{{see also|Chromatography}}{{Short description|Type of chromatography}} [[File:HILIC Partition Method Graphic.png|thumb|327x327px|Analyte's separated by HILIC vs Reverse phase Chromatography (RPC), using increasingly organic and aqueous mobile phases respectively. Analytes organized by lipophilicity. ]]'''Hydrophilic interaction chromatography''' (or '''hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography''', '''HILIC''') is a type of liquid chromatography that uses a hydrophilic stationary phase and a high-organic mobile phase for the separation of analytes by polarity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jandera |first=Pavel |date=2011 |title=Stationary and mobile phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: a review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267011002728 |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=692 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |bibcode=2011AcAC..692....1J |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.047 |issn=0003-2670 |pmid=21501708 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="alpert" /> While it is not as popular as some other types of liquid chromatography, the number of scientific publications using HILIC have greatly increased since the early 2000s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Buszewski |first1=Bogusław |last2=Noga |first2=Sylwia |date=January 2012 |title=Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)—a powerful separation technique |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=402 |issue=1 |pages=231–247 |doi=10.1007/s00216-011-5308-5 |issn=1618-2642 |pmc=3249561 |pmid=21879300 |bibcode=2012ABiCh.402..231B }}</ref> HILIC is similar to reverse phase chromatography in its mobile phase composition, and also to normal phase chromatography, with its polar stationary phase.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Sheng|first1=Qianying|last2=Liu|first2=Meiyan|last3=Lan|first3=Minbo|last4=Qing|first4=Guangyan|date=2023-08-01|title=Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography promotes the development of bio-separation and bio-analytical chemistry|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993623002352|journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry|volume=165|article-number=117148|doi=10.1016/j.trac.2023.117148|issn=0165-9936|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It also has overlap with ion exchange chromatography.<ref name=":3" /> Sometimes, HILIC is considered to be a hybrid of these techniques.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Kohler |first1=Isabelle |last2=Verhoeven |first2=Michel |last3=Haselberg |first3=Rob |last4=Gargano |first4=Andrea F. G. |date=2022-04-01 |title=Hydrophilic interaction chromatography – mass spectrometry for metabolomics and proteomics: state-of-the-art and current trends |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X21010729 |journal=Microchemical Journal |volume=175 |article-number=106986 |doi=10.1016/j.microc.2021.106986 |issn=0026-265X|hdl=11245.1/e4b3e66e-38f9-437d-aac4-2c00033c5ee7 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
HILIC was named in 1990 by Andrew Alpert, who described it as a type of liquid-liquid partition chromatography.<ref name="alpert">{{cite journal |last=Alpert |first=Andrew J. |year=1990 |title=Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography for the separation of peptides, nucleic acids and other polar compounds |journal=Journal of Chromatography |volume=499 |pages=177–196 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96972-3 |pmid=2324207 |bibcode=1990JChA..499..177A |doi-access=free}}</ref> He suggested that analytes elute in order of increasing polarity,<ref name="alpert" /> a conclusion supported by review and re-evaluation of published data.<ref name="Hemström">{{cite journal |author=Petrus Hemström and Knut Irgum |year=2006 |title=Review: Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography |journal=J. Sep. Sci. |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1784–1821 |doi=10.1002/jssc.200600199 |pmid=16970185}}</ref> The mechanism for HILIC is still not entirely understood, but it is thought to rely on analytes partitioning between the organic-rich mobile phase and a water-enriched layer that forms of the surface of the polar stationary phase, in a liquid-liquid extraction system.<ref name="alpert" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Redón |first1=Lídia |last2=Subirats |first2=Xavier |last3=Rosés |first3=Martí |date=2021-10-25 |title=Volume and composition of semi-adsorbed stationary phases in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Comparison of water adsorption in common stationary phases and eluents |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=1656 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462543 |hdl=2445/183349 |issn=0021-9673 |pmid=34571282 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |article-number=462543}}</ref> More polar analytes will have stronger interactions with the water-enriched layer and with the column itself, therefore being retained on the column for longer.<ref name=":1" />
==Stationary Phase==
