Hillside Strangler

{{short description|Media epithet for American serial killers}} {{For|the interchange in the Chicago suburbs|Interstate 290 (Illinois)}} {{Infobox serial killer | name = The Hillside Stranglers | image = | image_size = 250px | caption = Bianchi (left) and Buono (right) in court | birth_name = Kenneth Alessio Bianchi Angelo Buono Jr. | birth_date = {{ubl |'''Bianchi:''' {{Birth date and age|1951|5|22|mf=yes}} |'''Buono:''' {{Birth date|1934|10|5}} }} | death_date = {{ubl |'''Buono:''' {{Death date and age|2002|9|21|1934|10|5|mf=yes}} }} | victims = 10 | country = United States | beginyear = October 16, 1977 | endyear = February 16, 1978 | apprehended = {{ubl |'''Bianchi:''' {{start date and age|1979|01|12}} |'''Buono:''' {{start date and age|1979|10|22}} }} | conviction = Murder | sentence = {{ubl |'''Bianchi:''' Two life sentences with the possibility of parole |'''Buono:''' Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole }} | nocat_wdimage = yes }} The '''Hillside Strangler''', later the '''Hillside Stranglers''', is the media epithet for one, later discovered to be two, American serial killers who terrorized Los Angeles, California, between October 1977 and February 1978, with the nicknames originating from the fact that many of the victims' bodies were discovered on the wooded hillsides surrounding the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=How the Hillside Strangler case helped make L.A. 'serial killer capital of America' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-08-02/hillside-strangler-devil-in-disguise-peacock |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The perpetrators were identified as cousins Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono Jr.

All except one of the murders were committed in Buono's upholstery shop in Glendale, California. The victims, who ranged in age from 12 to 28, were raped, sodomized, beaten, and sometimes tortured, before being strangled to death with ligature. Their corpses were then cleaned and dumped naked across wooded hillsides in Los Angeles. Buono and Bianchi impersonated police officers to lure their victims from nearby locales, then drove them to Buono's upholstery shop to be raped and killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Mark |date=2023-05-13 |title=The Hillside Stranglers Started As Pimps — Then Moved On To Serial Rape And Murder |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/hillside-strangler |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=All That's Interesting |language=en-US}}</ref>

The murders began with the deaths of two prostitutes who were found strangled and dumped naked on hillsides northeast of Los Angeles in October and November 1977. It was not until the deaths of five young women who were not prostitutes, but those who had been abducted from middle-class neighborhoods, that the media attention and subsequent "Hillside Strangler" moniker came to prominence.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=The Rampage Begins |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/rampage_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235058/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/rampage_1.html |archive-date=February 9, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref> The murders caused a moral panic among young women who were terrified to go out after dark, as well as being pulled over by police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Stephanie |last2=Gorman |first2=Anna |date=2002-09-22 |title='Hillside Strangler' Dies at 67 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-22-me-hillside22-story.html |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> There were two more deaths in December 1977 and February 1978 before the murders abruptly stopped. An extensive investigation proved fruitless until Bianchi's arrest in January 1979 for the rapes and murders of two more young women in Bellingham, Washington, and the subsequent linking of his past to the Strangler case.

In order to avoid the death penalty, Bianchi named Buono as the other perpetrator of the Hillside Strangler killings and agreed to testify against him, leading to Buono's arrest in October 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After he murders two Bellingham women, police arrest serial killer Ke |url=https://www.historylink.org/file/8613 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> Bianchi pleaded guilty to five of the murders, for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole, two consecutive terms for the Washington murders and five concurrent terms for the California murders. Bianchi is currently serving his sentence at Washington State Penitentiary and was denied parole twice in 2010 and 2025, respectively. Buono pleaded not guilty and was convicted of nine of the murders in November 1983 before being sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole in January 1984. Buono died of a heart attack on September 21, 2002, at age 67 while serving his sentence at Calipatria State Prison.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chavez |first=Stephanie |last2=Gorman |first2=Anna |date=2002-09-23 |title=Angelo Buono Jr. Dies at 67 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/09/23/angelo-buono-jr-dies-at-67/5e2b4952-bb96-47a2-af4f-9cc744ffb281/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hillside Strangler case, the longest criminal trial in... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/01/10/The-Hillside-Strangler-case-the-longest-criminal-trial-in/1461442558800/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

