{{Infobox person | name = Hisako Shimizu Hibi | image = Hayward, California. These people of Japanese ancestry are awaiting the special bus which will take . . . - NARA - 537522 (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Hisako Shimizu in 1942 | birth_name = Hisako Shimizu | birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|05|14}} | birth_place = Torihama, Fukui, Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|10|25|1907|05|14}} | death_place = San Francisco, California | other_names = | spouse = Matsusaburo 'George' Hibi<br />(1886–1947) | children = Satoshi (son, b.1931);<br /> Ibuki (daughter, b.1937) | occupation = Painter, teacher and printmaker | years_active = 1927–1991 | known_for = 72 paintings while interned in Tanforan and Topaz | notable_works = }}
'''Hisako Shimizu Hibi''' (May 14, 1907 – October 25, 1991) was a Japanese-born American Issei painter and printmaker. Hibi attended the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California, where she garnered experience and recognition in the fine arts and community art-exhibition.<ref name=":0" /> Here, she met her husband George Matsusaburo Hibi, with whom she raised two children, Satoshi "Tommy" Hibi and Ibuki Hibi.<ref name="Densho" />
Well-known for the large collection of paintings she created during her internment (1942-1946) at the American internment camps Tanforan and Topaz, Hibi assisted in founding and teaching art schools for interned children.<ref name=":2" /> Her work adds to a small collection of images from within the internment camps, as a consequence of censorship codes in the Executive Order 9066 that severely limited what images could be shown to the American public.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emmett |first=Arielle |date=April 2013 |title=Silent Soliloquy: An Unknown Photographer Chronicles the 'Inscrutable Laughter' of Japanese American Internment |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2013.801276 |journal=Visual Communication Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1080/15551393.2013.801276 |s2cid=143718871 |issn=1555-1393|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodriguez-Cunill |first1=Inmaculada |last2=Cabeza-Lainez |first2=Joseph |last3=Lopez-Cabrales |first3=Maria del Mar |date=2023-09-11 |title=Art and the City Fiction in Japanese American Internment Camps: Sequels for Resiliency |journal=Arts |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=195 |doi=10.3390/arts12050195 |issn=2076-0752 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
After internment, Hibi moved to New York City, where she obtained U.S. citizenship and pursued further education by enrolling in courses at the Museum of Modern Art. On June 30, 1947, Hibi's husband, George Matsusaburo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wakida |first=Patricia |date=July 24, 2015 |title=George Matsusaburo Hibi |url=Wakida, Patricia. "George Matsusaburo Hibi." Densho Encyclopedia. 24 Jul 2015, 18:27 PDT. 1 Nov 2023, 14:30 <https://encyclopedia.densho.org/George%20Matsusaburo%20Hibi>. |website=Densho Encyclopedia}}</ref> died from cancer shortly after his sixty-fifth birthday. Subsequently, Hibi returned to San Francisco, where she continued to exhibit her work in galleries, garnered recognition, and explored various alternative art styles before her eventual passing in 1991.
