{{short description|Historic term for India}} {{other uses|Hindustan (disambiguation)}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} [[File:1864 Johnson's Map of India (Hindostan or British India) - Geographicus - India-j-64.jpg|thumb|300px|Alvin J. Johnson's map of Hindostan or British India, 1864]]
'''Hindustan''' ({{IPA|en|ˈhɪn.du.stæn}} or {{IPA|en|ˈhɪn.du.stɑn}}, {{respell|HIN|doo|stan}}; {{small|{{audio|Hindustan pronunciation1.ogg|pronunciation}}}}), along with its shortened form '''Hind''',<ref name="Kapur20192">{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Anu |title=Mapping Place Names of India |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-61421-7 |language=en}}</ref> is the Persian-language name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, that later became commonly used by its inhabitants in Hindustani.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=Koeli Moitra |date=2 March 2018 |title=In Other Spaces: Contestations of National Identity in "New" India's Globalized Mediascapes |journal=Journalism & Communication Monographs |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=4–73 |doi=10.1177/1522637917750131 |quote="Hindustan," or the land of the Hindus, is another Hindi name for India. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Śivaprasāda18742">{{cite book |last1=Śivaprasāda |first1=Rājā |title=A History of Hindustan |date=1874 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |page=15 |language=en |quote=The Persians called the tract lying on the left bank of the Sindhu (Indus) Hind, which is but a corruption of the word Sindh.}}</ref><ref name="Brill" /><ref>{{harvp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=46}}: "They used the name ''Hindustan'' for India Intra Gangem or taking the latter expression rather loosely for the Indian subcontinent proper. The term ''Hindustan'', which in the "Naqsh-i-Rustam" inscription of Shapur I denoted India on the lower Indus, and which later gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent, was used by some of the European authors concerned as a part of bigger India. Hindustan was of course a well-known name for the subcontinent used in India and outside in medieval times."</ref> Historically, the term also referred to the northern Indian subcontinent (the superior part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the regions north of the Vindhya Range in distinction to Deccan in the south) and particularly the Doab region of northern India.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Hindustan-historical-area-Asia] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2025, 3 March). Hindustan. Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref><ref name="Kapur2019">{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Anu |title=Mapping Place Names of India |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-61421-7 |language=en}}</ref> Since the partition of India in 1947, ''Hindustan'' continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India.<ref>{{citation |title=Shaikh Ayaz International Conference – Language & Literature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020050542/http://www.usindh.edu.pk/shaikh_ayaz_conf_07/sindh.html |archive-date=20 October 2007 |chapter=Sindh: An Introduction |chapter-url=http://www.usindh.edu.pk/shaikh_ayaz_conf_07/sindh.html}}</ref><ref name="Singh20092">{{cite book |author=Sarina Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA276 |title=Lonely Planet India |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |isbn=9781741791518 |edition=13, illustrated |page=276}}</ref><ref name="Everaer20102">{{cite book |author=Christine Everaer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA82 |title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004177314 |edition=annotated |page=82}}</ref>
The Arabic equivalent of the term is al-Hind.<ref name="Kapur2019" /> Hindustan was also commonly spelt as '''Hindostan''' or '''Hindoostan''' in English. The word was also used in Prakrit and Sanskrit languages widely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=George A. |title=Hindustan and Hindostan |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=February 1933 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=257–260 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00105889 |s2cid=176975272 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/hindustan-and-hindostan/3BDB1D9A8EE259F9FBEAE9856508B350 |language=en |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Etymology == Hindustan is derived from the Persian word ''Hindū'', which is cognate with the Sanskrit word ''Sindhu'' (meaning "''Indus River''").{{sfnp|Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva|2002|p=3}} The Proto-Iranian sound change ''*s'' > ''h'' occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola.{{sfnp|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015|loc=Chapter 9}} Hence, the Rigvedic ''sapta sindhava'' (the land of seven rivers) became ''hapta hindu'' in the Avesta. It was said to be the "fifteenth domain" created by Ahura Mazda, apparently a land of 'abnormal heat'.{{sfnp|Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva|2002|p=2}} In 515 BCE, Darius I annexed the Indus Valley including ''Sindhu'', the present day Sindh, which was called ''Hindu'' in Persian.{{sfnp|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015|loc=Chapter 1}} During the time of Xerxes, the term "Hindu" was also applied to the lands to the east of Indus.{{sfnp|Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva|2002|p=3}}
In middle Persian, probably from the first century CE, the suffix ''-stān'' was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the present word ''Hindūstān''.{{sfnp|Habib, Hindi/Hindwi in Medieval Times|2011|p=105}} Thus, Sindh was referred to as ''Hindūstān'', in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of Shapur I in {{circa}} 262 CE.{{sfnp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=46}}{{sfnp|Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|2000|p=553}}
Historian B. N. Mukherjee states that from the lower Indus basin, the term ''Hindūstān'' got gradually extended to "more or less the whole of the subcontinent". The Greco-Roman name "India" and the Chinese name ''Shen-tu'' also followed a similar evolution.{{sfnp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=46}}{{sfnp|Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|2000|p=555}}
The Arabic term ''Hind'', derived from Persian ''Hindu'', was previously used by the Arabs to refer to the much wider region from the Makran coast to the Indonesian archipelago.<ref name="Wink2002"/> But eventually it too became identified with the Indian subcontinent.
==Current usage==
===Republic of India=== "Hindustan" is often used to refer to the modern-day the Republic of India.<ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book |author=Sarina Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA276 |title=Lonely Planet India |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |isbn=9781741791518 |edition=13, illustrated |page=276}}</ref><ref name="Everaer2010">{{cite book |author=Christine Everaer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA82 |title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004177314 |edition=annotated |page=82}}</ref><ref name="White-Spunner2017">{{citation |last=White-Spunner |first=Barney |title=Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wx9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 |year=2017 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=978-1-4711-4802-6 |page=5}}</ref> Slogans involving the term are commonly heard at sports events and other public programmes involving teams or entities representing the modern nation-state of India. In marketing, it is also commonly used as an indicator of national origin in advertising campaigns and is present in many company names. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and his party the Muslim League, insisted on calling the modern-day Republic of India "Hindustan" in reference to its Hindu-majority population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pande |first=Aparna |date=2011 |title=Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&pg=PA15 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=14–15 |isbn=978-0415599009 |quote="At partition, the Muslim League tried, unsuccessfully, to convince the British that the two independent countries should be called Hindustan and Pakistan but neither the British nor the Congress gave in to this demand. It is important to note that Jinnah and the majority of the Pakistani policy-makers have often referred to independent India as "Hindustan," as an affirmation of the two nation theory. "}}</ref>
=== Language === {{main article|Hindustani language}}
The ''Hindustani language'' is the language of Hindustan and the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Ashmore1961">{{cite book |last1=Ashmore |first1=Harry S. |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 |date=1961 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |page=579 |language=en |quote=The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.}}</ref> Hindustani derives from the Old Hindi language of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi areas. Its literary standard forms—Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu—use different scripts. The Hindi register itself derives its name from shortened form, ''Hind'' (India).<ref name="Beg1996">{{cite book |last1=Beg |first1=Mirzā K̲h̲alīl |title=Sociolinguistic perspective of Hindi and Urdu in India |date=1996 |publisher=Bahri Publications |page=37 |language=en |quote=The word Hind meaning 'India', comes from the Persian language, and the suffix -i which is transcribed in the Persian alphabet as ya-i-ma'ruf is a grammatical marker meaning 'relating to'. The word Hindi, thus, meant 'relating/belonging to India' or the 'Indian native'.}}</ref>
