |title=BYD Qin Plug-In Hybrid Now On Sale In Costa Rica |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1088989_byd-qin-plug-in-hybrid-now-on-sale-in-costa-rica |access-date=2013-12-16 |website=Green Car Reports}}</ref> Qin deliveries began in China in mid December 2013.<ref name="PriceChina">{{cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=BYD Launches Qin Plugin Hybrid – 189,800RMB to 209,800RMB |url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221190347/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/ |archive-date=2013-12-21 |access-date=2013-12-19 |website=China Car Times}}</ref> The Qin ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China during the first quarter of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-03-21 |title=BYD's Qin Electric Hybrid Now 'Best Selling Electric Car' in China |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=32657 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322031817/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=32657 |archive-date=2014-03-22 |access-date=2014-03-21 |website=EV World}}</ref>

==2014== [[File:2016 BMW i8.jpg|thumb|The [[BMW i8]] plug-in hybrid was released to retail customers in Germany in 2014.]] The [[BMW i8]] and the limited edition [[Volkswagen XL1]] were released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014.<ref name="BMWi8First">{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2014-06-06 |title=World's First BMW i8 Owners Take Delivery In Germany |url=http://insideevs.com/worlds-first-bmw-i8-owners-take-delivery-germany/ |access-date=2014-06-07 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref><ref name="VWXL1first">{{cite web |last=Gnaticov |first=Cristian |date=2014-06-03 |title=First Volkswagen XL1 gets delivered to German customer |url=http://www.inautonews.com/first-volkswagen-xl1-gets-delivered-to-german-customer#.U5NC7vldV8F |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607212205/http://www.inautonews.com/first-volkswagen-xl1-gets-delivered-to-german-customer#.U5NC7vldV8F |archive-date=2014-06-07 |access-date=2014-06-07 |website=In Autonews}}</ref> The XL1 is available only in Europe and production is limited to 250 units.<ref name="VWXL1">{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2013-09-03 |title=Volkswagen XL1 to be Priced at $146,000 |url=http://insideevs.com/volkswagen-xl1-to-be-priced-at-146000/ |access-date=2013-09-03 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> [[Volkswagen]] expects its diesel-powered XL1 to achieve {{convert|0.9|L/100 km|mpgus|abbr=on}}, becoming the most fuel-efficient car in the world.<ref name="XL1">{{cite web |date=2013-02-21 |title=Volkswagen to produce XL1 diesel plug-in hybrid at Osnabrück; 261 mpg US |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/02/xl1-20130221.html |access-date=2013-02-21 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

Retail deliveries of the [[Porsche 918 Spyder]] began in Europe in May 2014. Deliveries in the United States began in June 2014.<ref name="Garrett-2013">{{cite news |last=Garrett |first=Jerry |date=2013-09-10 |title=Frankfurt Motor Show: The Record-Breaking Porsche 918 Spyder Has Arrived |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/frankfurt-motor-show-the-record-breaking-porsche-918-spyder-has-arrived/ |access-date=2013-09-11 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The first units of the [[Audi A3 Sportback e-tron]], [[Volkswagen Golf GTE]] and [[Mercedes-Benz S 500 Plug-in Hybrid]] were registered in Germany in August 2014.<ref name="Germany082014">{{cite web |last=Kane |first=Mark |date=2014-09-24 |title=Germany Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report August 2014 |url=http://insideevs.com/germany-plug-electric-vehicle-sales-report-august-2014/ |access-date=2014-10-25 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref>

[[File:2017 Volkswagen Golf GTE S-A 1.4.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Volkswagen Golf GTE]] was released in Europe during the second half of 2014.]] {{As of|2014|09}}, over 247,700 plug-in hybrids had been sold worldwide since 2008.<ref name="Global600K">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2014-10-22 |title=Global Plug-in Car Sales Now Over 600,000 |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/global-plug-in-car-sales-now-over-600000/ |access-date=2014-10-22 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''Cumulative global sales totaled 603,932 highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles through September 2014, consisting of 356,232 all-electric cars and utility vans and 247,700 plug-in hybrids. Sales figures account for sales only in the top ten world's markets.''</ref> The leading market was the United States, with about 140,000 plug-in hybrids sold,<ref name="EDTA2014">{{cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Electric drive vehicle sales figures (U.S. Market) – EV sales |url=http://electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d%2Fsp%2Fi%2F20952%2Fpid%2F20952 |access-date=2014-10-25 |website=[[Electric Drive Transportation Association]] (EDTA)}} ''Fisker Karma sales are not included, which will increase total sales by about 1,650 units''.</ref> followed by Japan with about 35,600 units,<ref name=JapMiEV042014/><ref name="PiPsales092014">{{cite web |date=2014-10-14 |script-title=ja:実績データ（ハイブリッド車グローバル販売） |trans-title=Performance data (global sales of hybrid vehicles) |url=http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/detail/4061096/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105114507/http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/detail/4061096/ |archive-date=2014-11-05 |access-date=2014-10-25 |website=Toyota |language=ja}}</ref> and the Netherlands with 34,362 plug-in hybrids registered.<ref name="Nether2012_092014">{{cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen |trans-title=Figures electric transport – Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands, Top 5 registered plug-in electric hybrid vehicle models and Top 5 registered all-electric vehicle models |url=http://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/elektrisch-rijden/stand-van-zaken/cijfers |access-date=2014-10-15 |website=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (Netherlands Enterprise Agency) |language=nl}} ''See under the heading "30-09-2014" for total registrations figures at the end of September 2014.''</ref> The Volt/Ampera family of vehicles, with global sales of over 83,600 units, ranked as the world's best selling plug-in hybrid and the second best selling [[plug-in electric car]] ever, after the [[Nissan Leaf]], which has sold over 140,000 units worldwide. The Prius Plug-in Hybrid ranked second in global plug-in hybrid sales, with 65,300 units sold worldwide through September 2014.<ref name="Top10PEVs092014">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2014-10-24 |title=The World's 10-Best Selling Plug-in Cars |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/the-worlds-10-best-selling-plug-in-cars/ |access-date=2014-10-25 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref>

On 1 December 2014, BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its [[BMW i]] brand plug-in vehicles. The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing {{CO2}} emissions below 100 g/km. At the time of the announcement the carmaker was already testing a [[BMW 3 Series]] plug-in hybrid prototype (328e).<ref>{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2014-12-01 |title=BMW Commits To Offering Plug-In Hybrid Versions Of All Core-Brand Models |url=http://insideevs.com/bmw-commits-offering-plug-hybrid-versions-core-brand-models/ |access-date=2014-12-02 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Michael |date=January 23, 2015 |title=2016 BMW 328e Plug-In Hybrid |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/photo-gallery/2016-bmw-328e-plug-in-hybrid-prototype-drive-review |website=Car and Driver}}</ref> {{-}}