==Early years (1907–1941)== Hisako Hibi was born on May 14, 1907, in Torihama, a farming village located in the Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Hibi was born into a Buddhist family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Asian American Art, a History 1850-1970|last=Chang|first=Gordon H|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2008|location=Stanford, Calif|pages=329}}</ref><ref name="AAB" /> She was the eldest of six children and stayed with her grandmother after her parents moved to the United States. Upon joining her parents in Seattle, Washington in 1920, the Hibi family moved shortly thereafter to Los Angeles, California.<ref name="Densho" /> On account of her father's business success, Hibi's family returned to Japan in 1925.<ref name="AAB" /> Hibi remained in California, graduating from Lowell High School in San Francisco, California in 1929, where she'd begun creating art and learning English.<ref name=AAB>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianamericanbooks.com/newslets/nl0705.htm |title=An Interview with Ibuki Hibi Lee |author1=Chan, Leonard D. |author2=Chin, Philip |date=July 2005 |website=Asian American Books |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>
Following graduation, Hibi studied western-style oil painting at the California School of Fine Arts and participated in annual exhibitions at the San Francisco Art Association.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Kano|first1=Betty|date=1993|title=Four Northern California Artists: Hisako Hibi, Norine Nishimura, Yong Soon Min, and Miran Ahn|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=628–642|doi=10.2307/3178104|jstor=3178104|hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0019.310|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cseAAAAQBAJ&dq=Hisako+Hibi+studied+at+California+School+of+Fine+Arts&pg=PT125|title=The Art of Gaman: Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps 1942-1946|last=Hirasuna|first=Delphine|date=2013-11-19|publisher=Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale|isbn=978-0-307-80836-3|language=en}}</ref>
While at the school, she met fellow student and painter George Matsusaburo Hibi, who was more than twenty years her senior, and the two were married in 1930.<ref name="Densho">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hisako Hibi |encyclopedia=Densho Encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Hisako_Hibi/ |access-date=20 August 2015 |last1=Wakida |first1=Patricia}}</ref> In 1933, the couple moved first to Mount Eden, and then to Hayward, California, where they raised their children, Ibuki Hibi Lee and Satoshi Hibi. Throughout the 1930s and early 40s, Hibi exhibited with fellow artists including Elmer Bischoff, David Park, Karl Kasten, and Earle Loran, all of whom are renowned and were active in California.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Interview with Hisako Hibi at her residence in San Francisco, 15 March 1990, by Betty Kano and Elaine Kim</ref>
==Internment (1942–1945)== [[File:Hayward, California. With baggage piled on sidewalk, evacuees of Japanese ancestry await evacuation . . . - NARA - 537523.jpg|thumb|right|Hisako Hibi awaits evacuation with her son, Satoshi, and daughter, Ibuki, in Hayward, California on 8 May 1942, by Dorothea Lange for the WRA<!--It is clear from Hibi's memoirs (refer to linked citation in the text) that the family in this picture, based on clothing and location, is the Hibi family).-->]] In 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans underwent mandatory displacement of life, vocation, and recreation through the Executive Order 9066.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Margo |date=2020 |title=The Census and the Japanese "Internment": Apology and Policy in Statistical Practice |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/787875 |journal=Social Research: An International Quarterly |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=789–812 |doi=10.1353/sor.2020.0064 |s2cid=258100019 |issn=1944-768X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> With forced removal imminent, Hibi and her husband donated their paintings to different venues in the Hayward community, to express their thanks because they couldn't bring the work with them to internment camps for the duration of World War II.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kano|first=Betty|date=1993|title=Four northern California artists: Hisako Hibi, Norine Nishimura, Yong Soon Min, and Miran Ahn.|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=628–642|doi=10.2307/3178104|jstor=3178104|hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0019.310|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The Hibi family was first moved to the Tanforan Assembly Center in May and then to a more permanent camp at Topaz, Utah in September. Photographer and friend to the Hibi family, Dorothea Lange took a snapshot on May 8, 1942 of Hibi and her daughter Ibuki as they stood next to what was left of their belongings. In this photo, Ibuki Hibi, five years old, and her mother, Hisako Hibi, hold onto [https://50objects.org/object/ibukis-doll/ dolls] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibuki's Doll |url=https://50objects.org/object/ibukis-doll/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=50 Objects |language=en-US}}</ref> as they await the internment busses that transport them to the Tanforan Assembly Center.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hibi, Hisako |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUb_bcsHB8cC&pg=PA13 |title=Peaceful Painter: Memoirs of an Issei Woman Artist |author2=Lee, Ibuki H. |date=2004 |publisher=Heyday Books |isbn=1-890771-90-2 |location=Berkeley, California |page=13 |oclc=54952893 |access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref>
During their internment, Japanese Americans faced restrictions on owning or using cameras, and so turned to other artistic media.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Perceiving and resisting : the negotiations of art and photography at the Tanforan Assembly Center |url=http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/11713 |publisher=University of Delaware |date=2012 |language=en |first=Ariel |last=Berg}}</ref> Hisako Hibi, known for her artistic prowess, became involved in teaching children's art classes at both Tanforan and Topaz. Hisako Hibi, and other internment artist, Miné Okubo, found art as a means to express community discontent as well as a way to create a historical record of life in internment. Their artistic strides effectively defied government restrictions being placed around photography and camp documentation and played a crucial role in capturing these experiences.