==Historical usages== {{quotebox | align = right | width = 200px | title = Babur Nama | text = The country of Hindustan is extensive, full of men and full of produce. On the east, south and even on the west it ends at its great enclosing ocean (''muḥiṭ-daryā-sī-gha''). On the north it has mountains that connect with those of Hindu-Kush, Kafiristan and Kashmir. North-west of it lies Kabul, Ghazni and Qandahar. Dihlī is held (''aīrīmīsh'') to be the capital of the whole of Hindustan... | source = – ''Babur Nama'', A. S. Beveridge, trans., vol. 1, sec. iii: 'Hindustan'{{sfnp|Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|2000|p=17}} }} Early Persian scholars had limited knowledge of the extent of India. After the advent of Islam and the Muslim conquests, the meaning of ''Hindustan'' interacted with its Arabic variant ''Hind'', which was derived from Persian as well, and almost became synonymous with it. The Arabs, engaging in oceanic trade, included all the lands from ''Tis'' in western Balochistan (near modern Chabahar) to the Indonesian archipelago, in their idea of ''Hind'', especially when used in its expansive form as "''Al-Hind''". ''Hindustan'' did not acquire this elaborate meaning. According to André Wink, it also did not acquire the distinction, which faded away, between ''Sind'' (roughly what is now western Pakistan) and ''Hind'' (the lands to the east of the Indus River);<ref name=Brill>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=S. Maqbul |chapter=Hind: The Geography of India according to the Medieaeval Muslim Geographers |chapter-url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hind-COM_0290 |editor1=B. Lewis |editor2=V. L. Ménage |editor3=Ch. Pellat |editor4=J. Schacht |title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume III (H–IRAM) |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8X4vQAACAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12756-2 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, Hind: The Geography|1986}}}}</ref><ref name="Wink2002">{{harvp|Wink, Al-Hind, Volume 1|2002|p=5}}: "The Arabs, like the Greeks, adopted a pre-existing Persian term, but they were the first to extend its application to the entire Indianized region from Sind and Makran to the Indonesian Archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Wink, Al-Hind, Volume 1|2002|p=145}}: "The Arabic literature often conflates 'Sind' with 'Hind' into a single term. Sind, in point of fact, while vaguely defined territorially, overlaps rather well with what is currently Pakistan. It definitely did extend beyond the present province of Sind and Makran; the whole of Baluchistan was included, a part of the Panjab, and the North-West Frontier Province."</ref> other sources state that ''Sind'' and ''Hind'' were used synonymously from early times,<ref name="Fatiḥpūrī1987">{{cite book |last1=Fatiḥpūrī |first1=Dildār ʻAlī Farmān |title=Pakistan movement and Hindi-Urdu conflict |date=1987 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |language=en |quote=There are examples to show that "Hind" and "Sind", have been used as synonyms.}}</ref> and that after the arrival of Islamic rule in India, "the variants Hind and Sind were used, as synonyms, for the entire subcontinent."<ref name="Qureshi1965">{{cite book |last1=Qureshi |first1=Ishtiaq Husain |title=The Struggle for Pakistan |date=1965 |publisher=University of Karachi |page=1|language=en |quote=It was after the Arab conquest that the name Sind came to be applied to territories much beyond modern Sind and gradually it came to pass that the variants Hind and Sind were used, as synonyms, for the entire subcontinent.}}</ref>
The 10th century text ''Hudud al-Alam'' defined ''Hindustan'' as roughly the Indian subcontinent, with its western limit formed by the river Indus, southern limit going up to the Great Sea and the eastern limit at Kamarupa, the present day Assam.{{sfnp|Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|2000|p=555}} For the next ten centuries, both ''Hind'' and ''Hindustan'' were used within the subcontinent with exactly this meaning, along with their adjectives ''Hindawi'', ''Hindustani'' and ''Hindi''.