==2015== The [[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|second generation Chevrolet Volt]] was unveiled at the 2015 [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thevenot |first1=Brian |last2=Hirsch |first2=Jerry |name-list-style=amp |date=2015-01-12 |title=Chevy Bolt electric car targets Tesla with low price, long range |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-0113-chevrolet-volt-bolt-20150112-story.html |access-date=2015-01-13 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Sales2016Volt">{{cite web |last=Millikin |first=Mike |date=2015-01-12 |title=Next-gen Chevy Volt EREV is more efficient, with 50-mile electric range |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/next-gen-chevy-volt-erev-is-more-efficient-with-50-mile-electric-range.html |access-date=2015-01-13 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> The Volt's revised battery system and drivetrain allow, under the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) cycle, an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|53|mi|abbr=on}}, up from the first generation's {{Convert|38|mi|abbr=on}}. The EPA combined fuel economy in gasoline-only mode was rated at {{Convert|42|mpgUS|abbr=on}}, up from {{Convert|37|mpgUS|abbr=on}} for the previous generation. The official rating for combined city/highway fuel economy in [[all-electric mode]] is 106 [[miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] (MPG-e), up from 98 MPG-e for the 2015 first generation model.<ref name="EPAVolt2016">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2015-08-04 |title=2016 Chevrolet Volt Rated For 53 Miles Electric Range |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/2016-chevrolet-volt-rated-for-53-miles-electric-range/ |access-date=2015-08-05 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref><ref name="Volt2015_2016">{{cite web |author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]] |date=2015-09-01 |title=Compare Side-by-Side – 2016/2015 Chevrolet Volt |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36863&id=35246 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=FuelEconomy.gov}}</ref>

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image2=BYD Tang 02 -- Auto China -- 2014-04-23.jpg|image1=2018 Volkswagen Passat GTE Advance S-A 1.4 Front.jpg|width=220|caption2=Deliveries of the [[BYD Tang]] SUV began in China in June 2015.<ref name="ChinaEV062015">{{cite web |date=2015-07-17 |title=Chinese EV Sales Ranking in the First Half of 2015 |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2015/07/chinese-ev-sales-ranking-in-the-first-half-of-2015/ |access-date=2015-08-02 |website=China Auto Web}}</ref>|caption1=The first [[Volkswagen Passat GTE]]s were registered in Germany in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pontes |first=Jose |date=2015-02-15 |title=Germany January 2015 |url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2015/02/germany-december-2015.html |access-date=2015-02-17 |website=EVSales.com}}</ref>}}

In March 2015, [[Audi]] announced plans to have a plug-in hybrid version in every model series in the coming years. The carmaker expects plug-in hybrids, together with natural gas vehicles and battery-electric drive systems, to have a key contribution in achieving the company's {{CO2}} targets. The [[Audi Q7 e-tron]] will follow the A3 e-tron already in the market.<ref>{{cite web |last=Millikin |first=Mike |date=2015-03-11 |title=Audi to have a plug-in hybrid in every model series; new BEV in 2018 |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/03/20150311-audi-1.html |access-date=2015-03-21 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> Also in March 2015, [[Mercedes-Benz]] announced that the company's main emphasis regarding alternative drives in the next years will be on plug-in hybrids. The carmaker plans to introduce 10 new plug-in hybrid models by 2017, and its next release was the [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)#C350 e Plug-in Hybrid (2015-)|Mercedes-Benz C 350e Plug-in Hybrid]] the carmaker's second plug-in hybrid after the [[Mercedes-Benz S 500 Plug-in Hybrid|S 500 Plug-In Hybrid]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Millikin |first=Mike |date=2015-03-18 |title=Mercedes-Benz to introduce 10 plug-in hybrids by 2017; GLE PHEV coming soon |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/03/20150318-mbphev.html |access-date=2015-03-21 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref name="andrewenglish">{{cite news |last=English |first=Andrew |date=27 February 2015 |title=First drive: 2015 Volkswagen Passat GTE |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/volkswagen/passat-gte/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306054544/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/volkswagen/passat-gte/ |archive-date=2015-03-06 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Also in 2015, the GLE 550 e will be the first Mercedes SUV with a plug-in hybrid powertrain.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Première for the Mercedes-Benz GLE and Mercedes-AMG GLE 63: Efficiency meets performance |url=http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1769931-1-1799871-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121845/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1769931-1-1799871-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Daimler}}</ref>

{{As of|2015|06}}, the Dutch market had the largest share of plug-in hybrid sales as percentage of total [[plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in electric passenger vehicle]] sales. Accounting for cumulative registrations between 2009 and June 2015, plug-in hybrids (47,227 units) represented 78.8% share of the Dutch stock of registered plug-in electric passenger cars.<ref name="Nether2013_2015">{{cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen – Top 6 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen – Top 6 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen |trans-title=Figures electric transport – Top 5 registered plug-in electric hybrid vehicle models – Top 6 registered fully electric vehicle models |url=http://www.bovag.nl/data/sitemanagement/media/2015_06_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20juni%202015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194044/http://www.bovag.nl/data/sitemanagement/media/2015_06_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20juni%202015.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-08-04 |website=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (Netherlands Enterprise Agency) |language=nl}}</ref>

[[File:2016 Chevrolet Volt NAIAS 2015.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|second generation Chevrolet Volt]] was released in the United States and Canada in October 2015.<ref name=2016Volt/><ref name=Canada2015/>]]

The [[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|second generation Chevrolet Volt]] was released to retail customers in the United States and Canada in October 2015 as a 2016 [[model year]].<ref name=2016Volt/><ref name="Canada2015">{{cite web |last=Klippenstein |first=Matthew |date=2015-11-06 |title=Plug-in Electric Car Sales in Canada, October 2015: The Wallet Ballot |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1100803_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-october-2015-the-wallet-ballot |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=Green Car Reports}}</ref> Availability in the American market was limited to California and the other 10 states that follow [[California Air Resources Board#California zero-emissions vehicle|California's zero emission vehicle]] regulations. The second generation Volt went on sale as a 2017 model year in the 39 remaining states by the second quarter of 2016.<ref name="2016Volt">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2015-11-03 |title=2016 Volts Account For 1,324 Sales Out Of 2,035 October Deliveries |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/2016-volts-account-for-1324-sales-out-of-2035-october-deliveries/ |access-date=2015-11-03 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref>