==Background== {{Main article|Kenneth Bianchi|Angelo Buono Jr.}} right|thumb | Kenneth Bianchi mugshot in 1979 left|thumb | upright | Angelo Buono mugshot In January 1976, Kenneth Bianchi left Rochester, New York, and moved to Los Angeles, California, to live with his cousin Angelo Buono Jr.<ref name="historylink">{{cite web |last=McClary |first=Daryl |date=26 July 2008 |title=After he murders two Bellingham women, police arrest serial killer Kenneth A. Bianchi on January 12, 1979. |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8613 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019083648/http://www.historylink.org/File/8613 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |website=History Link |publisher=}}</ref> Buono provided a strong role model for the docile Bianchi. When Bianchi was short of money, Buono came up with the idea of getting some girls to work for them as prostitutes.<ref name="cl13">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=Killing Cousins |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/13.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210032556/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/13.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref> Two teenage runaways, Sabra Hannan and Becky Spears, met Bianchi and Buono, and once under their control, were forced to prostitute themselves. Eventually, Spears happened to meet lawyer David Wood, who was appalled at her situation and arranged for her to escape from the city.<ref name="cl13"/>

Encouraged by Spears' escape, Hannan ran away from Bianchi and Buono a short time later. With their pimping income gone, they decided to find more teenage girls. Impersonating police officers, they eventually found another young woman and installed her in the previous girl's bedroom. Additionally, they purchased (from a prostitute named Deborah Noble) a supposed "trick list" with names of men who frequented prostitutes. Noble and her friend, Yolanda Washington, delivered the trick list to Buono in October 1977.<ref name="cl13"/>

==Murders==

===Yolanda Washington=== The nude body of the first Hillside Strangler victim, 19-year-old Yolanda Washington, a prostitute and part-time waitress, was found on October 18, 1977, on a hillside near the Ventura Freeway. {{sfn|Foreman|2005|p=64}} Detectives determined that her corpse was cleaned before being dumped, while faint marks were also visible around the neck, wrists, and ankles, signs of a rope being used, and she had been assaulted, raped, and strangled. According to Bianchi, they picked Washington up from her street corner on Sunset Boulevard on October 17 evening in Bianchi's Cadillac. Buono, who was in the driver's seat, flashed his badge and handcuffed her, after which Bianchi stripped her, raped her, and strangled her to death after a brief struggle.{{sfn|Foreman|2005|p=65}}

===Judith Miller=== On November 1, 1977, police were called to Alta Terrace Drive in La Crescenta,<ref>''Two of a Kind: The Hillside Stranglers'' {{ISBN|978-0-453-00499-2}} p. 24</ref> a community 12 miles north of downtown Los Angeles, where the body of a teenage girl was found naked, face up on a parkway in a middle-class residential area. The homeowner had covered her with tarp in the early morning hours to prevent the neighborhood children from viewing her on their way to school.<ref name="cl5">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=Early Victims |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/victims_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210032548/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/victims_2.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref> Ligature marks were on her neck, wrists, and ankles, indicating to police she was bound and strangled. The body had been dumped, indicating she was killed elsewhere.<ref name="cl5"/>

Detective Salerno also found a small piece of light-colored fluff on her eyelid and saved it for the forensic experts. A coroner's report further detailed that she had been raped and sodomized.<ref name="cl5"/> The girl, who was described as being "small and thin, weighing about 90 pounds and appearing to be about 16 years old",<ref name="cl5"/> was eventually identified as 15-year-old Judith Lynn Miller, a former student of Hollywood High School. After dropping out, Miller was a runaway and small-time sex worker.

Miller was last seen alive on Halloween 1977 talking to a man driving a large, two-toned sedan on Sunset Boulevard next to Carney's. The stranglers had told her they were "undercover" police officers, handcuffed her, and took her to Buono's Auto Upholstery Shop at 703 E. Colorado St. in Glendale, where she was raped and murdered.