<ref>{{citation |first=M. Athar |last=Ali |title=The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl |journal=Social Scientist |volume=24 |pages=80–88 |number=1/3 |date=January 1996 |jstor=3520120 |ref={{sfnref|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India|1996}} |doi=10.2307/3520120}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Imtiaz |chapter=Concepts of India: Expanding Horizons in Early Medieval Arabic and Persian Writing |editor=Ifran Habib |title=India — Studies in the History of an Idea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyhuAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1152-0 |pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Irfan |last=Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |pages=3–10 |number=7/8 |date=July 1997 |jstor=3517600 |ref={{sfnref|Habib, The Formation of India|1997}} |doi=10.2307/3517600}}</ref> Indeed, in 1220 CE, historian Hasan Nizami described ''Hind'' as being "from Peshawar to the shores of the [[Indian Ocean|[Indian] Ocean]], and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin."<ref name="IM1887">{{cite book |title=The Indian Magazine, Issues 193-204 |date=1887 |publisher=National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India |page=292 |language=en |quote=Again Hasan Nizami of Nisha-pur, about A.D. 1220, writes: "The whole of ''Hind'', from Peshawar to the shores of the Ocean, and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of ''Chin''."}}</ref>
With the Turko-Persian conquests starting in the 11th century, an accurate meaning of ''Hindustan'' took shape, defining the land of the river Indus. The conquerors were liable to call the lands under their control Hindustan, ignoring the rest of the subcontinent.<ref name="Daniyal">Shoaib Daniyal, [https://scroll.in/article/855876/land-of-hindus-mohan-bhagwat-narendra-modi-and-the-sangh-parivar-are-using-hindustan-all-wrong Land of Hindus? Mohan Bhagwat, Narendra Modi and the Sangh Parivar are using 'Hindustan' all wrong], Scroll.in, 30 October 2017.</ref> In the early 11th century a satellite state of the Ghaznavids in the Punjab with its capital at Lahore was called "Hindustan".<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hindu J. T. P. de Bruijn, art. HINDU] at Encyclopædia Iranica Vol. XII, Fasc. 3, pp. 311-312, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hindu, Retrieved 6 May 2016</ref> After the Delhi Sultanate was established, north India, especially the Gangetic plains and the Punjab, came to be called "Hindustan".<ref name="Daniyal" /><ref name="brit">{{cite web |title=Hindustan |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040520/Hindustan |access-date=2 May 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Anglo-Indian">{{citation |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |title=Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&pg=PR3 |year=1996 |orig-date=first published 1886 |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-85326-363-7}}: "'''Hindostan''', n.p. Pers. ''Hindūstan''. (a) 'The country of 'Hindūs' or Indus people, India. In modern native parlance the word indicates distinctively (b) India north of the Nerbudda, and exclusive of Bengal and Behar. The latter provinces are regarded as ''pūrb'' (see '''Poorub'''), and all south of the Nerbudda as ''Dakhan'' (see '''Deccan'''). But the word is used in older Mahommedan authors just as it is used in English school-books and atlases, viz., as (a) the equivalent of India Proper. Thus Babur says of Hindustan: 'On the East, the South and the West it is bounded by the Ocean'"</ref><ref name="Macdonnell">{{cite book |last=Macdonnell |first=Arthur A. |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Haskell House Publishers |year=1968 |orig-date=first published 1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVmf1yA6H-4C&pg=PA141 |page=141 |id=GGKEY:N230TU9P9E1}}</ref> Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that this narrow meaning of ''Hindustan'' existed side by side with the wider meaning, and some of the authors used both of them simultaneously.{{sfnp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=132}}
In the time of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857), the ruling elite and its Persian historiographers made a further distinction between "Hindustan" and "Hind". Hindustan referred to the territories of northern India in the Doab and adjacent regions under Muslim political control, while "Hind" referred to the rest of India.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&dq=tughluq+hind+and+sind&pg=PA86 |title=The Delhi Sultanate:A Political and Military History |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521543293}}</ref>