One of the key factors influencing HILIC separations is the chemical nature of the stationary phase that is packed into the column.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Abhinav |last2=Heaton |first2=James C. |last3=McCalley |first3=David V. |date=2013-02-08 |title=Practical investigation of the factors that affect the selectivity in hydrophilic interaction chromatography |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002196731201895X |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=1276 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.037 |issn=0021-9673|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Stationary phases on HILIC columns not only provide physical support for the water layer which analytes separate into, but also interact with the analytes through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, affecting their retention and therefore the mechanism of separation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Typical HILIC stationary phases are polar, made of classical bare silica or silica gels modified with various polar groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Qiao |first1=Lizhen |last2=Shi |first2=Xianzhe |last3=Xu |first3=Guowang |date=2016-07-01 |title=Recent advances in development and characterization of stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993616000388 |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |series=Theory and Practice of Chromatography, Dedicated to the Life and Work of Georges Guiochon |volume=81 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.021 |issn=0165-9936|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some commonly used stationary phases include bare silica, or silica chemically bonded to amino-,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=P. E. |last2=Wilson |first2=C. W. |date=1982 |title=Separation of Sorbitol and Mannoheptulose from Fructose, Glucose and Sucrose on Reversed-Phase and Amine-Modified HPLC Columns |url=https://academic.oup.com/chromsci/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/chromsci/20.5.209 |journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=209–212 |doi=10.1093/chromsci/20.5.209 |issn=0021-9665 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> amide-,<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Koh |first1=Dong-wan |last2=Park |first2=Jae-woong |last3=Lim |first3=Jung-hoon |last4=Yea |first4=Myeong-Jai |last5=Bang |first5=Dae-young |date=2018 |title=A rapid method for simultaneous quantification of 13 sugars and sugar alcohols in food products by UPLC-ELSD |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814617312967 |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=240 |pages=694–700 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.142 |issn=0308-8146 |pmid=28946331 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> cyano-, or diol- groups.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Ion exchanger groups, both cationic {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}and anionic {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}, as well as zwitterionic<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Lardeux |first1=Honorine |last2=Guillarme |first2=Davy |last3=D'Atri |first3=Valentina |date=2023-02-08 |title=Comprehensive evaluation of zwitterionic hydrophilic liquid chromatography stationary phases for oligonucleotide characterization |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=1690 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463785 |issn=0021-9673 |pmid=36641941 |doi-access=free |article-number=463785}}</ref> groups are also commonly used.<ref name=":7" />
While most HILIC phases are polar, there have also been exceptions where non-polar bonded silicas are used with extremely high organic solvent composition. In this case, interactions are affected by exposed patches of silica in between the bonded ligands on the support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bij |first1=Klaas E. |last2=Horváth |first2=Csaba |last3=Melander |first3=Wayne R. |last4=Nahum |first4=Avi |date=1981-01-09 |title=Surface silanols in silica-bonded hydrocarbonaceous stationary phases: II. Irregular retention behavior and effect of silanol masking |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967300802824 |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=203 |pages=65–84 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80282-4 |issn=0021-9673 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Mobile phase== The mobile phase, or the liquid phase that runs across the column during separation, for HILIC is typically composed of a high amount of water-miscible, polar organic solvent and a low amount of water.<ref name=":8" /> Typically, acetonitrile ("MeCN", also designated as "ACN") is used for the organic solvent, though other aprotic water-miscible solvents, such as alcohols at higher concentration, tetrahydrofuran, or dioxane, can also be used.<ref name=":1" />