===Lissa Kastin=== Five days later, on November 6, 1977, the nude body of another woman was discovered near the Chevy Chase Country Club in Glendale. Like Miller, her body bore five-point (neck, wrists, and ankles) ligature marks, and showed signs of having been strangled and raped, but not sodomized.<ref name="cl5"/> The woman was identified as 21-year-old waitress Elissa Teresa "Lissa" Kastin, who was last seen leaving the restaurant where she worked the night before her body was discovered.<ref name="vronsky188">{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Vronsky|title=Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters|url=https://archive.org/details/serialkillersmet00vron_582|url-access=limited|isbn=0-425-19640-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/serialkillersmet00vron_582/page/n209 188]|year=2004|publisher=Penguin }}</ref>

In addition to working full-time, Kastin was also a professional dancer in the all-female dance and cabaret troupe The L.A. Knockers and, unlike the previous two victims, was not a prostitute, drug user, or runaway. The stranglers followed Kastin after she was seen driving home from work, pulled her over on the street she lived on, presented a fake "police badge", and told her that they were detectives. They then handcuffed her and told her they needed to take her in for questioning.<ref name="vronsky188"/>

===Aborted abduction of Catharine Lorre Baker=== At some point in early November 1977,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19791117&id=O3gsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6965,284812&hl=en|title=Peter Lorre's Daughter was Near-victim of Hillside Strangler|access-date=September 11, 2016|newspaper=Lakeland Ledger|date=November 17, 1979}}</ref> the two men approached 24-year-old Catharine Lorre Baker, the daughter of actor Peter Lorre — famous for his role as a serial killer in Fritz Lang's film ''M'' — with the intent of abducting and killing her. However, when Lorre produced not only her driver's license when requested, but also a picture of her sitting on her father's lap as a child, the two let her go without incident, fearing the murder of a celebrity's child would attract an unusually high amount of police and press attention.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edwards|first=Elisabeth|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2022/06/10/peter-lorre-daughter-hillside-strangler/|title='Casablanca' Star Peter Lorre Saved His Daughter from the Hillside Strangler|newspaper=The Vintage News|date=June 10, 2022|access-date=April 1, 2023}}</ref>

Lorre did not realize who the men were until they were arrested, at which point she recalled that two men flashing police badges had approached her in the past.<ref name="vronsky191">{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Vronsky|title=Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters|url=https://archive.org/details/serialkillersmet00vron_582|url-access=limited|isbn=0-425-19640-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/serialkillersmet00vron_582/page/n212 191]|year=2004|publisher=Penguin }}</ref> 210px|right|thumb|Dolores Cepeda (left) and Sonja Johnson

===Dolores Cepeda and Sonja Johnson=== On Sunday, November 13, 1977, two girls, 12-year-old Dolores Ann "Dolly" Cepeda and 14-year-old Sonja Marie Johnson,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guiltenane |first=Christian |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Who Was the Hillside Strangler and Who Were all the Victims? |url=https://www.entertainmentdaily.co.uk/tv/hillside-strangler-who-victims-how-arrested-still-alive/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=Entertainment Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref> boarded an RTD bus in front of the Eagle Rock Plaza on Colorado Boulevard and headed home. The last time they were seen was getting off the bus on York Boulevard and North Avenue 46, and approaching a two-tone sedan that reportedly had two men inside. Their corpses were discovered by a 9-year-old boy who was treasure-hunting in a trash heap on a hillside near Dodger Stadium on November 20, 1977.<ref name="cl3">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=Two Killers |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210032543/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/3.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref> Both of the girls' bodies had already begun to decompose and it was determined that they had been strangled and raped.<ref name="vronsky188"/>

===Kristina Weckler=== Earlier that same day, November 20, 1977, hikers found the naked body of 20-year-old Kristina Weckler, a quiet, unassuming honors student at the Art Center College of Design, described by Detective Bob Grogan of the Los Angeles Police Department as a "…loving and serious young woman who should have had a bright future ahead of her".<ref name="cl3"/> Weckler was discovered on a hillside between Glendale and Eagle Rock. When found by Detective Grogan, the typical ligature marks were on her wrists, ankles, and neck, and when he turned her over, bruises were observed on her breasts and blood oozed from her rectum. Unlike the first three victims, there were two puncture marks on her arm, but no signs of the needle tracks that indicated a drug addict;<ref name="cl2">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=The 'Hillside Strangler' |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210032542/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/2.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref> it was later determined that Weckler had been injected with Windex, a common ammonia-based window, glass and hard-surface cleaner.<ref name="vronsky188"/>