In the Delhi Sultanate, Hindustan referred to the territories of today's northern India, the Punjab and the lands of the Indus. The Mughals called their lands 'Hindustan'. The term 'Mughal' itself was never used to refer to the land. As the empire expanded, so too did 'Hindustan'. At the same time, the meaning of 'Hindustan' as the entire Indian subcontinent is also found in ''Baburnama'' and ''Ain-i-Akbari''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vanina |first=Eugenia |author-link=Eugenia Vanina |title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47 |year=2012 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-19-1 |page=47 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Mughals made a further distinction between "Hindustani" and "Hindu". In Mughal sources, Hindustani commonly referred to Muslims in Hindustan, while non-Muslim Indians were referred to as Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |title=Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court |author=Chandra, Satish |date= 1959 }}</ref> This meaning was also employed in the Delhi Sultanate, for e.g. the army of Ghiyas ud din Balban was referred to as "Hindustani" troops, who were attacked by the "Hindus".<ref name=":0" />
=== Kingdom of Nepal === The last Gorkhali King Prithvi Narayan Shah self proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as ''Asal Hindustan'' (Real Hindustan) due to North India being ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers. The self proclamation was done to enforce Hindu social code Dharmashastra over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for Hindus. He also referred Northern India as ''Mughlan'' (Country of Mughals) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh |author1-link=Yogi Naraharinath |last1=Naraharinath |first1=Yogi |author2-link=Baburam Acharya |last2=Acharya |first2=Baburam |publisher=Shree Krishna Acharya |year=2014 |edition=2014 Reprint |isbn=978-99933-912-1-0 |location=Kathmandu |pages=4, 5}}</ref>
=== Colonial India === The dual meanings of the terms "India," "Hindustan," and the "Mughal Empire" persisted with the arrival of Europeans. For instance, Rennel produced an atlas titled the ''Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan'' or the Mogul Empire in 1792, which actually depicted the Indian subcontinent. This conflation of terms by Rennel illustrates the complexity and overlap of these concepts during that period.<ref name="Edney p.11">{{citation |last=Edney |first=Matthew H. |title=Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_FBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |date=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-18486-9 |page=11}}</ref>{{sfnp|Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat|2014|loc=paragraph 3}} J. Bernoulli, to whom ''Hindustan'' meant the Mughal Empire, called his French translation ''La Carte générale de l'Inde'' (General Map of India).{{sfnp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=71}} This 'Hindustan' of British reckoning was divided into British-ruled territories (more often referred to as 'British India') and the territories ruled by native rulers.{{sfnp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=48}} The British officials and writers, however, thought that the Indians used 'Hindustan' to refer to only North India.{{sfnp|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989|p=133}}<ref name=Macdonnell/> An ''Anglo-Indian Dictionary'' published in 1886 states that, while ''Hindustan'' means India, in the native parlance it had come to represent the region north of Narmada River excluding Bihar and Bengal.<ref name="Anglo-Indian"/>
During the independence movement, the Indians referred to their land by all three names: 'India', 'Hindustan' and 'Bharat'.{{sfnp|Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat|2014|loc=paragraph 1}} Mohammad Iqbal's poem ''Tarānah-e-Hindī'' ("Anthem of the People of Hind") was a popular patriotic song among Indian independence activists:{{sfnp|Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat|2014|loc=paragraph 26}}
<poem> ''Sāre jahāṉ se acchā Hindustān hamārā'' (the best of all lands is our Hindustan) </poem>
=== Partition of India === {{Main|Partition of India}}
[[Image:Jai Hind Post-mark.gif|thumb|250px|right|Jai Hind postmark, which was issued on 15 August 1947]] The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of British India, which came to be called 'Pakistan' in popular parlance and the Dominion of India came to be called 'Hindustan'.{{sfnp|Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina|2015|pp=17–18, 22}} The British officials too picked up the two terms and started using them officially.<ref name="White-Spunner2017"/>
However, this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the land of Hindus. They insisted that the new Dominion of India should be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'.<ref>{{citation |last=Sabharwal |first=Gopa |title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9gvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5214-089-3 |page=12 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India, whereas 'Bharat' was adopted as an official name.{{sfnp|Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat|2014|loc=paragraph 39}} It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially.{{sfnp|Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat|2014|loc=paragraphs 42–45}}
The Indian Armed Forces use the salutary version of the name, "Jai Hind", as a battle cry.<ref name="Kapur2019"/>
== See also == {{Portal|India}} * Asal Hindustan - Historical name Nepal (Gorkha) Kingdom * Hindoestani, Dutch word for people of Indian origin in Suriname * Al-Hindiya, city in Karbala, Iraq, named after an Indian noble * Mainland India * Names for India ** Āryāvarta ** Bharat ** Jambudvīpa * Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, fusion of Hindu-Muslim cultures in northern India * -stan, Persian suffix meaning "land of"
== References == {{Reflist}}
== General sources == * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Hindustan-historical-area-Asia Hindustan] on Encyclopedia Britannica * {{cite journal |last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |title='India, that is Bharat…': One Country, Two Names |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=10 |year=2014 |url=http://samaj.revues.org/3717 |ref={{sfnref|Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat|2014}}}} * {{citation |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |title=Creating a New Medina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR2 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05212-3 |ref={{sfnref|Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina|2015}}}} * {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |chapter=Hindi/Hindwi in Medieval Times: Aspects of Evolution and Recognition of a Language |editor1=Ishrat Alam |editor2=Syed Ejaz Hussain |title=The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qSbjBTDC-UC&pg=PA105 |year=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-16-0 |pages=105–124 |ref={{sfnref|Habib, Hindi/Hindwi in Medieval Times|2011}} |via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last=Lipner |first=Julius |title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |author-link=Julius J. Lipner |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=0415051827}} * {{cite book |first=Asko |last=Parpola |author-link=Asko Parpola |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0190226923 |ref={{sfnref|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015}}}} * {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Bratindra Nath |author-link=B. N. Mukherjee |title=The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Place Names Society of India |ref={{sfnref|Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent|1989}} |via=Google Books}} * {{citation |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Niharranjan |editor2-last=Chattopadhyaya |editor2-first=Brajadulal |title=A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcyho16xzWEC |year=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1871-1 |ref={{sfnref|Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|2000}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |author-link=Arvind Sharma |title=On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva |journal=Numen |volume=49 |pages=1–36 |number=1 |year=2002 |jstor=3270470 |ref={{sfnref|Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva|2002}} |doi=10.1163/15685270252772759}} * {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |edition=Third |orig-date=first published 1990 |isbn=0391041738 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC |ref={{sfnref|Wink, Al-Hind, Volume 1|2002}} |via=Google Books}}
== Further reading == {{Wikiquote}} * ''A Sketch of the History of Hindustan from the First Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughal Empire'' by H. G. Keene. ([https://www.jstor.org/pss/546854 Hindustan] The English Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 5 (Jan. 1887), pp. 180–181.) * ''Story of India through the Ages; An Entertaining History of Hindustan, to the Suppression of the Mutiny'', by Flora Annie Steel, 1909 E.P. Dutton and Co., New York. (as recommended by the New York Times; [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E5D91439E733A25753C2A9649C946897D6CF Flora Annie Steel] Book Review, 20 February 1909, New York Times.) * ''The History of Hindustan: Post Classical and Modern'', Ed. B.S. Danniya and Alexander Dow. 2003, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1993-4}}. (History of Hindustan (First published: 1770–1772). Dow had succeeded his father as the private secretary of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.)
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Category:Cultural history of India Category:Demographic history of India Category:Persian words and phrases Category:Urdu words and phrases Category:Bengali words and phrases Category:Hindi words and phrases Category:Toponyms for India Category:North India