As with other methods of chromatography, the mobile phase can be delivered isocratically or with a gradient starting at high-organic progressing towards increasing aqueous content.<ref name=":1" /> If using a mobile phase gradient, the mobile phase will progressively increases in polar-aqueous content, causing increasingly polar analytes to be eluted.<ref name="alpert" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCalley |first=David V. |date=November 2017 |title=Understanding and manipulating the separation in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967317308762 |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |language=en |volume=1523 |pages=49–71 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.026 |pmid=28668366 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
All ions partition into the stationary phase to some degree, so an occasional "wash" with water is required to ensure a reproducible stationary phase.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} ==Additives== Mobile phase pH and electrostatic interactions, as well as analyte polarity, are regulated by the addition of ionic additives.<ref name=":1" /> These additives improve separation efficiency, including more symmetric peaks, less peak tailing, and better recovery from the stationary phase.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tengattini |first1=Sara |last2=Massolini |first2=Gabriella |last3=Rinaldi |first3=Francesca |last4=Calleri |first4=Enrica |last5=Temporini |first5=Caterina |date=2024-05-01 |title=Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) for the analysis of intact proteins and glycoproteins |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |volume=174 |article-number=117702 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2024.117702 |issn=0165-9936|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ammonium acetate and ammonium formate are commonly used, as they have good solubility in high organic.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moldoveanu |first=Serban C. |title=Solvents, Buffers, and Additives Used in the Mobile Phase |date=2017 |work=Selection of the HPLC Method in Chemical Analysis |pages=393–450 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128036846000135 |access-date=2025-12-05 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803684-6.00013-5 |isbn=978-0-12-803684-6 |last2=David |first2=Victor|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
When considering additive addition, compatibility with detectors is important to consider. HILIC is often used with a mass spectrometry (MS), which cannot handle non-volatile salts like sodium perchlorate, which may suppress ion signal in the instrument, though it may increase mobile phase polarity and assist with elution in HILIC.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tóth |first1=Gábor |last2=Vékey |first2=Károly |last3=Sugár |first3=Simon |last4=Kovalszky |first4=Ilona |last5=Drahos |first5=László |last6=Turiák |first6=Lilla |date=2020-05-24 |title=Salt gradient chromatographic separation of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=1619 |article-number=460979 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460979 |pmid=32093904 |issn=0021-9673|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Choice of pH== With surface chemistries that are weakly ionic, the choice of pH can affect the ionic nature of the column chemistry.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Properly adjusted, the pH can be set to reduce the selectivity toward functional groups with the same charge as the column, or enhance it for oppositely charged functional groups.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Similarly, the choice of pH affects the polarity of the solutes. However, for column surface chemistries that are strongly ionic, and thus resistant to pH values in the mid-range of the pH scale (pH 3.5–8.5), these separations will be reflective of the polarity of the analytes alone.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} When used with mass spectrometry, pH can also affect analyte ionization and thus detection.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating independent effect of mobile phase components on retention mechanism of ionizable analytes in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967325005473|journal=Journal of Chromatography A|date=2025-09-13|issn=0021-9673|article-number=466201|volume=1758|doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466201|first=Anna|last=Khrisanfova|first2=Maria|last2=Smagina|first3=Grigorii|last3=Maksimov|first4=Grigorii|last4=Tsizin|first5=Oleg|last5=Shpigun|first6=Alla|last6=Chernobrovkina|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==ERLIC== ERLIC (electrostatic repulsion interaction chromatography) is a type of HILIC that relies on electrostatic interactions, coined by Alpert in 2008.<ref name="ERLIC">{{cite journal |author=Alpert, Andrew J. |date=January 2008 |title=Electrostatic Repulsion Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography for Isocratic Separation of Charged Solutes and Selective Isolation of Phosphopeptides |journal=Anal. Chem. |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=62–76 |bibcode=2008AnaCh..80...62A |doi=10.1021/ac070997p |pmid=18027909 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ionic stationary phase in ERLIC is chosen to have a similar charge to the analyte(s) so that the analyte is repelled by the stationary phase but also retained by the aqueous layer, allowing for enhanced interaction of the remaining polar, oppositely-charged functional groups of the analyte.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Boersema |first1=Paul J. |last2=Mohammed |first2=Shabaz |last3=Heck |first3=Albert J. R. |date=May 2008 |title=Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in proteomics |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=391 |issue=1 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00216-008-1865-7 |issn=1618-2642 |pmc=2324128 |pmid=18264818}}</ref><ref name="ERLIC" /> Electrostatic effects have an order of magnitude stronger chemical potential than neutral polar effects.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} These opposing effects can, in some cases, enable isocratic separations, with the mobile phase held constant instead of delivered at a gradient.<ref name=":10" /> ERLIC can be used to reduce retention of more polar functional groups and minimize the influence of common ionic groups within a set of analytes. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} ===Cationic ERLIC=== A negatively charged cation exchange column can be used for ERLIC separations to reduce the influence of anionic (negatively charged) groups on analyte retention. For example, reducing the influence the phosphates of nucleotides or of phosphonyl antibiotic mixtures; or sialic acid groups of modified carbohydrates, to allow separation based more on the basic and/or neutral functional groups of these molecules. {{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Modifying the polarity of a weakly ionic group (e.g. carboxyl) on the surface is easily accomplished by adjusting the pH to be within two pH units of that group's pKa.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} For strongly ionic functional groups of the surface (i.e. sulfates or phosphates), lower amount of buffer can be used so the residual charge is not completely ion paired. An example of this would be the use of a 12.5mM (rather than the recommended >20mM buffer), pH 9.2 mobile phase on a polymeric, zwitterionic, betaine-sulfonate surface to separate phosphonyl antibiotic mixtures (each containing a phosphate group). {{citation needed|date=November 2025}} This enhances the influence of the column's sulfonic acid functional groups over its surface chemistry, slightly diminished (by pH), quaternary amine. These analytes will show a reduced retention on the column eluting earlier, and in higher amounts of organic solvent, than if a neutral polar HILIC surface were used. {{citation needed|date=November 2025}} This also increases their detection sensitivity by negative ion mass spectrometry.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
===Anionic ERLIC=== Similarly, a positively charged anion exchange column can be used to reduce the influence of cationic (positively charged) functional groups on the retention time of analytes. For example, when selectively isolating phosphorylated peptides or sulfated polysaccharide molecules, use of a pH between 1 and 2 pH units reduces the polarity of two of the three ionizable oxygens of the phosphate group, and thus allows easy desorption from the (oppositely charged) surface chemistry. {{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Negatively charged carboxyl groups in the analyte will be protonated at this low pH, and thus also contribute less to the polarity and therefore separation of the analyte {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}thumb|332x332px|Comparing HILIC, normal phase, and reversed phase chromatography in terms of sensitivity for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and analyte polarity.
== Applications == HILIC can be applied in many fields including proteomics,<ref name=":10" /> metabolomics,<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Dao-Quan |last2=Zou |first2=Ll |last3=Yin |first3=Xiao-Xing |last4=Ong |first4=Choon Nam |date=September 2016 |title=HILIC-MS for metabolomics: An attractive and complementary approach to RPLC-MS |url=https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mas.21445 |journal=Mass Spectrometry Reviews |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=574–600 |bibcode=2016MSRv...35..574T |doi=10.1002/mas.21445 |issn=0277-7037 |pmid=25284160|url-access=subscription }}</ref> medical studies,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Serafimov |first1=Kristian |last2=Tischlarik |first2=Johanna Ruth |last3=Lämmerhofer |first3=Michael |date=2025-04-15 |title=Targeted and untargeted urinary metabolomics of alkaptonuria patients using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708525000251 |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |volume=256 |doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116684 |issn=0731-7085 |pmid=39842076 |article-number=116684|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Sisi |last2=Kim |first2=Wooyong |last3=Cheng |first3=Kefan |last4=Yang |first4=Qianlu |last5=Singh |first5=Yogesh |last6=Bae |first6=Gyuntae |last7=Bézière |first7=Nicolas |last8=Mager |first8=Lukas |last9=Kommoss |first9=Stefan |last10=Sprengel |first10=Jannik |last11=Trautwein |first11=Christoph |date=2025-05-13 |title=Identification and impact of microbiota-derived metabolites in ascites of ovarian and gastrointestinal cancer |journal=Cancer & Metabolism |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s40170-025-00391-5 |issn=2049-3002 |pmc=12076955 |pmid=40361187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and agricultural/ food studies,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkie |first1=Daisy |last2=White |first2=Brad |last3=Heidari |first3=Golnaz |last4=Naffa |first4=Rafea |last5=Peddie |first5=Gaile |last6=Rowlands |first6=Gareth J. |last7=Plieger |first7=Paul G. |date=2025-09-08 |title=Methods for Untargeted Analysis of Milk Metabolites: Influence of Extraction Method and Optimization of Separation |journal=Metabolites |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=597 |doi=10.3390/metabo15090597 |issn=2218-1989 |pmc=12471616 |pmid=41002981 |doi-access=free}}</ref> among others. It can be used to separate proteins and peptides, nucleosides, amino acids, sacharides, carbohydrates, and other small, polar, ionizable compounds.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gama |first=Mariana R. |title=Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography of Small Molecules |date=2018 |work=Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry |pages=1–23 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470027318.a9385.pub2 |access-date=2025-11-30 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470027318.a9385.pub2 |isbn=978-0-470-02731-8 |last2=Bottoli |first2=Carla B.G.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> HILIC is especially common in metabolomic studies, both for targeted and untargeted approaches, given its ability to retain polar analytes that are poorly suited for traditional reverse-phased columns.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="alpert" /> This separation technique is also particularly suitable for glycosylation analysis<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahn |first1=Joomi |last2=Bones |first2=Jonathan |last3=Yu |first3=Ying Qing |last4=Rudd |first4=Pauline M. |last5=Gilar |first5=Martin |date=2010-02-01 |title=Separation of 2-aminobenzamide labeled glycans using hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns packed with 1.7 μm sorbent |journal=Journal of Chromatography B |volume=878 |issue=3–4 |pages=403–408 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.12.013 |pmid=20036624}}</ref> and quality assurance of glycoproteins and glycoforms in biologic medical products.<ref>[http://www.separations.eu.tosohbioscience.com/NR/rdonlyres/C87437BB-27D2-4776-80EF-E27046BB9C3D/0/A09L23A_GlycosilationAnalysiswithHILIC_V2.pdf Glycosylation analysis by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) – N-Glyco mapping of the ZP-domain of murine TGFR-3] (Application Note TOSOH Biosciences). Retrieved May 23, 2013.</ref> For the detection of polar compounds with the use of electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry as a chromatographic detector, HILIC can offer a ten fold increase in sensitivity over reversed-phase chromatography because the organic solvent is much more volatile.<ref name="lcgc2">{{cite journal |author=Eric S. Grumbach |display-authors=etal |date=October 2004 |title=Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Using Silica Columns for the Retention of Polar Analytes and Enhanced ESI-MS Sensitivity |url=http://www.lcgcmag.com/lcgc/issue/issueDetail.jsp?id=4734 |journal=LCGC Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806190213/http://www.lcgcmag.com/lcgc/issue/issueDetail.jsp?id=4734 |archive-date=2007-08-06 |access-date=2008-07-14}}</ref> HILIC is considered orthogonal reverse phase chromatography, and these two are increasingly being combined in studies for more comprehensive coverage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boersema |first=Paul J. |last2=Mohammed |first2=Shabaz |last3=Heck |first3=Albert J. R. |date=2008-02-09 |title=Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in proteomics |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-008-1865-7 |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=391 |issue=1 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00216-008-1865-7 |issn=1618-2642 |pmc=2324128 |pmid=18264818}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xiande |last2=Li |first2=Weiyong |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Henrik T. |date=2005-08-12 |title=Orthogonal method development using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pharmaceuticals and impurities |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967305011520 |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |language=en |volume=1083 |issue=1-2 |pages=58–62 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.082|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== See also == {{div col}} * Chromatography * High performance liquid chromatography * Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry * Reversed phase chromatography * Ion exchange chromatography * Partition chromatography {{div col end}}
== References == {{reflist}}
Category:Chromatography Category:Laboratory techniques Category:Molecular biology Category:Biochemistry methods