Hermunduri

{{short description|Germanic tribe, who lived near the Danube and Elbe rivers (first to third centuries AD)}} thumb|400px|Approximate positions of some major Suebi peoples in the early 2nd century, in purple

The '''Hermunduri''', '''Hermanduri''', '''Hermunduli''', '''Hermonduri''', or '''Hermonduli''' were an ancient Germanic tribe, who occupied an inland area near the source of the Elbe river, around what is now Bohemia from the first to the third century, though they have also been speculatively associate with Thuringia further north. According to an old proposal based on the similarity of the names, the Thuringii may have been the descendants of the Hermunduri. At times, they apparently moved to the Danube frontier with Rome. Claudius Ptolemy mentions neither tribe in his geography but instead the Teuriochaemae, who may also be connected to both.

==History== Cassius Dio first reports that in the year 7 BC, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, "while still governing the districts along the Ister [Danube], had intercepted the Hermunduri, a tribe which for some reason or other had left their own land and were wandering about in quest of another, and he had settled them in a part of the Marcomannian territory"; then he had crossed the Albis [Elbe river], meeting with no opposition, had made a friendly alliance with the barbarians on the further side, and had set up an altar to Augustus on the bank of the river.<ref name="Dio Rome VI LV" /> The Marcomanni had been defeated by the Romans in 9 BC, and had subsequently moved.

Strabo, writing in about 23 AD, treats the Hermunduri as a nomadic Suebian people, currently living east of the Elbe.<ref name="Strab. 7.1" /> :Now as for the tribe of the Suevi, it is the largest, for it extends from the Rhenus [Rhine] to the Albis [Elbe]; and a part of them even dwell on the far side of the Albis [Elbe river], as, for instance, the Hermondori and the Langobardi; and at the present time these latter, at least, have, to the last man, been driven in flight out of their country into the land on the far side of the river.

A contemporary of Strabo, Velleius Paterculus, also described their position on the Elbe: :The power of the Langobardi was broken, a race surpassing even the Germans in savagery; and finally — and this is something which had never before been entertained even as a hope, much less actually attempted — a Roman army with its standards was led four hundred miles beyond the Rhine as far as the river Elbe, which flows past the territories of the Semnones and the Hermunduri.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.106]</ref>

Pliny the elder, in his ''Historia Naturalis'', lists the Hermunduri as one of the nations of the Hermiones, all descended from the same line of descent from Mannus. In the same category he places the Chatti, Cherusci, and Suebi.<ref name="Plin. Nat. 4.28" />

In his ''Germania'', Tacitus describes the Hermunduri after listing some of the Suebian nations, placing them now west of the Elbe, near both the Danube, and the sources of the Elbe: :Nearer to us is the state of the Hermunduri (I shall follow the course of the Danube as I did before that of the Rhine), a people loyal to Rome. Consequently they, alone of the Germans, trade not merely on the banks of the river, but far inland, and in the most flourishing colony of the province of Rætia. Everywhere they are allowed to pass without a guard; and while to the other tribes we display only our arms and our camps, to them we have thrown open our houses and country-seats, which they do not covet. It is in their lands that the Elbe takes its rise, a famous river known to us in past days; now we only hear of it.<ref name="Tac. Ger. 41" /> —Tac. Ger. 41

In his ''Annales'', Tacitus recounts how the Hermundurian Vibilius in 18 AD led the overthrow of the Marcomannic king Catualda in favor of the Quadian Vannius.<ref>Tacitus. The Annals.2.63</ref> Around 50 AD, allied with Vannius' nephews Vangio and Sido and allied Lugii, Vibilius led the deposition of Vannius as well.<ref name="Tac. Ann. 12.29" /> In 58 AD the Hermunduri defeated the Chatti in a border dispute over a religiously significant river.

The Hermunduri shared a disputed border with the Chatti, along a river with salt reserves near it, possibly the Werra or the Saxon Saale. The Hermunduri won this conflict.<ref name="Tac. Ann. 13.57" />

When Marcus Aurelius died in 180 AD, he was involved in conflict with an alliance of the Marcomanni, the Hermunduri, the Sarmatians, and the Quadi.<ref name="Augusta I 2.27" />

Some have suggested that the remnants of the Hermanduri went on to become the Thuringii, arguing that (''-duri'') could represent corrupted (''-thuri'') and the Germanic suffix ''-ing'', suggests a meaning of "descendants of (the [Herman]duri)".<ref>Schutz, 402.</ref> This has been argued against by other scholars such as Matthias Springer.<ref>{{citation|last=Springer |first= Matthias |chapter=Zwischen (H)Ermunduren und Thüringern besteht kein Zusammenhang| title=Germanische Altertumskunde Online |chapter-url= https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA-E63_9/html}}</ref>

==Kings of the Hermunduri== *Vibilius, c. 18 - c. 50<ref>Tac. ''Ann.'' 2.63; 12.29</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Strab. 7.1">{{cite book | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=hermondori | author = Strabo | author-link = Strabo | editor = H L Jones | title = Geography | volume = Book 7 {{font|size=90%|text = Chapter 1}} | format = Perseus Digital Library | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher = Harvard University Press & William Heinemann (London) | year = 1924 | orig-year = c.20 CE }}</ref> <ref name="Dio Rome VI LV">{{cite book | url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html | author = Cassius Dio | author-link = Cassius Dio | format = Thayer ''{{font | size = 75% | text = Lacus Curtius}}'' | title = Roman History | volume = VI {{font | size = 90% | text = Book LV}} | publisher = Loeb Classical Library | year = 1917 }}</ref> <ref name="Plin. Nat. 4.28">{{cite book | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=28&highlight=hermunduri | author = Pliny the Elder | author-link = Pliny the Elder | title = The Natural History | editor1-last = John Bostock | editor2-last = H T Riley | format = Perseus Digital Library | work = Complete Works of Tacitus | publisher = Taylor and Francis | location = London | volume = Chapter 28 – Germany | year = 1855 | orig-year = c.77–79 CE }}</ref> <ref name="Tac. Ger. 41">{{cite book | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D41 | author = Cornelius Tacitus | author-link = Tacitus | title = Germany and its Tribes | editor1-last = Alfred John Church | editor2-last = William Jackson Brodribb & Lisa Cerrato | format = Perseus Digital Library | work = Complete Works of Tacitus | volume = {{font|size=90%|text = Chapter 41}} | year = 1942 | publisher = Random House | location = New York | orig-year = c.98 CE | ref = Tac_Ger_41 }}</ref> <ref name="Tac. Ann. 12.29">{{cite book | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=12:chapter=29&highlight=hermunduri | author = Cornelius Tacitus | author-link = Tacitus | title = The Annals | editor1-last = Alfred John Church | editor2-last = William Jackson Brodribb & Lisa Cerrato | format = Perseus Digital Library | work = Complete Works of Tacitus | publisher = Random House | location = New York | volume = Book XII {{font|size=90%|text = Chapter 29}} | year = 1942 | orig-year = c.117 CE }}</ref> <ref name="Tac. Ann. 13.57">{{cite book | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=13:chapter=57&highlight=hermunduri | author = Cornelius Tacitus | author-link = Tacitus | title = The Annals | editor1-last = Alfred John Church | editor2-last = William Jackson Brodribb & Lisa Cerrato | format = Perseus Digital Library | work = Complete Works of Tacitus | publisher = Random House | location = New York | volume = Book XIII {{font|size=90%|text = Chapter 57}} | year = 1942 | orig-year = c.117 CE }}</ref> <ref name="Augusta I 2.27">{{cite book | url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html | author = ? "Julius Capitolinus" | format = Thayer ''{{font | size = 75% | text = Lacus Curtius}}'' | work = Augustan History | title = The Life of Marcus Aurelius {{font | size = 90% | text = Part 2 chapter 27}} | volume = I | publisher = Loeb Classical Library | year = 1921 | orig-year = c.395 CE }}</ref> }}

==Sources== *Tacitus, ''Germania.XLI''

Category:Hermunduri Category:Early Germanic peoples Category:Irminones Category:Ancient Czech lands