===Evelyn Jane King=== On November 23, 1977, the badly decomposed body of 28-year-old Evelyn Jane King, an aspiring actress who had gone missing on November 9, was discovered in bushes<ref>''Two of a Kind: The Hillside Stranglers'' {{ISBN|978-0-453-00499-2}} p. 52</ref> near the Los Feliz Boulevard off-ramp of the Golden State Freeway.<ref name="cl3"/> The severity of decomposition prevented determination as to whether she had been raped or tortured, but she had been strangled like the others. In response, authorities created a task force — initially composed of 30 officers from the LAPD, the Sheriff's Department and the Glendale Police Department — to catch the predator now dubbed the "Hillside Strangler".<ref name="cl3"/> {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 166 | image1 = Lauren Rae Wagner November 29 1977A.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Lauren Rae Wagner | image2 = Lauren Wagner Thanksgivig 1977.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Lauren Wagner, pictured at a family Thanksgiving dinner on November 24, 1977 | footer = }}

===Lauren Wagner=== On November 29, 1977, police found the body of 18-year-old Lauren Rae Wagner, a business student who lived with her parents in the San Fernando Valley,<ref name="vronsky188"/> in the hills around Mount Washington. She had ligature marks on her neck, ankles, and wrists, as well as burn marks on her hands indicating she was tortured.<ref name="cl4">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=A Witness |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210032547/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/4.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref> Lauren's parents had expected her to come home before midnight, and the next morning, when they found her car parked across the street with the door ajar, her father questioned the neighbors.<ref name="cl4"/>

He found that the woman who lived in the house where Lauren's car had been parked saw her abduction. This woman stated that she saw two men: one was tall and young, the other one was older and shorter with bushy hair.<ref name="cl4"/> She also stated that she heard Wagner cry out "You won't get away with this!" during her abduction.<ref name="cl4"/>

===Kimberly Martin=== On December 14, 1977, the naked body of 17-year-old prostitute Kimberly Diane Martin, which also showed signs of torture, was found on a deserted lot near Los Angeles City Hall. Martin had previously joined a call girl agency because she feared exposing herself on the streets with the Strangler on the loose. The killers happened to place a call to her agency from a Hollywood Public Library pay phone, and she was the call girl who was dispatched. When police investigated the apartment she had been dispatched to, they found it vacant and broken into.<ref name="cl6">{{cite web |last=Bardsley |first=Marilyn |title=Three More |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210032549/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/6.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=Crime Library}}</ref>

===Cindy Hudspeth=== The body of the final Hillside Strangler victim, 20-year-old Cindy Lee Hudspeth, a student and part-time waitress, was discovered in Los Angeles on February 17, 1978, when a helicopter pilot spotted an orange Datsun abandoned midway down a cliff on the Angeles Crest Highway.<ref name="vronsky188"/> Police responded to the scene and discovered her nude body in the trunk. Her corpse showed ligature marks and she had been raped, tortured, and strangled. Her body was placed in the trunk of her car, which was then pushed off the cliff.<ref name="cl6"/>

Hudspeth's murder had initially been unplanned. Bianchi had arrived at Buono's upholstery shop at closing time on February 16 to discover Hudspeth in the company of Buono, discussing upholstery work she wished him to perform on her car. The two men had a private discussion, opting to make her their next victim.<ref>''Two of a Kind: The Hillside Stranglers'' {{ISBN|978-0-453-00499-2}} p. 143</ref>

==Investigation and trial== In January 1979, after an intense investigation, police charged Bianchi and Buono with the crimes. Bianchi had fled to Bellingham, Washington, where he was soon arrested by Bellingham Police Department for raping and murdering two women he had lured to a home for a house-sitting job. Bianchi attempted to set up an insanity defense, claiming that he had dissociative identity disorder and that a personality separate from himself committed the murders. Court psychologists, notably Dr. Martin Orne, observed Bianchi and found that he was faking, so Bianchi agreed to plead guilty and testify against Buono in exchange for leniency.

