{{Short description|Family of annelids}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Oxydromus pugettensis.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Oxydromus pugettensis]]'' | taxon = Hesionidae | authority = [[Adolph Eduard Grube|Grube]], 1850 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = [[Hesioninae]]<br /> [[Microphthalminae]]<br /> [[Ophiodrominae]]<br /> and see text }} [[File:Hesiocaeca methanicola noaa.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Sirsoe methanicola]]'']]
'''Hesionidae''' are a [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] of [[Phyllodocida|phyllodocid]] bristle worms ([[class (biology)|class]] [[Polychaeta]]). They are (like almost all polychaetes) [[marine organism]]s. Most are found on the [[continental shelf]]; ''[[Hesiocaeca methanicola]]'' is found on [[methane ice]], where it feeds on [[bacteria]]l [[biofilm]]s.<ref name=Fisher-NatWis> {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s001140050700 |url=http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/Ecophy/PDF/00-Fisher-NatWis.pdf |title=Methane ice worms: ''Hesiocaeca methanicola'' colonizing fossil fuel reserves |journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]] |volume=87 |pages=184–187 |author1=C. R. Fisher |author2=I.'R. MacDonald |author3=R. Sassen |author4=C. M. Young |author5=S. A. Macko |author6=S. Hourdez |author7=R. S. Carney |author8=S. Joye |author9=E. McMullin |year=2000 |pmid=10840806 |issue=4 |bibcode=2000NW.....87..184F |s2cid=24068068 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220001902/http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/Ecophy/PDF/00-Fisher-NatWis.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-20 }}</ref>
A characteristic [[apomorph]]y of the Hesionidae are the [[cirrophore]]s of the [[anterior]] [[Segment (biology)|segment]]s, which are well-developed cup-like sheaths; the [[cirrus (biology)|cirri]] of the subsequent segments insert into the [[parapodia]] directly, or with just a vestigial cirrophore.<ref>Pleijel ''et al.'' (2008)</ref>
==Systematics== As [[Phyllodocida|phyllodocids]], the Hesionidae belong to the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Aciculata]], one of the three main [[clade]]s of polychaetes. They appear to be part of the [[basal (evolution)|basal]] radiation of the main lineage of phyllodocids, alongside such families as the [[ragworm]]s (Nereididae), the [[Pilargidae]] and [[Sphaerodoridae]] which are closely related to each other, the very ancient [[Syllidae]], and perhaps the more advanced [[catworm]]s (Nephtyidae). <ref>Rouse & Fauchald (1998)</ref>
Numerous genera are still treated as Hesionidae ''[[incertae sedis]]'', not reliably assignable to either of the three generally recognized hesionid [[subfamilies]]:<ref>Pleijel ''et al.'' (2008), WoRMS (2008)</ref> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} * ''[[Alikuhnia]]'' (including ''Anophthalmus'' Alikunhi, 1949 (non Schmidt, 1844: [[Anophthalmus|preoccupied]])) * ''[[Anoplonereis]]'' Giard, 1882 * ''[[Cirrosyllis]]'' Schmarda, 1861 * ''[[Elisesione]]'' Salazar-Vallejo, 2016<ref>Salazar-Vallejo SI (2016) Elisesione, a new name for Wesenbergia Hartman, 1955, and the description of a new species (Annelida, Hesionidae). ZooKeys 632: 1-12. {{doi|10.3897/zookeys.632.9652|doi-access=free}}.</ref> * ''[[Friedericiella]]'' * ''[[Hesiodeira]]'' Blake & Hilbig, 1990 * ''[[Hesiolyra]]'' Blake, 1985 (sometimes separated in [[monotypic]] subfamily Hesiolyrinae) * ''[[Hesionella]]'' Hartman, 1939 * ''[[Heteropodarke]]'' Pleijel, 1999 * ''[[Leocratides]]'' Ehlers, 1908 * ''[[Mahesia]]'' Westheide, 2000 * ''[[Neopodarke]]'' Hartman, 1965 * ''[[Orseis (annelid)|Orseis]]'' Ehlers, 1864 * ''[[Oxydromus]]'' Grube, 1855<!-- not preoccupied by bird genus: unjustified emendation for "Ocydromus" --> * ''[[Parahesione]]'' Pettibone, 1956 * ''[[Parapodarke]]'' Czerniavsky, 1882 * ''[[Periboea (annelid)|Periboea]]'' Ehlers, 1864 * ''[[Podarke (genus)|Podarke]]'' Ehlers, 1864 * ''[[Pseudosyllidia]]'' Czerniavsky, 1882 * ''[[Sinohesione]]'' Westheide, Purschke & Mangerich, 1994 * ''[[Sirsoe]]'' Pleijel, 1998 * ''[[Struwela]]'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1959 {{div col end}} <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00433.x | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00433.x | title=Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta) | date=1998 | last1=Pleijel | first1=Fredrik | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=89–163 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Footnotes== {{Reflist|30em}}
==References== {{Commons category}} * {{aut|Pleijel, Fredrik; Rouse, Greg W.; Ruta, Christine; Wiklund, Helena & Nygren, Arne}} (2008): ''Vrijenhoekia balaenophila'', a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off California. ''[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|Zool. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' '''152'''(4): 625–634. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00360.x}} (HTML abstract) * {{aut|Rouse, Greg W. & Fauchald, Kristian}} (1998): Recent views on the status, delineation, and classification of the Annelida. ''[[American Zoologist|Am. Zool.]]'' '''38'''(6): 953–964. {{doi|10.1093/icb/38.6.953}} [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/953.pdf PDF fulltext]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * {{aut|[[World Register of Marine Species]] (WoRMS)}} (2008): [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=946 Hesionidae]. Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3655255}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Phyllodocida]] [[Category:Taxa named by Adolph Eduard Grube]] [[Category:Annelid families]]
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