While raising her two children in the camp, Hisako documented her experiences through her paintings, an example being ''Laundry Room (1944)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/nikkeialbum/items/1695/|title=Hisako Hibi -|website=DiscoverNikkei.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> The painting depicts how the camp bathing facilities were inadequate for the inmates, which resulted in the mothers improvising a bathing area by washing their children in the laundry room.<ref name="janm.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.janm.org/press/release/27/|title=New Exhibition: "A Process of Reflection: Paintings by Hisako Hibi" Opens July 27 {{!}} Press Releases {{!}} Japanese American National Museum|website=www.janm.org|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>
==Postwar years (1946–1991)== After the war, the Hibis relocated to New York City. When George Hibi died in 1947, Hibi took up work as a seamstress in a garment factory to support herself and her children. She later returned to school, studying under Victor D'Amico at the Museum of Modern Art, which influenced her painting style as it became increasingly abstract.<ref name="BKano">{{cite journal |last1=Kano |first1=Betty |title=Four Northern California Artists: Hisako Hibi, Norine Nishimura, Yong Soon Min, and Miran Ahn |journal=Feminist Studies |year=1993 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=628–642 |doi=10.2307/3178104|jstor=3178104 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0019.310 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
In 1953, Hibi became a U.S. citizen, taking advantage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.<ref name="JANM">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Hibi, Hisako |url=https://janm.emuseum.com/groups/hisako-hibi-collection/results |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Japanese American National Museum}}</ref> A year later, she moved back to San Francisco with her daughter, Ibuki Hibi Lee, while her son, Satoshi Hibi, went to Utah for college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibuki's Doll |url=https://50objects.org/object/ibukis-doll/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=50 Objects |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1954, Hibi worked as a housekeeper for Marcell Labaudt, who directed the Lucien Labaudt Gallery. During this time, she was able to work in a studio in Labaudt's garage.<ref name="BKano" /> She remained entrenched in West Coast art culture until Hibi died on October 25, 1991, in San Francisco, at the age of 84.
==Art works== ===Internment (April 1944-October 1944)=== At Tanforan, the Hibis and several other interned professional artists, including Byron Takashi Tsuzuki and Miné Okubo, organized the Tanforan Art School <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Niiya |first=Brian |date=November 4, 2022 |title="Tanforan/Topaz Art School" |url=https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Tanforan/Topaz%20Art%20School |access-date=October 17, 2023 |website=Densho Encyclopedia}}</ref> under the leadership of Chiura Obata within the first month of internment.<ref name="JANM" /> Hibi's work from Tanforan offers an uncommon perspective for an era of art dominated by men, as many of her paintings explore themes of femininity and motherhood.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bridges |first=Josephine |date=6 May 2008 |title=Art Consoles the Spirit |work=The Asian Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to the Hisako Hibi Collection |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2h4n990k/entire_text/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> Following the Obata family's departure from the camp <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ueno |first=Rihoko |date=2019-09-10 |title=One Spot of Normalcy: Chiura Obata's Art Schools |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/blog/2019/09/one-spot-of-normalcy-chiura-obatas-art-schools |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> in 1943, Matsusaburo and Hisako Hibi assumed leadership of the Topaz Art School.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Desert Canvas: Art as Commentary at the Tanforan and Topaz Art Schools of the Japanese American Internment, 1942-45 |last=Kiehn |first=Katharine |date=2019-03-13 |access-date=2024-11-12 |degree=Bachelor of Arts |publisher=University of Oregon |url=https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/items/417f9b01-14aa-4ad9-8253-c2e03f869fec}}</ref> The Hibis led the institution with their strong desire to bridge Eastern and Western traditions through the medium of art.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
[[File:Hisako Hibi painting landscape.png|thumb|left|Hibi demonstrates painting at Tanforan Assembly Center (1942). The painting is entitled ''Barrack 9, Apt. 6, San Bruno, California''.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 25, 1942 |title=Barrack 9, Apt. 6, San Bruno, California |url=https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/tf8j49n9tj/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Online Archive of California |publisher=Japanese American National Museum}}</ref>]]