Global sales of the [[Volt/Ampera family]] passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015. The United States is the leading market with 84,656 Volts delivered, followed by Canada with 5,023 Volts, and the Netherlands, the leading European market, with 4,976 Amperas and 1,065 units registered {{as of|2014|12|lc=y}}.<ref name="Volt100K">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2015-11-04 |title=GM Sells Its 100,000th Volt in October |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/gm-sells-its-100000th-volt-in-october/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108083210/http://www.hybridcars.com/gm-sells-its-100000th-volt-in-october/ |archive-date=2015-11-08 |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=Hybrid Cars.com |quote=About 102,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family have been sold worldwide by the end of October 2015. This figure includes more than 9,900 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through September 2015.}}</ref> {{As of|2016|06}}, just over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas had been sold in Europe plus about 1,750 Volts.<ref name=Volt100K/><ref name="Top10Global062016">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-08-10 |title=Global 10 Best-Selling Plug-In Cars Are Accelerating Forward |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/global-10-best-selling-plug-in-cars-are-accelerating-forward/ |access-date=2016-08-14 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''{{As of|2016|06}}, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (over 228,000), followed by theTesla Model S (129,393), Votl/Ampera family (about 117,300), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 107,400), Toyota Prius PHV (over 75,400), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), BMW i3 (around 49,500), Mitsubishi i-MiEV family (about 37,600) and BYD Tang (37,509).''</ref><ref name="Ampera10K">{{cite web |date=2016-02-11 |title=Opel bringt 2017 neues Elektroauto |trans-title=Opel brings new electric car in 2017 |url=http://www.autohaus.de/nachrichten/ampera-e-opel-bringt-2017-neues-elektroauto-1754252.html |access-date=2016-03-31 |website=Autohaus.de |language=de}} ''About 10,000 Opel Amperas were sold in Europe by the end of 2015.''</ref> {{As of|2015|12}}, the other top selling plug-in hybrids are the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, with about 92,000 units sold, followed by the [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid#First generation (XW30; 2012–2016)|first generation Toyota Prius PHEV]] with about 75,000 units sold globally.<ref name="Outlander92K">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-03-28 |title=Five Ways Toyota Updated Its 2017 Prius 'Prime' Plug-in Hybrid |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/five-ways-toyota-updated-its-2017-prius-prime-plug-in-hybrid/ |access-date=2016-03-28 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''{{As of|2015|12}}, the world's top selling plug-in electric cars are the Nissan Leaf (about 202,000), Tesla Model S (about 107,000), Chevrolet Volt and Ampera variants (over 106,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 92,000), and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (about 75,000). All figures cumulative global sales since launch.''</ref><ref name="PiP75K">{{cite news |last1=Nakanishi |first1=Toyoki |last2=Oshima |first2=Yumiko |date=2016-03-25 |title=Toyota bent on keeping reputation as green carmaker in US |url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Toyota-bent-on-keeping-reputation-as-green-carmaker-in-US |access-date=2016-03-25 |newspaper=[[The Nikkei]]}} ''Prius PHV cumulative global sales since 2012 have been about 75,000 units. The North American market accounts for 60% of all unit sales.''</ref>

Plug-in models released to the retail customers in 2015 include the [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)#C350 e Plug-in Hybrid (2015-)|Mercedes-Benz C 350e Plug-in Hybrid]], [[Volvo S60L PHEV]], [[Volkswagen Passat GTE]], [[BYD Tang]], [[Audi A3 e-tron]], [[Volvo XC90 T8]], [[BMW X5 xDrive40e]], and [[Hyundai Sonata PHEV]].<ref name="S60LPHEV">{{cite web |last=Millikin |first=Mike |date=2015-04-15 |title=Volvo Cars introducing production S60L T6 Twin Engine PHEV at the Shanghai Motor Show; on sale next week |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/04/20150415-volvo.html |access-date=2015-04-18 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref name="China072015">{{cite web |last=Gasnier |first=Mat |date=2015-08-13 |title=China July 2015: Baojun 560 lands with a splash in market down again |url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2015/08/china-july-2015-baojun-560-lands-with-a-splash-in-market-down-again/#more-54939 |access-date=2015-08-15 |website=Best Selling Cars Blog}}</ref><ref name=Sales2015US/>

Almost 222,000 plug-in hybrids were registered worldwide in 2015.<ref name=Outlook2016/> {{As of|2015|12}}, the global stock of highway-capable plug-in hybrid electric cars totaled 517,100 units, out of total cumulative global sales of 1.257 million light-duty [[plug-in electric vehicle]]s (41.1%).<ref name=Outlook2016/> At the end of 2015, the United States is the world's largest plug-in hybrid car market with a stock of 193,770 units, followed by China with 86,580 vehicles, the Netherlands with 78,160, Japan with 55,470 units, and the UK with 28,250.<ref name="Outlook2016">{{cite report |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars |date=May 2016 |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] Publications |access-date=2016-09-08}} ''See pp. 4–5, and 24–25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34–37''.</ref>

==2016== [[File:Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in (16).JPG|thumb|2017 [[Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in]] ]]

In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from [[BMW i]] to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new [[BMW 7 Series]], beginning with the [[BMW 740e iPerformance]] slated for sales by mid 2016, and the [[BMW 330e iPerformance]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=BMW at the 86th Geneva International Motor Show 2016 |date=2016-02-12 |location=Munich |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-at-the-86th-geneva-international-motor-show-2016&outputChannelId=6&id=T0253602EN&left_menu_item=node__803 |access-date=2016-02-12 |website=BMW Group PressClub Global}}</ref>

[[Hyundai Motor Company]] made the official debut of its three model [[Hyundai Ioniq]] line-up at the 2016 [[Geneva Motor Show]].<ref name="KoreaTimes">{{cite news |last=Park |first=Jin-hai |date=2016-01-14 |title=Hyundai launches Ioniq hybrid compact |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/02/127_195469.html |access-date=2016-03-02 |newspaper=[[Korea Times]]}}</ref> The Ioniq family of [[electric drive vehicle]]s includes the [[Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in|Ioniq Plug-in]], which is expected to achieve a fuel economy of {{convert|125|mpge|kWh/100 mi+kWh/100 km|abbr=on}} in [[all-electric mode]].<ref name="GCG032016">{{cite web |last=Millikin |first=Mike |date=2016-03-24 |title=Hyundai unveils Ioniq HEV, PHEV and EV for US market at New York show |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/03/20160324-ioniq.html |access-date=2016-03-24 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref> The Ioniq Plug-in is expected to be released in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2016-02-21 |title=Hyundai IONIQ Electric Has A 28 kWh Battery, 105 Miles Real Range |url=http://insideevs.com/hyundai-ioniq-has-a-28-kwh-battery-105-miles-real-range/ |access-date=2016-03-02 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref>

[[File:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid - Paris Motor Show 2016 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Toyota Prius Prime]] ]]

The second generation Prius plug-in hybrid, called [[Toyota Prius Prime|Prius Prime]] in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan,<ref name="Prime_PHV">{{cite news |last=Kageyama |first=Yuri |date=2016-06-17 |title=Toyota gets bullish on plug-in hybrids with new Prius Prime |url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/business/view/toyota-gets-bullish-on-plug-in-hybrids-with-new-prius-prime |access-date=2016-06-17 |newspaper=[[Japan Today]]}}</ref> was unveiled at the 2016 [[New York International Auto Show]].<ref name=PriusPrime1/> The model is expected to be released in the U.S. and Japan by the end of 2016.<ref name=Prime_PHV/> The [[all-electric range]] is expected to reach {{convert|22|mi|abbr=on}}, twice the range of the first generation model. Toyota expects the Prime to achieve an EPA rating of {{convert|120|mpge|kWh/100 mi+kWh/100 km|abbr=on}}, the highest [[miles per gallon equivalent|MPGe]] rating in all-electric mode of any plug-in hybrid available in the market.<ref name="PriusPrime1">{{cite web |last=Blanco |first=Sebastian |date=2016-03-23 |title=Toyota Prius Prime plugs in with 22 EV miles |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/23/toyota-prius-prime-new-york-official/ |access-date=2016-03-24 |website=Autoblog}}</ref><ref name="PriusPrime2">{{cite news |last=Undercoffler |first=David |date=2016-03-23 |title=Toyota looks to boost Prius with all-new plug-in Prime |url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20160323/OEM04/303239954/toyota-looks-to-boost-prius-with-all-new-plug-in-prime |access-date=2016-03-24 |newspaper=[[Automotive News]]}}</ref>

In April 2016, [[Volvo Cars]] announced its goal to achieve cumulative sales since 2012 of 1 million electrified cars by 2025. Previously the carmaker had stated it expected electrified models to account for 10% of its global sales by 2020. Volvo CEO [[Hakan Samuelsson]] said the company plans to offer at least a plug-in hybrid version of every model and release an all-electric car in 2019. The next electrified car to be released is the plug-in hybrid variant of the [[Volvo S90]] sedan, and the 60 series and 40 series will have electrified versions too.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsworth |first=Jack |date=2016-04-21 |title=Volvo sets goal to sell 1 million electrified cars by 2025 |url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20160421/OEM05/160429976 |access-date=2016-04-21 |newspaper=[[Automotive News]]}}</ref>

[[File:Mitsu Outlander PHEV 04 2016 BSB1734.JPG|thumb|Global sales of the [[Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV|Outlander P-HEV]] passed the 100,000 milestone in March 2016, and ranks as the world's second best-selling plug-in hybrid ever.<ref name=Outlander100K/><ref name=OutlanderPHEV100K/>]]

Global sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid variant passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016.<ref name="Outlander100K">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-05-03 |title=Mitsubishi Sells 100,000th Outlander PHEV |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/mitsubishi-sells-100000th-outlander-phev/ |access-date=2016-05-03 |website=Hybrid Cars}}'' {{As of|2016|03}}, the world's top selling plug-in electric cars are the Nissan Leaf (over 218,000), Tesla Model S (about 120,000), Chevrolet Volt and Ampera variants (over 110,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (over 100,000), and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (75,000). All figures cumulative global sales since market launch.''</ref><ref name="OutlanderPHEV100K">{{cite press release |title=Global Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sales Pass the 100,000 Mark |date=2016-05-19 |url=http://www.mitsubishi-matters.co.uk/2016/05/19/global-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-pass-100000-mark/ |access-date=2016-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624105004/http://www.mitsubishi-matters.co.uk/2016/05/19/global-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-pass-100000-mark/ |archive-date=2016-06-24 |website=Mitsubishi Motors UK}} ''{{As of|2016|03}}, a total of 65,529 units have been sold in Europe (21,052 in the UK and 44,477 in the rest of Europe), 33,730 in Japan, 2,015 in Australia and 259 in the rest of the world, for a total of 101,533 units sold worldwide.''</ref> Europe is the leading market with 65,529 units sold, followed by Japan with 33,730 units.<ref name=OutlanderPHEV100K/> European sales are led by the Netherlands with 24,572 units registered,<ref name="Nether032016">{{cite web |date=April 2016 |title=Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen |trans-title=Figures electric transport – Top 5 registered plug-in hybrid electric vehicle models |url=https://www.bovag.nl/BovagWebsite/media/BovagMediaFiles/Cijfers/2016/Cijfers-elektrisch-vervoer-tm-maart-2016.pdf |access-date=2016-05-09 |website=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland |language=nl}} ''With a total of 24,572 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of March 2016, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top registered plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands.''</ref> followed by the UK with 21,053 units registered, both at the end of March 2016.<ref name="Mitsu2yrs">{{cite web |date=2016-04-05 |title=Two years since launch and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV has created a whole new market sector |url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/two-years-since-launch-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-created-whole-new-market-sector/ |access-date=2016-04-07 |website=Automotive World}}</ref> Combined sales of the three top selling countries, Japan, the Netherlands and the UK, represent 78% of total Outlander PHEVs global sales through the end of March 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Alex |date=2016-05-19 |title=UK the third-largest market for Outlander PHEV |url=http://evfleetworld.co.uk/news/2016/May/UK-the-third-largest-market-for-Outlander-PHEV/0438025132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520123315/http://evfleetworld.co.uk/news/2016/May/UK-the-third-largest-market-for-Outlander-PHEV/0438025132 |archive-date=2016-05-20 |access-date=2016-05-22 |website=EV FleetWorld}}</ref> The Outlander P-HEV ranks the world's all-time second best-selling plug-in hybrid after the Chevrolet Volt family, and fourth top selling [[plug-in electric car]] ever.<ref name=Outlander100K/>

Cumulative global sales of the first generation Prius PHV passed the 75,000 unit mark in March 2016.<ref name="Cum75K">{{cite web |last=Blanco |first=Sebastian |date=2016-04-25 |title=Toyota Corolla PHEV on the way, but only in China |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/25/toyota-corolla-phev-china/ |access-date=2016-05-03 |website=Autoblog Green}} ''See press release: Global sales of the Toyota Prius PHV began in January 2012, and by the end of March 2016, a cumulative total of 75,000 units had been sold in Japan, the U.S., and Europe.''</ref> In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact [[range extender (vehicle)|range extender]] car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use a new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the [[Nissan Gripz]] [[concept car|concept]] crossover showcased at the 2015 [[Frankfurt Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greimel |first=Hans |date=2016-06-25 |title=Nissan's to-do list: Range, autonomy |url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20160625/OEM05/306279981/nissans-to-do-list-range-autonomy |access-date=2016-06-27 |newspaper=[[Automotive News]]}}</ref> Chevrolet Volt sales in the American market passed the 100,000 unit milestone in July 2016, the first plug-in vehicle in the U.S. to achieve that mark.<ref name="VoltUS100K">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-07-26 |title=Top-Selling Chevy Volt Crosses 100,000 US Sales Milestone |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/top-selling-chevy-volt-crosses-100000-us-sales-milestone/ |access-date=2016-07-26 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''{{As of|2016|06}}, around 117,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family have been sold globally, including close to 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Ampera variants sold in Europe. Volt sales in the American market passed the 100,000 milestone in July 2016.''</ref>

More than 284,000 light-duty plug-in hybrids were sold during 2016.<ref name=":1">IEA (2018), Global EV Outlook 2018, IEA, Paris <nowiki>https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2018</nowiki>, Licence: CC BY 4.0</ref> {{As of|2016|06}}, about 640,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars had been sold worldwide since December 2008, out of total global sales of over 1.5 million light-duty plug-in electric cars.<ref name=Outlook2016/><ref name="Global1H2016">{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Pontes |date=2016-07-28 |title=World Top 20 June 2016 (Special Edition) |url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2016/07/world-top-20-june-2016-special-edition.html |access-date=2016-08-18 |website=EVSales.com}} ''Global light-duty plug-in vehicles sales totaled 306,639 units during the first half of 2016, of which, 40% were plug-in hybrids.''</ref><ref name="Global1.5mi">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-06-22 |title=Global Plug-in Car Sales Cruise Past 1.5 Million |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/global-plug-in-car-sales-cruise-past-1-5-million/ |access-date=2016-08-19 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref> Retail deliveries of the second generation Toyota plug-in hybrid, the Prius Prime began in the U.S. in November 2016. A total of 781 units were sold during its first month in the American market,<ref name="1stPriusPrime">{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2016-12-01 |title=Plug-in electric car sales for Nov: Volt soars, Prius Prime arrives (UPDATE) |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1107541_plug-in-electric-car-sales-for-nov-volt-soars-prius-prime-arrives |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=Green Car Reports}}</ref> setting a new record monthly sales volume debut for any plug-in electric car released in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cole |first=Jay |date=2016-12-02 |title=Several Plug-Ins Hit New 2016 Highs, As November EV Sales In US Rise Sharply |url=http://insideevs.com/several-plug-ins-hit-new-2016-highs-as-november-ev-sales-in-us-rise-sharply/ |access-date=2016-12-02 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref>

==2017== At the Detroit Motor Show in January 2017, Bentley CEO Wolfgang Dürheimer announced that the company intended to introduce plug-in hybrid variants to all its model lines, saying that PHEV technology "combines the best of both worlds".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bentley plug-in hybrids coming across entire model range {{!}} Autocar |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-detroit-motor-show/bentley-plug-hybrids-coming-across-entire-model-range |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=www.autocar.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in]] was released in February 2017.<ref name="GlobalSales">{{cite web |date=2017-03-05 |title=Hyundai's Ioniq surpasses 30,000 in global sales |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2017/03/05/0200000000AEN20170305000800320.html |access-date=2017-03-26 |website=[[Yonhap|Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref> The Ioniq Plug-in delivers {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} in [[all-electric mode]].<ref name="IoniqLineup">{{cite web |last=Kane |first=Mark |date=2016-03-02 |title=Hyundai IONIQ Electric & IONIQ Plug-in At The Geneva Motor Show (Gallery, New Stats) |url=http://insideevs.com/hyundai-ioniq-electric-ioniq-plug-in-at-the-geneva-motor-show-photos-videos/ |access-date=2016-03-02 |website=Inside EVs}} See more details in the official press release.</ref>

The [[Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid]] was introduced in February 2017 receiving a {{convert|47|mi|km|adj=on}} range in all-electric mode. At the time of going on sale (December 2017) it had the third-longest claimed all-electric range among PHVs available in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=2018 Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid starts at $34,290 with 47-mile range |url=https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1113868_2018-honda-clarity-plug-in-hybrid-starts-at-34290-with-47-mile-range |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Green Car Reports |language=en}}</ref>

2017 also saw the launch of the [[Kia Optima Plug-in Hybrid]]. This had an all-electric range of {{Convert|29|mi|km}}. Compared to the equivalent trim of mild hybrid Optima, the PHV EX variant was {{Convert|250|lbs|kg}} heavier with a $4,220 higher list price.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-10 |title=Tested: 2017 Kia Optima Plug-In Hybrid |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15088969/2017-kia-optima-plug-in-hybrid-test-review/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Cadillac CT6 PHEV]] went on sale in the US in March 2017, with an all-electric range of {{Convert|31|mi|km}}.<ref>{{Fuel Economy Guide |year=2017 |page=38}}</ref>

In June 2017 the [[Mini Countryman]] S E ALL4 PHEV was launched, with an all-electric range of {{Convert|25|mi|km}}. This was seen by some in the motoring press as a potential rival to the highly successful Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New MINI Countryman S E plug-in hybrid 2017 review |url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mini/countryman/99397/new-mini-countryman-s-e-plug-in-hybrid-2017-review |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Auto Express |language=en}}</ref>

According to the [[International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency (IEA)]] the uptake of electric vehicles continued to be "largely driven by the policy environment" in individual countries. Global sales of PHEVs were 398,000 units over the year. <ref name=":1" />

China, the European Union and India all announced policy changes in 2017 relevant to the adoption of electric cars including PHEVs.<ref name=":1" /> China's government announced a new energy vehicle (NEV) credit mandate in September 2017 to set minimum requirements for the number of NEVs (PHEVs, battery electric and fuel cell electric vehicles) that manufacturers would need to produce from June 2018, with the credits earned per NEV depending on its range and energy efficiency. This set a minimum range requirement of {{Convert|31|mi|km}} for PHEVs to earn credits.<ref name=":1" />

== 2018 == BMW launched the first plug-in hybrid model in its [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]] range, the 530e. This became its sixth plug-in hybrid model overall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-22 |title=2018 BMW 530e iPerformance Review |url=https://www.carkeys.co.uk/car-reviews/2018-bmw-530e-iperformance-review |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Car Keys |language=en-GB}}</ref> In June 2018, Volvo announced the [[Volvo S60|S60 T8]] plug-in hybrid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New 2019 Volvo S60 revealed - T8 Polestar model coming, but UK will have to wait |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/volvo/s60/21400/new-2019-volvo-s60-revealed-t8-polestar-model-coming-but-uk-will-have-to-wait |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=evo |language=en}}</ref>

In similar market segments, Mercedes introduced diesel plug-in hybrid models of its C- and E-Class just ahead of the Geneva Motor Show in March 2018, to be sold from summer of the same year, with a 90kW motor giving an all-electric range of {{Convert|31|mi|km}} and top speeds of {{Convert|87|mph|kph|abbr=on}} in all-electric mode. These models introduced a number of features intended to aid energy efficiency, such as an 'ECO Assist' system using data including the route profile, speed limits and distance from other vehicles to advise the driver when to coast. Mercedes also used a haptic accelerator pedal to provide feedback about the state of the hybrid system, such as when maximum electrical power was reached and further acceleration would engage the internal combustion engine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=2018 Mercedes-Benz C-Class and E-Class plug-in diesel hybrids show up at Geneva {{!}} DriveMag Cars |url=https://drivemag.com/news/2018-mercedes-benz-c-class-and-e-class-plug-in-diesel-hybrids-show-up-at-geneva/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the Geneva Motor Show, Bentley revealed it would introduce a plug-in hybrid version of the [[Bentley Bentayga]] from 2019, its first PHEV, with an all-electric range of {{Convert|31|mi|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Bentley Bentayga hybrid kick-starts brand's electrification plans {{!}} Autocar |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-geneva-motor-show/new-bentley-bentayga-hybrid-kick-starts-brands |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=www.autocar.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Other Volkswagen group PHEV launches in the year included the [[Porsche Cayenne]] E-Hybrid and [[Volkswagen Passat (B8)|Volkswagen Passat GTE]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Cayenne now available as a plug-in hybrid |url=https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/porsche-cayenne-e-hybrid-plug-in-hybrid-e3-suv-e-performance-comfort-boost-concept-15294.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251126182347/https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/porsche-cayenne-e-hybrid-plug-in-hybrid-e3-suv-e-performance-comfort-boost-concept-15294.html |archive-date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2026-06-01 |work=Porsche Newsroom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Joe |date=2018-04-06 |title=Volkswagen Passat GTE review: The best plug-in hybrid estate to buy? |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/cars/reviews/volkswagen/144132-volkswagen-passat-gte-review-plug-in-hybrid-electric-car/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Pocket-lint |language=en}}</ref>

Also in March 2018, Land Rover introduced the [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover P440E]] PHEV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=The Car Expert |date=2018-03-22 |title=Range Rover plug-in hybrid test drive {{!}} The Car Expert |url=https://www.thecarexpert.co.uk/range-rover-plug-in-hybrid-test-drive/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> With a relatively largely 31.8kWh battery capacity the car offered a relatively long official all-electric range of {{Convert|70|mi|km}}. Given its large battery capacity, Land Rover made the vehicle compatible with 50kW [[Rapid charging|rapid chargers]], an unusual feature for PHEVs at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Rover Range Rover P440e PHEV |url=https://www.greencarguide.co.uk/green-car-guides/land-rover-range-rover-2-0-p400e-phev-404hp-vogue/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=GreenCarGuide.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

PHEV models launched by Toyota in 2018 included the [[Toyota Camry (XV70)|Camry XLE Hybrid]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-18 |title=Tested: 2018 Toyota Camry XLE Hybrid |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15090863/2018-toyota-camry-xle-hybrid-test-review/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-US}}</ref>, and [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4 Hybrid]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-28 |title=2019 Toyota RAV4 makes its New York debut - TNGA platform, Dynamic Force engines, all-new styling - paultan.org |url=https://paultan.org/2018/03/28/2019-toyota-rav4-makes-its-new-york-debut/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Paul Tan's Automotive News |language=en-US}}</ref>.

In policy, February 2018 saw China lower the subsidy level for PHEVs through its New Energy Vehicle Subsidy program lowered. Nevertheless, PHEV sales there rose from 111,000 in 2017 to 263,00, as global sales of PHEVs again rose sharply in the year to 630,000.<ref name=":2">IEA (2019), ''Global EV Outlook 2019'', IEA, Paris <nowiki>https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019</nowiki>, Licence: CC BY 4.0</ref>

Sales of PHEVs made up 32% of EV sales in 2018, following a steady decline from 50% in 2012. The uptake of PHEVs relative to [[Battery electric vehicle|battery electric vehicles]] continued to vary widely between nations, with PHEVs making up as much as 86% of EV sales in Finland but only 14% in the Netherlands. Large cars and SUVs made up 60% of available PHEVs by the end of 2018. Across all major markets (China, the European Union and the US) the number of PHEV models available was similar.<ref name=":2" />

==Top selling models== The following table presents cumulative sales of those plug-in hybrid models that have sold about 10,000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug-in hybrid vehicle in December 2008, the [[BYD F3DM]], up until December 2016.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;"|Top selling highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars between 2008 and December 2016  |- ! style="background:#ABCDEF;" |Model || style="background:#abcdef;"|Market launch || style="background:#abcdef;"|Global sales || style="background:#abcdef;"|Sales through |- align=center |align=left |[[Chevrolet Volt]](1) || Dec 2010 || ~134,500 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name="LeafBest250K">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2017-01-09 |title=Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/ |access-date=2017-01-10 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''{{As of|2016|12}}, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV]] || Jan 2013 || ~119,500 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name=Top10PEVs2016/> |- align=center |align=left |[[Toyota Prius PHV]] || Jan 2012 || ~77,850 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name="Top10PEVs2016">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2017-01-26 |title=Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A Row |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/ |access-date=2017-01-26 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[BYD Qin]](2) || Dec 2013 || 68,655 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name=Top10PEVs2016/> |- align=center |align=left |[[BYD Tang]](2) || Jun 2015 || 49,780 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name="ChinaTopEVs2016">{{cite web |date=2017-01-19 |title=Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016 |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2017/01/best-selling-china-made-evs-in-2016/ |access-date=2017-01-25 |website=China Auto Web}} ''Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang SUV was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with 20,605 units.''</ref><ref name="China122015">{{cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015 |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/best-selling-china-made-suvs-in-2015/ |access-date=2016-01-17 |website=China Auto Web}} ''A total of 18,735 Tangs were sold in China in 2015.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[Ford Fusion Energi]](3) || Feb 2013 || 43,713 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name=Sales2015US/><ref name=CanadianEVsales/><ref name="Sales2016US">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2017-01-05 |title=December 2016 Dashboard |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2016-dashboard/ |access-date=2017-02-28 |website=Hybrid Cars and Baum & Associates}}</ref><ref name="Sales2013US">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2014-01-06 |title=December 2013 Dashboard |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2013-dashboard/ |access-date=2015-03-21 |website=Hybrid Cars and Baum & Associates}} ''Shows U.S. total sales for 2012 and 2013''.</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[Ford C-Max Energi]](4) || Oct 2012 || 35,705 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name="Sales2015US">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-01-06 |title=December 2015 Dashboard |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2015-dashboard/ |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=Hybrid Cars and Baum & Associates}} ''Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 114,248 units in 2015, consisting of 71,105 all-electric cars and 43,143 plug-in hybrids, with corresponding market shares of 0.25% and 0.41%. Sales in 2014 totaled 123,347 units.''</ref><ref name="CanadianEVsales">{{cite web |last=Klippenstein |first=Matthew |date=February 2016 |title=Canadian Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dLFJwZVdvNLRpmZqPznlzz6PB9eHMe5b-bai_ddRsNg/edit#gid=25 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Green Car Reports}} ''Tesla Model S sales figures from IHS data.''</ref><ref name="Top10PEVs2014">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2015-02-11 |title=2014's Top-10 Global Best-Selling Plug-in Cars |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/2014s-top-10-global-best-selling-plug-in-cars/ |access-date=2015-03-15 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref><ref name=Sales2016US/><ref name="EU2015">{{cite web |last=Pontes |first=Jose |date=2016-01-30 |title=Europe December 2015 |url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2016/01/europe-december-2015.html |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=EVSales.com}} ''A total of 1,230 Ford C-Max Energi, 11,214 VW e-Golf, and 2,653 Volvo XC90 T8s were sold in Europe in 2015.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[SAIC Roewe 550 PHEV]](2) || Nov 2013 || 26,856 || align=left |Dec 2016<ref name="ChinaTop2014">{{cite web |date=2015-01-14 |title=2014 EV Sales Ranking |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2015/01/2014-ev-sales-ranking/ |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=China Auto Web}} ''About 1,100 SAIC Roewe 550 PHEVs were sold in China in 2014.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Pontes |date=2016-01-12 |title=China December 2015 (3rd Update) |url=http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2016/01/zotye-zhima-e30-new-contender-for-2016.html |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=EVSales.com}} ''A total of 10,711 SAIC Roewe 550 PHEVs were sold in China in 2015.''