At the conclusion of Buono's trial in 1983, Presiding Judge Ronald M. George, who later became Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, stated during sentencing, "I would not have the slightest reluctance to impose the death penalty in this case were it within my power to do so. Ironically, although these two defendants utilized almost every form of legalized execution against their victims, the defendants have escaped any form of capital punishment."<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Bachmann, Patrick (Writer/Producer) |date=1997  |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/468495/the-hillside-stranglers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101144530/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/468495/the-hillside-stranglers |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |title=The Hillside Stranglers |type=television production |access-date=June 14, 2020 |publisher=A&E Television}}</ref> Bianchi is serving a life sentence at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla. Buono died of a heart attack on September 21, 2002, at Calipatria State Prison in California, where he was serving a life sentence.<ref>King, Gary C. "The Hillside Strangler: Angelo Buono and Kenneth Bianchi." ''Investigation Discovery''. [http://investigation.discovery.com/investigation/where-now/hillside-strangler/hillside-strangler-02.html 2]. Retrieved on January 10, 2010.</ref>

==Veronica Compton== In 1980, Bianchi began a relationship with Veronica Compton. During his trial, she testified for the defense. While incarcerated, Bianchi had smuggled a semen filled condom to her in the spine of a book, so she could use it to stage a rape/murder committed by the Hillside Strangler.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} She was later convicted and imprisoned for attempting to strangle a woman she had lured to a motel in an attempt to have authorities believe that the Hillside Strangler was still on the loose and the wrong man was imprisoned. She was released in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Little |first=Becky |title=The Woman Who Tried to Kill for the Hillside Strangler |url=https://www.aetv.com/real-crime/veronica-compton-wallace-hillside-strangler |access-date=May 13, 2025|website=A&E |date=December 5, 2019}}</ref>

==Media== ===Film adaptations=== {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan=2| Year !rowspan=2| Title !colspan=3| Cast !rowspan=2| Notes |- ! as Angelo Buono ! as Kenneth Bianchi ! also starring |- | 1989 | ''The Case of the Hillside Stranglers'' | Dennis Farina | Billy Zane | Richard Crenna as Police Sergeant Bob Grogan | Made for television; based on ''Two of a Kind: The Hillside Stranglers'' by Darcy O'Brien |- | 2001 | ''The Hillside Stranglers'' | Ron Gilbert | Jeff Marchelletta | | Made for television; also known as ''Supersleuth'' |- | 2004 | ''The Hillside Strangler'' | Nicholas Turturro | C. Thomas Howell | Marisol Padilla Sánchez as Christina Chavez (based on Veronica Compton) | |- | 2006 | ''Rampage: The Hillside Strangler Murders'' | Tomas Arana | Clifton Collins Jr. | Brittany Daniel as a psychiatrist | Direct-to-video |}

== See also == {{Portal|Los Angeles}} * Alphabet murders * List of serial killers in the United States

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Cited works and further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book| last1 = Hall| first1 = Allan| title = The Power and the Evil| year = 1994| publisher = Blitz Editions| location = Leicester| isbn = 1-856-05208-7| pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856052085/page/11 11–14]| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856052085/page/11}} * {{cite book| last1 = Lane| first1 = Brian| last2 = Gregg| first2 = Wilfred| title = The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers| orig-year = 1992| year = 1995| publisher = Berkley Book| location = New York City| isbn = 978-0-425-15213-3| pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofse00lane/page/50 50–52]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofse00lane/page/50}} * {{cite book| last1 = O'Brien| first1 = Darcy| title = Two of a Kind| year = 1985| publisher = Nal Books | location = Virginia| isbn = 978-0-453-00499-2}} * {{cite book| last1 = Wynn| first1 = Douglas| title = On Trial for Murder| year = 1995| publisher = Pan Books | location = London| isbn = 0-330-33947-8| pages = 30–33}} * {{cite book |last = Foreman |first = Laura |title = Compulsion to Kill |year = 2005 |publisher = Time Life Value |location = London |isbn = 978-1-844471-08-9 }} {{refend}}

==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025112842/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/West/09/22/strangler.death.ap/ "'Hillside Strangler' dies in prison"], CNN, September 22, 2002 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235058/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/stranglers/rampage_1.html Crime Library's story on the Hillside Stranglers]

Category:20th-century American murderers Category:American people convicted of child sexual abuse Category:Crimes adapted into films Category:Incidents of violence against women Category:Murder in California Category:Rapes in the United States Category:Serial killer duos Category:Serial killers from California Category:Torture in the United States