While interned in Tanforan and Topaz, Hibi created seventy-two paintings and taught classes in drawing, painting (oil and watercolor) and sculpture to students at the Topaz Art School, which was the resumption of the Tanforan Art School.<ref name="JANM" /> While both Hibi and her husband George were influenced by late nineteenth-century European and American painters, Hibi was particularly influenced by the work of Mary Cassatt.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kimmelman, Michael |date=16 June 1995 |title=Art in Review |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/art-in-review-012195.html |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hirasuna |first=Delphine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cseAAAAQBAJ&dq=Hisako+Hibi+studied+at+California+School+of+Fine+Arts&pg=PT125 |title=The Art of Gaman: Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps 1942-1946 |date=2013-11-19 |publisher=Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale |isbn=978-0-307-80836-3 |language=en}}</ref> Many of her oil paintings from the camp years depict the intimate daily life of mothers at work, the cold sterility of the barracks, and images such as persimmons and New Year's rice cakes, that symbolized a nostalgia for a previous life. In 1943, she received a prize for a still life of flowers<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1943 |title=Flowers grown in Tanforan. |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5z09n9rk/ |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=Calisphere |quote=This entry in the art exhibit recently held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, under the sponsorship of the Friends Meeting, received a special award, first in flower painting. ARTIST: Hisako Hibi, Central Utah Relocation Center, Topaz, Utah. -- Cambridge, Massachusetts. ?/?/43}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hibi, Hisako |date=August 1942 |title=Flowers |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf5j49n7rm/ |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=Calisphere |quote=August 1942 at Tanforan Assembly Center, San Bruno, Calif.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hibi, Hisako |date=August 1942 |title=Flowers |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf4k4003md/ |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=Calisphere}}</ref> that was exhibited in a show of work made by incarcerated artists that was held at the Friends Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref name="Densho" />
===Post-internment (1945–1985)=== Art was important to Hibi; she mentioned that her art kept her at peace and happy after the struggles she went through in the U.S.<ref name="BKano" /> In the postwar years, Hibi exhibited widely in the Bay Area, where, in 1970, her first solo exhibit was held at the Lucien Labaudt Gallery, where George’s art had been exhibited in 1962.<ref>{{cite interview |title=Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed: Volume II, The Internment |url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft1290031s;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e212&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e162&brand=calisphere |access-date=17 September 2015 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley |date=1974 |author1=Cozzens, Robert |author2=Myer, Dillon S. |author3=Kingman, Ruth}}</ref> In 1985, the San Francisco Arts Commission presented Hibi with an Award of Honor, and mounted a major solo exhibition ''Hisako Hibi, Her Path'' at the Somar Gallery. She was an early member of the Asian American Women Artists Association.<ref name="Densho" /><ref name="janm.org" />
Post internment, Hibi's artwork and approach to artistic expression in paintings evolved. Initially inspired by Western approaches like figuration and landscapes, much of which is seen in her internment artwork, Hibi moved to take inspiration from Japanese styles through abstraction and spiritual depictions.<ref name=":1" /> She abandoned sketching all together in her process, instead favoring paint worked directly onto canvas. In Hibi's more recent work, one can find her exploration of this more abstract art style, for example, in one of her six post-war paintings, ''Autumn (1970)''.