</ref><ref name=ChinaTopEVs2016/> |- align=center |align=left |[[Volkswagen Golf GTE]] || Aug 2014 || 24,089 || align=left |Jun 2016<ref name=Europetop2015/><ref name="EuropeJune2016">{{cite web |last=Edelstein |first=Stephen |date=2016-08-16 |title=European electric and plug-in hybrid sales for Jan–June 2016 |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1105579_european-electric-and-plug-in-hybrid-sales-for-jan-june-2016 |access-date=2016-08-16 |website=Green Car Reports}} ''A total of 5,692 VW Golf GTEs, 5,035 Volvo XC90s and 3,341 Audi A3-eTrons were sold in Europe during the first half of 2016.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid]] || Nov 2012 || 21,185 || align=left |Jun 2016<ref name="Europetop2015">{{cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Nick |date=2016-03-15 |title=Hybrid sales expected to triple in Europe as tougher CO2 rules loom |url=http://europe.autonews.com/article/20160315/ANE/160319949/hybrid-sales-expected-to-triple-in-europe-as-tougher-co2-rules-loom |access-date=2016-02-22 |newspaper=[[Automotive News|Automotive News Europe]]}} ''Sales in Europe as reported by [[JATO Dynamics]]: Mitsubishi Ourlander sales totaled 19,853 units in 2014 and 31,214 in 2015; VW Golf GTE sales totaled 1,097 units in 2014 and 17,300 in 2015; Audi A3 e-tron sales totaled 1,154 units in 2014 and 11,791 in 2015; Volvo V60 sales totaled 5,441 units in 2014 and 6,349 in 2015. During 2015 a total of 5,481 all-electric BMW i3s and 6,566 i3 REx models (total 12,047). A total of 3,940 i3 REx models were sold in 2014.''</ref><ref name="SwedenSales2012">{{cite web |date=2013-04-02 |title=2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & Plug-In Hybrid Models |url=http://www.best-selling-cars.com/hybrid/2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models/ |access-date=2013-07-05 |website=BestSellingCars.com}} ''42 Volvo V60 plug-in hybrids were sold in Sweden in 2012.''</ref><ref name="VolvoSales052014">{{cite web |last=Motavalli |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Motavalli |date=2014-06-30 |title=Confirmed: Volvo To Offer Plug-In Hybrid Option on All Models |url=http://www.plugincars.com/volvo-offer-plug-hybrid-option-all-models-129896.html |access-date=2014-09-03 |website=Plugin Cars}} ''Volvo sold 7,739 V60 plug-in hybrids in 2013.''</ref><ref name="EU1H2016">{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Pontes |date=2016-07-26 |title=Europe June 2016 |url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2016/07/europe-june-2016.html |access-date=2016-08-16 |website=EVSales.com}} ''Volvo V60 Plug-in sales in Europe totaled 1,614 units during the first half of 2016''.</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[Audi A3 Sportback e-tron]](5) || Aug 2014 || 18,467 || align=left |Jun 2016<ref name=CanadianEVsales/><ref name=Europetop2015/><ref name=Sales062016US/><ref name=EuropeJune2016/><ref>{{cite web |last=Voelckr |first=John |date=2016-01-19 |title=Plug-In Electric Car Sales For 2015 Fall Slightly From 2014 |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1101751_plug-in-electric-car-sales-for-2015-fall-slightly-from-2014/page-2 |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=Green Car Reports}} ''A total of 49 Audi A3 e-trons were sold in the U.S. in 2015.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[BMW i8]] || Aug 2014 || 10,000 ||align=left |Nov 2016<ref name="BMWicars100k">{{cite press release |title=Three years since the market launch of BMW i. 100,000 electrified BMW on the road |date=2016-11-03 |location=Munich |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0265529EN/three-years-since-the-market-launch-of-bmw-i-100-000-electrified-bmw-on-the-road |access-date=2016-11-07 |website=BMW Group Press Club Global}} ''Three years after the market launch of the BMW i3, the BMW Group has delivered more than 100,000 purely electric-powered cars and plug-in hybrids to customers worldwide. The BMW i3 alone has reached more than 60,000 units, and the BMW i8 has more than 10,000 delivered since the middle of 2014. Additionally, there are the approximately 30,000 iPerformance plug-in hybrids sold worldwide.''</ref> |- align=center |align=left |[[Volvo XC90 T8]](5) || Aug 2015 || 9,044 || align=left |Jun 2016<ref name=Sales2015US/><ref name=CanadianEVsales/><ref name="Sales062016US">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-07-05 |title=June 2016 Dashboard |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/june-2016-dashboard/ |access-date=2016-08-18 |website=Hybrid Cars and Baum & Associates}}</ref><ref name=EU2015/><ref name=EuropeJune2016/> |- align=center |colspan="2" style="background:#f1f5fa;" |'''Cumulative global sales Dec 2008 – Dec 2016''' || style="background:#f1f5fa;"|'''~800,000''' || style="background:#f1f5fa;" align=left|'''Dec 2016'''<ref name="Global2016">{{cite web |date=February 2017 |title=Global Plug-in Sales for 2016 |url=http://www.ev-volumes.com/news/global-plug-in-sales-for-2016/ |access-date=2017-02-05 |website=EV-Volumes.com}}</ref> |- |colspan="4" style="background:#ABCDEF;"|'''Notes:''' (1) Includes Vauxhall/Opel Ampera sales in Europe, and Holden Volt in Australia and New Zealand. This figure includes over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through December 2016.<ref name="SixYears">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-12-12 |title=Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/chevy-volt-and-nissan-leaf-celebrate-their-sixth-year-anniversary/ |access-date=2016-12-14 |website=Hybrid Cars}} ''Global cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles totaled about 1.9 million units through November 2016. The Nissan Leaf is the world's leading plug-in car with more than 240,000 units delivered. {{As of|2016|11}}, the Tesla Model S ranks next with over 151,000, followed by the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 130,500 vehicles sold including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe, the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units, and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76,200.''</ref> (2) Sales in China only. (3) Sales in the U.S. and Canada only. (4) Only includes European sales for 2015. (5) Only accounts for CYTD 2016 sales in Europe, U.S. and Canada. |}

==Notable production models== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Model !! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image !! scope="col" |Range(EV mode) !!class="unsortable" scope="col" |Comments |- align="center" |[[BYD F3DM]] |[[File:Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG|center|125x125px]] |{{convert|60|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="BYD012011">{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Brad |date=2011-01-09 |title=BYD Announces Breakthrough U.S. Pricing for Chinese Long-Range Electric Cars |url=http://www.plugincars.com/exclusive-byd-executive-provides-breakthrough-us-pricing-chinese-electric-car.html |access-date=2011-01-11 |website=Plugin Cars}}</ref> |align="left" |The world's first [[Mass production|mass-produced]] plug-in hybrid automobile.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balfour |first=Frederik |date=2008-12-15 |title=China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2008-12-15/chinas-first-plug-in-hybrid-car-rolls-outbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |access-date=2015-02-17 |website=[[Bloomberg Business]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Voelcker |first=John |date=2015-01-29 |title=2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come |access-date=2015-02-17 |website=Green Car Reports}} ''BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt''.</ref> The F3DM was launched in December 2008 for the Chinese market for fleet customers and in March 2010 to the general public in [[Shenzhen]].<ref name="Sales2010">{{cite web |last=Zheng |first=Amanda |date=2010-11-04 |title=Private purchase of BYD e6 delayed due to insufficient infrastructure |url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/private-purchase-of-byd-e6-delayed-due-to-insuffic-101104.shtml |access-date=2010-11-06 |website=Gasgoo.com}}</ref><ref name="Edmunds310"/> |- align="center" |[[Fisker Karma]] |[[File:Fisker_at_speed_in_the_fog_trimmed.jpg|center|125x125px]] |{{convert|32|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} |align="left" |The first deliveries in the United States took place in late July 2011,<ref name="1stDelivery">{{cite news |last=Baker |first=David R. |date=2011-07-26 |title=Meet the Karma |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/energy/detail?entry_id=94012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728010236/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/energy/detail?entry_id=94012 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=2011-07-27 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> but deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fisker Automotive (press release) |date=2011-10-19 |title=Fisker Karma gets EPA certified: 52 mpge, 32-mile electric range then 20 mpg |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/10/19/fisker-karma-epa-certified-52-mpge-32-mile-electric-range/ |access-date=2012-01-15 |website=Autoblog Green}} ''See details in Press Release''.</ref> Production was suspended in November 2012 due to financial difficulties.<ref name="NYT032013">{{cite news |last=Berman |first=Bradley |date=2013-03-13 |title=Henrik Fisker Resigns From Fisker Automotive |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/henrik-fisker-resigns-from-fisker-automotive/ |access-date=2013-06-18 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Fisker Automotive]] filed for [[bankruptcy]] in November 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keane |first=Angela Greiling |date=2013-11-23 |title=Fisker Selling Assets to Li Group at $139 Million Loss to U.S. |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MV72XN1A1I4H01-6GLSGU1FDLTFU76TRRFLUMVJTV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030758/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MV72XN1A1I4H01-6GLSGU1FDLTFU76TRRFLUMVJTV |archive-date=2013-11-27 |access-date=2013-11-23 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> |- align="center" |[[Porsche 918 Spyder]] |[[File:Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg|center|125x125px]] |{{Convert|12|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]] |date=2014-05-30 |title=2015 Porsche 918 Spyder |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34856 |access-date=2014-06-01 |website=FuelEconomy.gov}}</ref> |align="left" |Porsche limited production to 918 units, sold as a 2014 [[model year]]. The supercar is capable of reaching {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on}} in [[all-electric mode]].<ref name="AB1012">{{cite web |last=Harley |first=Michael |date=2012-10-01 |title=2014 Porsche 918 Spyder |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/10/01/2014-porsche-918-spyder-deep-dive-review/ |access-date=2012-10-14 |website=Autoblog.com}}</ref> Retail deliveries began in Europe in May 2014.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Deliveries in the United States began in June 2014.<ref name="Garrett-2013"/> |- align="center" |[[McLaren P1]] |[[File:2013-03-05_Geneva_Motor_Show_7846.JPG|center|125x125px]] |{{Convert|19|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="P1">{{cite web |author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]] |date=2014-09-12 |title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2014 McLaren Automotive P1 |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=35600 |access-date=2014-09-12 |website=FuelEconomy.gov}} ''The P1 does not run on 100% electricity as it consumes 4.8 gallons per 100 mi in EV mode''</ref> |align="left" |Deliveries to retail customers started in the UK in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Joseph |first=Noah |date=2013-10-21 |title=McLaren P1 hits 62 mph in 2.8 seconds, 186 in 16.5 |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/10/21/mclaren-p1-official-performance-figures/ |access-date=2013-10-21 |website=Autoblog.com}}</ref> Production is limited to 375 units to maintain exclusivity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2013-05-06 |title=McLaren Quickly Sells Two-Thirds of Total Production Run of P1 Plug-In Hybrid |url=http://insideevs.com/mclaren-quickly-sells-two-thirds-of-total-production-run-of-p1-plug-in-hybrid/ |access-date=2013-05-06 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> The entire production was sold out by mid November 2013.<ref name="Soldout2">{{cite web |last=Tisshaw |first=Mark |date=2013-11-13 |title=McLaren P1 sold out |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/mclaren-p1/mclaren-p1-sold-out |access-date=2013-11-23 |website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]}}</ref> The production run ended in December 2015.<ref name="McLP12015">{{cite web |last=Moss |first=Darren |date=2015-12-10 |title=McLaren P1 production comes to an end |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mclaren-p1-production-comes-end |access-date=2016-01-25 |website=Autocar UK}}</ref> |- |[[Chevrolet Volt]] |[[File:2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg|center|125x125px]] |1st generation {{convert|35|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="Reuters112410">{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=David |last2=Krolicki |first2=Kevin |name-list-style=amp |date=2010-11-24 |title=Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AN65K20101124 |access-date=2010-11-24 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> 2nd generation {{Convert|53|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="EPAVolt2016"/> |Volt deliveries in the U.S. began in December 2010<ref name="Volt1stDelivery"/> and in September 2011 in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Canadian Press |date=2011-09-01 |title=Chevy brings electric Volt to Canada |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/chevy-brings-electric-volt-to-canada-1.1025988 |access-date=2011-09-22 |website=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> European customer deliveries of the Opel Ampera began in February 2012.<ref name="Opel Europe-2012"/>{{As of|2016|11}}, the Volt/Ampera family ranked as the world's best-selling plug-in car in history, with global sales of more than 130,500 units.<ref name="SixYears2">{{cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jeff |date=2016-12-12 |title=Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/chevy-volt-and-nissan-leaf-celebrate-their-sixth-year-anniversary/ |access-date=2016-12-14 |website=Hybrid Cars}}</ref> |- align="center" |[[BMW i8]] |[[File:2016_BMW_i8.jpg|center|125x125px]] |{{convert|37|km|abbr=on}}(NEDC)<ref name="i8Launch">{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2014-03-10 |title=First BMW i8 Deliveries Scheduled For June – Final Performance / Fuel Consumption Figures Released |url=http://insideevs.com/first-bmw-i8-deliveries-scheduled-june-final-perfomance-fuel-consumption-figure-releaseed/ |access-date=2014-03-10 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref>{{convert|15|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} (EPA)<ref>{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2014-08-08 |title=BMW i8 Gets EPA Rating: 15 Miles Electric Range, 76 MPGe, 28 MPG |url=http://insideevs.com/bmw-i8-gets-epa-rating-15-miles-electric-range-76-mpge-28-mpg/ |access-date=2014-08-08 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> |align="left" |Retail deliveries began in Germany in June 2014,<ref name="BMWi8First"/> and in the U.S. started in August 2014.<ref name="BMWi8US">{{cite web |last=Loveday |first=Eric |date=2014-08-16 |title=BMW Delivers First US i8 |url=http://insideevs.com/bmw-delivers-first-us-i8/ |access-date=2014-08-16 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> Deliveries of the roadster variant began in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kane |first=Mark |date=2018-05-23 |title=First 18 BMW i8 Roadster "First Edition" Cars Get Delivered |url=https://insideevs.com/news/338047/first-18-bmw-i8-roadster-first-edition-cars-get-delivered/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Inside EVs}}</ref> Global sales to retail customers totaled more than 20,000 units by March 2020, and production ended in April 2020.<ref name="i8End20K">{{cite press release |title=The BMW i8: From vision to icon, from bestseller to classic of the future |date=2020-03-11 |location=Munich |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0306181EN/the-bmw-i8:-from-vision-to-icon-from-bestseller-to-classic-of-the-future?language=en |quote=With more than 20 000 units sold since 2014, it achieved higher sales than all competitors in its segment combined. |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=BMW Group}}</ref> |}

==See also== * [[Electric car use by country]] * [[History of the electric vehicle]] * [[Hybrid electric vehicle#History|History of the hybrid electric vehicle]] * [[List of hybrid vehicles]] * [[List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicle]]

;Country/region specific * [[New energy vehicles in China]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States]] * [[Plug-in hybrids in California]] * [[Plug-in hybrids in New York]]

==References== {{reflist}}

[[Category:Electric vehicle technologies]] [[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]