<ref name="janm.org" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Hisako Hibi's most-known artworks !Name !Size !Medium !Year !Location !View the painting |- |''Homeage to Mary Cassat'' |24x20 in. |Oil on canvas |1943 |Topaz, Utah |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/homag_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''Windy'' |20x24 in |Oil on canvas |1944 |Topaz, Utah |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/windy_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''Topaz, Utah'' |16x20 in. |Oil on canvas |1945 |Topaz, Utah |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/topaz_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''Frightful New York'' |24x20 in. |Oil on canvas |1946 |New York |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/frigh_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''Waiting for a Bus to Work'' |24x20 in. |Oil on canvas |1955 |San Francisco, California |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/waiti_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''Autumn'' |38.5x31.5 in. |Oil on canvas |1970 |San Francisco, California |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/autum_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''War and Suffering'' |35x42 in. |Oil on canvas |1982 |San Francisco, California |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/waran_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |- |''Construction'' |39x31 in. |Oil on canvas |1985 |San Francisco, California |[https://www.asianamericanbooks.com/pics/const_lg.jpg The Hisako Hibi Gallery] |}
===Other artworks=== * {{cite web |url=http://www.janm.org/collections/hisako-hibi-collection/ |title=Hisako Hibi Collection |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Japanese American National Museum |access-date=16 September 2015}} * {{cite web |url=http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2h4n990k/?&brand=calisphere |title=Guide to the Hisako Hibi Collection |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=13 November 2000 |publisher=Online Archive of California |access-date=17 September 2015}} * {{cite web |url=http://collections.museumca.org/?q=collection-item/h764021 |title=Dinnertime |date=May 1945 |author=Hibi, Hisako |website=Oakland Museum of California Collections |access-date=18 September 2015 }} * {{cite web |url=http://collections.lacma.org/node/212022 |title=Fear |author=Hibi, Hisako |date=1948 |website=Los Angeles County Museum of Art |access-date=17 September 2015}} * {{cite web |url=http://artasiamerica.org/artist/detail/152 |title=Hibi, Hisako |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1943–1980 |website=Asian American Arts Centre |access-date=18 September 2015 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.asianamericanbooks.com/hibi.htm |title=The Hisako Hibi Gallery |author=Hibi, Hisako |date=1943–1985 |website=Asian American Books |access-date=17 September 2015}} * [https://americanart.si.edu/artist/hisako-hibi-33445 Hisako Hibi]. Smithsonian American Art Museum.
== Exhibitions == Hibi's works were featured in the exhibit, ''Pictures of Belonging: Miki Hayakawa, Hisako Hibi, and Miné Okubo''. This traveling exhibit was shown at the University of Utah, Utah Museum of Fine Arts (February 24–June 30, 2024) and will travel to the Smithsonian American Art Museum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pictures of Belonging: Miki Hayakawa, Hisako Hibi, and Miné Okubo {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/pictures-of-belonging |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Judkis |first=Maura |date=2025-04-30 |title=Review {{!}} Japanese incarceration interrupted these artists’ careers, but not their art |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2025/04/30/pictures-of-belonging-exhibit/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>(November 15, 2024–August 17, 2025), the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (October 2, 2025–January 4, 2026), Monterey Museum of Art (February 5, 2026–April 19, 2026), and Japanese American National Museum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pictures of Belonging: Miki Hayakawa, Hisako Hibi, and Miné Okubo {{!}} Japanese American National Museum |url=https://www.janm.org/exhibits/pictures-of-belonging |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.janm.org}}</ref> (late 2026). The accompanying catalog, ''Pictures of Belonging: Miki Hayakawa, Hisako Hibi, and Miné Okubo'', edited by ShiPu Wang, was published in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=ShiPu |title=Pictures of belonging: Miki Hayakawa, Hisako Hibi, and Miné Okubo |date=2023 |publisher=Japanese American National Museum University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-39467-4 |location=Los Angeles Oakland}}</ref>
==Legacy== Hibi's memoir, ''Peaceful Painter: Memoirs of an Issei Woman Artist'' was edited by her daughter, Ibuki H. Lee, and published posthumously in 2004 by Heyday Books, along with an accompanying exhibition at the Japanese American National Museum.<ref name="Densho" /> Hibi's granddaughter, Amy Lee-Tai, wrote a children's book based on the experiences of the Hibi family in Topaz. She titled it ''A Place Where Sunflowers Grow'' and the book was published by Children's Book Press in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hudson, Sigrid |date=20 July 2007 |title=A Place Where Sunflowers Grow: A Granddaughter's Tribute to Artist Hisako Hibi |url=http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2007/7/20/hisako-hibi/ |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Discover Nikkei}}</ref>
Although Hibi's art has featured in many well known exhibits, such as the Smithsonian American Art Museum,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hisako Hibi {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/hisako-hibi-33445 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> much of it has been lost or displaced. A neighbor from Hayward, who stored several of the family's paintings during internment, died in 1954, depleting what is known to be left of Hibi's early works.<ref name="AAB" /> In addition, Ibuki Lee recounted finding selections from Hibi's internment artwork in online marketplaces and garage sales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian American Art and the Obligation of Museums |url=https://journalpanorama.org/article/asian-american-art/obligation-of-museums/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Panorama |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="AAB" />
Of the seventy-two remaining paintings that Hibi created while interned, one is in the collection of the Oakland Museum of California, one was given to the San Francisco Buddhist Church, seven are in a private collection, and sixty-three were donated to the Japanese American National Museum between 1996 and 1998.<ref name="JANM" /> Some of the works that George Hibi created while interned are stored at UCLA.<ref>{{cite web |date=2001 |title=Finding Aid for the Matsusaburo Hibi Papers, 1893-1972 |url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7s2007h1/ |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Online Archive of California}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography=== * {{cite book |author=Brown, Michael D. |title=Views from Asian California, 1920–1965 |publisher=Michael D. Brown |location=San Francisco |date=1992 |isbn=9780963396808 |oclc=27305587 }} * {{cite book |url=https://history.stanford.edu/publications/asian-american-art-history-1850-1970 |editor1=Chang, Gordon H. |editor2=Johnson, Mark Dean |editor3=Karlstrom, Paul J. |title=Asian American Art: A History, 1850–1970 |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2008 |isbn=9780804757515 |oclc=184925464 |access-date=16 September 2015}}. * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondwordsimage00gese |title=Beyond Words: Images from America's Concentration Camps |author1=Gesensway, Deborah |author2=Roseman, Mindy |date=1987 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |isbn=0-8014-9522-9 |url-access=registration }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUb_bcsHB8cC&pg=PA13 |title=Peaceful Painter: Memoirs of an Issei Woman Artist |author1=Hibi, Hisako |author2=Lee, Ibuki H. |date=2004 |publisher=Heyday Books |location=Berkeley, California |page=13 |isbn=1-890771-90-2 |oclc=54952893 |access-date=15 September 2015 }} * {{cite journal |jstor=3178104 |author=Kano, Betty |title=Four Northern California Artists: Hisako Hibi, Norine Nishimura, Yong Soon Min, and Miran Ahn |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=19 |issue=3 |date=Fall 1993 |pages=628–642 |doi=10.2307/3178104 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0019.310 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/placewheresunflo0000leet |author=Lee-Tai, Amy |others=Illustrated by Felicia Hoshino |title=A Place Where Sunflowers Grow |trans-title=砂漠に咲いたひまわり |publisher=California Children's Book Press |location=San Francisco |date=2006 |isbn=9780892392155 |oclc=779036436 |access-date=17 September 2015 |url-access=registration }} * {{cite book |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520240537 |title=Art of Engagement: Visual Politics in California and Beyond |author1=Selz, Peter |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24052-9 |access-date=17 September 2015 }} * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewelofdesertjap00tayl |author=Taylor, Sandra C. |title=Jewel of the Desert: Japanese American Internment at Topaz |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1993 |isbn=0520080041 |oclc=26364261 |access-date=16 September 2015 |url-access=registration }}
==External links== * {{cite web |url=https://www.kitagakiphoto.com/new-gallery/2018/8/19/ibuki-hibi-lee |author1=Lange, Dorothea |author2=Kitagaki Jr., Paul |title=THEN and NOW: Ibuki Hibi Lee |date=4 June 2012 |website=Kitagaki Photo |access-date=15 September 2015 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.japaneserelocation.org/index.php?page=directory&rec=12639 |title=Hisako Hibi — WWII Relocation Record |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |website=JapaneseRelocation.org |access-date=17 September 2015}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hibi, Hisako}} Category:1907 births Category:1991 deaths Category:Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni Category:American artists of Japanese descent Category:Japanese-American internees Category:Japanese people imprisoned in the United States Category:People from Fukui Prefecture Category:Japanese emigrants to the United States Category:Artists from San Francisco Category:People from Hayward, California Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni